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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS: Lymphatic Organs
1. Fluid Balance Lymphatic Tissue – consists of many
2. Fat absorption lymphocytes and other cells, such as
3. Defense macrophages; found within lymphatic
organs
Tonsils
1. Palatine Tonsils – located on each side
of theposterior opening of the oral cavity
➢ Usually referred to as “the tonsils”
2. Pharyngeal Tonsils – located near the
internal opening of the nasal cavity
➢ Adenoid – enlarged pharyngeal
tonsil
3. Lingual Tonsil – on the posterior surface
of thetongue

ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC

SYSTEM
Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels
Lymphatic Capillaries – tiny, closed-ended
vessels consisting of
simple squamous
epithelium
Lymphatic Vessels
– resemble small
veins; formed when
lymphatic Lymph Nodes
capillaries join ➢ Rounded structures, varying from the
together; Lymph size of a small seed to that of a shelled
consists of excess almond
tissue fluid and
Cortez (outer part) – contains follicles
plasma proteins
carried by (collection of lymphocytes); germinal centers
lymphatic vessels enlarge when antibodies are released by
plasma cells
Right Lymphatic Medulla (inner part) – contains phagocytic
Duct – lymphatic vessels from the right
macrophages
upper limb and the right half of the head,
neck and chest; empties into the right Capsule – dense CT that surrounds each
subclavian vein lymph node
Thoracic Duct – lymphatic vessels from the Trabeculae – extensions of the capsule
rest of the body; empties into the left Lymphatic Nodules – dense aggregations of
subclavian vein tissueform from lymphocytes and other cells
Lymphatic Sinuses – spaces between the
lymphatictissues that contain macrophages on
a network of fibers
Germinal Centers – lymphatic nodules
containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes
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OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Flow of lymph through nodes ➢ The lymphatic system removes fluid from
• Lymph enters the convex side through tissues, absorbs fats from the small intestine,
afferent lymphatic vessels and produces B cells and T cells, which are
• Lymph flows through a number of
responsible for much of immunity.
sinuses inside the node
• Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic IMMUNITY
vessels ➢ The ability to resist damage from foreign
• Because there are fewer efferent than substances – such as microorganisms,
afferent vessels, flow is slowed harmful chemicals, and internal threats
Spleen Innate Immunity – nonspecific resistance; the
➢ Roughly the size of a clenched fist and body recognizes and destroys certain foreign
is located in the left, superior corner of substances, but the response to them is the
the abdominal cavity same each time the body is exposed.
➢ Has an outer capsule of dense CT and Adaptive Immunity – specific immunity; the
a small amount of smooth muscles body recognizes and destroys certain foreign
Trabeculae – divide the spleen into small, substances, but the response to them improves
interconnected compartments containing 2 each time the foreign substance is
specialized types of lymphatic tissue encountered.
White Pulp – surrounds the arteries within ➢ Specificity – ability of adaptive
the spleen immunity to recognize a particular
Red Pulp – associated with the veins substance
➢ Memory – ability of the adaptive
immunity to “remember” previous
encounters with a particular substance
INNATE IMMUNITY PHYSICAL
Barriers
➢ Prevent microorganisms and chemicals
Thymus from entering the body in two ways:
➢ Bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape 1. Skin and mucous membranes form
➢ Site for maturation of lymphocytes barriers that prevent their entry
Capsule – thin CT that surrounds each lobe 2. Tears, saliva, and urine wash these
Trabeculae – divide each lobe into lobules substances from body surfaces
Cortex – dark-staining areas where
lymphocytes are numerous
Medulla – lighter-staining, central portion of
the lobules; has fewer lymphocytes
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Chemical Mediators throughout the body
➢ Are molecules responsible for many ➢ SYMPTOMS: increase in neutrophil
aspects of innate immunity numbers, fever, and shock.
Complement – group of approximately 20 ➢ PYROGENS – stimulate fever production
proteins found in plasma ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Interferons – are proteins that protect the body Antigens – substances that stimulate adaptive
against viral infections immune responses
White Blood Cells 1. Foreign Antigens – introduced from
➢ Most important cellular components of outside
immunity the body (Ex: bacteria, viruses, chemicals
➢ Important chemicals known to released by microorganisms)
attract WBC: Complement, ➢ Allergic Reaction – caused by foreign
Leukotrienes, Kinins, Histamine antigens that produce an overreaction
Chemotaxis – movement of WBC toward these of the immune system
chemicals 2. Self-Antigens – molecules of the body
Phagocytic Cells produces to stimulate and immune system
Phagocytosis – the ingestion and destruction of response
particles by cells called phagocytes ➢ Autoimmune Disease – results when
Neutrophils – small phagocytic cells that are self- antigens stimulate unwanted
usually the first cells to enter infected tissues destruction of normal tissue
• PUS – accumulation of fluid, dead
neutrophils, and other cells at a site of
infection
Macrophages – monocytes that leave the blood,
enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold
Mononuclear Phagocytic System –
phagocytes ith a single (mono), unlobed nucleus
➢ Dust cells – macrophages in the lungs
➢ Kupffer cells – liver
➢ Microglia – central nervous system
Cells Of Inflammation
BASOPHILS – motile WBCs that can leave the
blood and enter infected tissues
Mast Cells – nonmotile cells in CT, esp. near Antibody-Mediated Immunity
capillaries • involves proteins called antibodies, which
Eosinophils – produced in red bone marrow; are found in the plasma
enter the blood, and within a few minutes enter B CELLS – lymphocyte that produces antibodies
tissues Cell-Mediated Immunity
Natural Killer cells • involves the actions of a second type of
➢ Type of lymphocyte produced in RBM, lymphocyte, called T cells
account up to 15% of lymphocytes CYTOTOXIC T CELLS – lyse virus-infected
➢ Recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants
cells or virus-infected cells in general; ➢ CYTOKINES – promote inflammation
causes these cells to lyse and phagocytosis
Inflammatory Response HELPER T CELLS – inhibit the activities of both
Local Inflammation – confined to a specific area AMI and CMI
of the body
➢ SYMPTOMS: redness, heat, swelling,
pain, and loss of function
Systemic Inflammation – generally distributed
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Origin And Development Of Lymphocytes Antibody Production
Stem Cells – Primary Response – results from the first
Give rise to all exposure of a B cell to an antigen
the blood cells Plasma Cells – produce antibodies
Clones – small Memory B Cells – responsible of the secondary
groups of response
identical B cells Secondary Response / Memory Response –
or T cells that occurs when the immune system is exposed to
are form during an antigen against which it has already
embryonic produced a primary response
development
Activation And Multiplication Of
Lymphocytes
Antigen Recognition
Antigen Receptors – proteins of the
lymphocytes
➢ B-CELL RECEPTORS – antigen receptors
on B cells
➢ T-CELL RECEPTORS – antigen receptors
on T cells
Major Histo Compatibility Complex (Mhc)
Molecules – are glycoproteins that have binding
sites for antigens
Costimulation – achieved by cytokines Cell – Mediated Immunity
(regulator of neighboring cells) ➢ A function of cytotoxic T cells and is most
➢ Interleukin-1 – is a cytokine released by effective against microorganisms inside
macrophages that can stimulate helper T body cells
cells Acquired Immunity Active Natural Immunity
Lymphocyte Proliferation ➢ Results from natural exposure to an
Interleukin-2 – binds to interleukin-2 antigen
receptors and stimulates the helper T cells to Active Artificial Immunity
divide ➢ An antigen is deliberately introduced into
B Cell Proliferation – when helper T cells an individual to stimulate the immune
stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate into system
cells that produce antibodies ➢ Vaccination // Vaccine (antigen
Antibody-Mediated Immunity Structures Of introduced)
Antibodies
Antibodies – proteins produced in response to
an antigen
Variable Region – part of the antibody that
combines with the antigen
Constant Region – the rest of the antibody
Gamma Globulins – other name for antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Ig) – part of the plasma
where antibodies and found Passive Natural Immunity
Effects Of Antibodies ➢ Results hen antibodies are transferred from
➢ Directly inactivate antigens or cause them a mother to a child across the placenta
to clump together before birth
➢ Indirectly destroy antigens by
promoting phagocytosis and inflammation