Alem Damtew

Effect of Training and Development on Employees Performance
A case study of African Union Commission
Alem Damtew Legesse

Enrolment No. (ID1117381)
Supervised by
Dr.Elias Berhanu
Master of Arts(Public Administrations)

INDRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY National Open University
May,2017
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled EFFECT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION
submitted by me for the partial fulfillment of the MPA to Indra Gandhi National Open
University,(IGNOU) New Delhi is my own original work and has not been submitted earlier
either to IGNOU or to any other institutions for the fulfillment of the requirement for any other
programme of study. I also declare that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part is lifted
and incorporated in this report from any earlier work done by me or others.
Place: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Signature: ……………………
Date: Enrolment No: ID 1117381
Name: Alem Damtew Legesse
Address: Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia
I
CERTIFICATE BY THE ACADAMIC SUPERVISOR
Certificate
Certified that the Dissertation entitled Effect of Training and Development on Employees
Performance: A case study of African Union Commission submitted by Alem Damtew Legesse
is her own work and has been done under my supervision.it is recommended that this
Dissertation be placed before the examiner for evaluation.
(Signature of the Academic Supervisor)
Name: Dr. Elias Berhanu
Study Center: ……………..
Regional Center: ……………
Date:
II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work would not have materialized without the various assistances and encouragements that
were received from loved friends and family. I would like to sincerely recognize and appreciate
the efforts of people too numerous to mention who have contributed immensely in one way or
the other towards the successful completion of this research.
First and foremost, I am grateful to God Almighty for giving me grace, wisdom and strength in
all my endeavors.
My unreserved thanks go to my supervisor, Dr.Elias whose advice guidance and thorough

supervision helped me a great deal in producing this work.
Secondly, I wish to say special thanks to my husband Yohannes woldegiorgis for his moral
support throughout my education and especially during the writing of this project
Finally, I wish to show special appreciation to my friend BiniyamTolla for his moral
encouragement and invaluable comments to the accomplishment of this project
I cannot however end this section of the project without mentioning the staff of African Union
who took time off their busy schedules to answer research questions for the project. I am very
grateful to you all.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………….. III
List of tables……………………………………………………………………………...VI
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….VIII
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………X
CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………..2
1.3 Objective of the study…………………………………………………………………..2
1.4 Basic research questions………………………………………………………………...3
1.5 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………..3
1.6 The scope of the study…………………………………………………………………..3
1.7 Organization of the study……………………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER TWO- REVIEW OF RELATED LITRETURES
2.1 Overview of Training…………………………………………………………………..5
2.2 Definition of Training…………………………………………………………………..6
2.3 Purpose of Training…………………………………………………………………….7
2.4 Human Resource Management and Training…………………………………………..7
2.5 Relationships between Training and Employees Performance……………………..….8
2.6 Factors that hinder the Training and Development of Employees…………….………9
2.7 Factors affecting Employee’s Performance…………………………………….……..11
IV
2.8 Types of Training…………………………………………………………………….12
2.9 The Training Process..…………………………………………………...…...............13
2.10 Benefit of Training…….………………………………………………………...….17
CHAPTER THREE-RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF TH.E STUDY
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………18
3.2 Universe of the Study…………………………………………………………………18
3.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size……………………………………………......19
3.4 Data Type and Source of Data…………………………………………………….......19
3.5 Data Gathering Instrument………………………………………………..............…..19
3.6 Procedures for Treating Data and Data Analysis………………………………..........19
3.7 Ethical Consideration………………………………………………………………....20
3.8 Validity and Reliability………………………………………………………….........20
CHAPTER FOUR-PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 Presentation of Data……………………………………………………………….…..21

4.2 Challenges faced by the employees with regard to the training programs of the African
Union……………………………………………………………….……………………..43
4.3 Proposed solutions by the employees of the African Union for the improvement of
training programs……………………………………………………….……...……........44
CHAPTER FIVE –SUMMERY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………......45
5.2 Summery of Findings………………………………………………………….…......45
5.3 Conclusions,……………………………………………………………………….....46
5.4 Recommendations……………………………………………………………............47
References……………………………………………………………………………..…49
Appendence
V
List of Tables
Table 1: Age respondents…………………………………………………… …………….21
Table 2: Gender composition of respondents………………………………………………22
Table 3: Education status of the respondents………………………………………………23
Table 4: Respondents duration of employment…………………………………….………24
Table 5: The delivery method used by the organization is convenient to get the necessary
.knowledge……………………………………………………………………………….....26
Table: 6 My organization is good in Providing training program such as seminars, workshops

etc. frequently………………………………………………………………………………27
Table: 7 my organization design the training program based on the requirement of the job I am
performing………………………………………………………………………………….28
Table: 8 I am satisfied with the training condition including the facility of the training that the
organization provides to increase my work commitment…………………………………..29
Table: 9The training I have taken is applicable for the job I am performing ……………..30
Table: 10 Trainers who deliver the required training are Competent enough……………..31
Table: 11 The management request feedback from trainees during and
after the training……………………………………………………………………………32
Table: 12 In my opinion Trainings organized by the commission
is planned and systematic………………………………………………………………...…33
Table: 13 I am Satisfied with the overall aspects of the
training program of the organization…………………………………………………….....34
Table: 14 The training provided by the organization helped me to improve my skills and
knowledge ………………………………………………………………………………......35
Table: 15 The training I received has helped me to improve my
performance and my motivation to work…………………………………...........................36
Table: 16 I feel strong sense of belongingto my organization since it has a good training
methods……………………………………………………………………………………...37
VI
Table: 17 Because of the knowledge and attitude that I learned
from the training I am better-off to rely on myself for a solution……………………………..38
Table: 18 Because of the good training practices of the organization, I am committed to accomplish
my organization objectives……………………………………………………………………...40
Table: 19The content and delivery method that my organization provides assist me in achieving my
job performance objectives……………………………………………………………………..41
Table: 20 The training provided by my organization helped me to perform my work quickly and
efficiently………………………………………………………………………………………..42
VII
List of Figures
Figure 1: Age respondents…………………………………………………… …………….22
Figure 2: Gender composition of respondents………………………………………………23
Figure 3: Education status of the respondents………………………………………………24
Figure 4: Respondents duration of employment…………………………………….………25
Figure 5: The delivery method used by the organization is convenient to get the necessary
.knowledge……………………………………………………………………………….....26
Figure: 6 My organization is good in Providing training program such as seminars, workshops

etc. frequently………………………………………………………………………………27
Figure: 7 my organization design the training program based on the requirement of the job I am
performing………………………………………………………………………………….28
Figure: 8 I am satisfied with the training condition including the facility of the training that the
organization provides to increase my work commitment…………………………………..29
Figure: 9The training I have taken is applicable for the job I am performing ……………..30
Figure: 10 Trainers who deliver the required training are Competent enough……………..31
Figure: 11 The management request feedback from trainees during and
after the training……………………………………………………………………………32
Figure: 12 In my opinion Trainings organized by the commission
is planned and systematic………………………………………………………………...…33
Figure: 13 I am Satisfied with the overall aspects of the
training program of the organization…………………………………………………….....34
Figure: 14 The training provided by the organization helped me to improve my skills and
knowledge ………………………………………………………………………………......35
Figure: 15 The training I received has helped me to improve my
performance and my motivation to work…………………………………...........................36
Figure: 16 I feel strong sense of belongingto my organization since it has a good training
methods……………………………………………………………………………………...38
VIII
Figure: 17 Because of the knowledge and attitude that I learned
from the training I am better-off to rely on myself for a solution……………………………..39
Figure: 18 Because of the good training practices of the organization, I am committed to accomplish
my organization objectives……………………………………………………………………...40
Figure: 19The content and delivery method that my organization provides assist me in achieving my
job performance objectives……………………………………………………………………..41
Figure: 20 The training provided by my organization helped me to perform my work quickly and
efficiently………………………………………………………………………………………..42
IX
Abstract
The quality of human resource is an asset to any organization and as a result training has become
an issue that has to be faced by every organization. Therefore this study, sought to determine the
impact of training on employees performance using African Union Commission as a case study.
The methodologies primarily the researcher used to collect data were interview and questionnaire
augmented by different literatures found in the organization. Simple random sampling was used
to select staff for the study. The objective of the study was to investigate the actual training
practice and its effect and also to find out whether training schemes have positive effect in
improving the performance of employees.
The findings revealedtraining and development had positive impact on employees of the African
Union. However employees of the organization are facing a lot of challenges with regard to the
training plan and system of the organization. The study also revealed that the organization failed
to identify the specific needs oftrainees towards the improvement of their skills. Therefore, it
becomes imperative for organizations to ascertain the training and development needs of its
employees, through its training need analysis and align such needs to the organizational overall
needs and objectives in order to actualize the organizational vision and mission.
It is also recommended that the African Union commission shall maintain providing employee
training and development activities and ensure the participation of employees in planning, need
or skill deficit identification and evaluation of training and development programs.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

The African Union Commission is an intergovernmental organization formed to help nurture security,
economic development, and economic integration among its member states. It is open to all states in
Africa and currently has 54 members. The commission plays a pivotal role within the African Union
and its unrelenting efforts to pursue integration, development, peace and prosperity across the
continent. Hence that, the commission’s mandate is huge and challenges are many.
Due to the current globalization, Organizations are facing increased competition and therefore
every organization has to train their employees for a sustainable growth and development of the
organization and its performance. Training and development is a critical process, which seeks to
improve the performance of workers in the organization. Training is imparting a specific skill to do a
particular job while development deals with general enhancement and growth of individual skill and
abilities through conscious and unconscious learning. Employees are a major resource of any
organization. Employees are made capable of doing the job prescribed to them through the process of
training. It enables the employees to keep up with new methods, techniques, new machines and
equipment for doing the job (Dale S. Beach 1970).
In order to succeed, well trained and experienced employees help the organization to execute
its missions and goals successfully. The active role they play towards a company’s success cannot be
underestimated. As a result, equipping these unique assets through effective training becomes
imperative in order to maximize the job performance. Organizations have to obtain and utilize human
resources effectively. Organizations, therefore, need to design its human resource management in ways
that fit into the organization’s structure as this it will make the organizations achieve their goals and
objectives. Moreover, it is also important for organizations to assist their workforce in obtaining the
necessary skills needed and, increase commitment. Therefore, in every organizations responsibility to
enhance the job performance of the employees and certainly implementation of training should be the
primary goal (Dale S. Beach 1970).
The African union has operates in a dynamic, fast –paced environment which demands of its employees
to adapt to unforeseeable factors, socio political changes, and/or technological advancements. This can
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only be achieved through a continuous training and development process within the institution.
Training, Learning and Development are therefore indispensable functions.
In this regard, the African Union launches the staff training and Development programme with the aim
to prepare the staff to acquire new skills, sharpen existing ones, perform better and increase
productivity which is essential for a continental institution.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is imperative for the African Union to adopt a Training and Development Strategy that reflects the
unique mandates of the AU’s organs and one of that appropriately prepares the workforce, with the
skills, capabilities and competencies needed to ensure a sustainable future. However the AU’s training
and development plans lacked a properly agreed strategic focus. Managing and implementing the plans
have been challenged by many fundamental questions like what constitutes training and development.
What is the appropriate Training and development activities and for which skill areas? Etc.
The study, therefore, focused on how providing training for employees of the African Union would
improve their performance for the provision of timely, efficient, effective and quality of works.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the research is:
 To examine the training practice within the African Union Organization that the organization
provide to its employees which increases their applicable knowledge and skills that leads to
improve the organization performance.
The specific objective of the study will be;
 To determine the effect of training on employees’ performance.

 To point out the methods that are used meet the training objectives.
 To find out whether training schemes have positive effect on the performances of workers.
 To suggest some practical recommendations on the basis of the findings of the study.
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1.4 Significance of the study
The study will help to develop and maintain a quality work life, which will provide an opportunity
for employees’ job satisfaction and self-actualization. Finally, this thesis will be used as a reference
material for those individuals who want to conduct a research in this area for the future
1.5 Research Questions
This research provides answers to the following basic questions.
1. Is the type of training you have taken applicable for the job after the training?
2. Does the training increase your motivation to the job you do?
3. Does training improve your performance?
4. Does the training lead you to be satisfied with your job?
5. Do you think the method of training used by the organization is effective?
6. Do you have enough training that enables you to do your job as required?
1.6 The Scope of the Study
The study is limited to employees of the African Union, particularly the head office by emphasizing
on the effect of training on employees performance. The employees of the organization were given
the questionnaires to complete.
1.7 Organization of the study
The study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one introduced the study by giving the
background information, the research problem, objectives, and significance of the study, scope of
the study. Chapter two is deals with the review of relevant literature on the research problem. This
chapter has sub-titles under which a brief review has been done in the areas in the past.
Chapter three discussed the research methodology adopted for the study and relevant justifications.
It outlines the methodology for carrying out the secondary and primary data collections. Chapter
four presents the main body of the dissertation report. It shall comprise the analysis and
interpretation of the major findings in line with the basic questions set in the statement of the
problem through organizing, analysing and interpretation of the collected data.
3
Chapter five presents the conclusions that were draw from the research findings and
recommendations to enhance organizational effectiveness through training, and to ensure a stable
and committed human resource
4
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Over view of training

Every organization should develop its employees according to the need of that time so that they
could compete with their competitors (Carlos A. P. Braga, 1995).
Training has emerged as formal corporate function, integral element of corporate strategy, and is
recognized as profession with distinct theories and methodologies as companies increasingly
acknowledge the fundamental importance of employee growth and development, as well as the
necessity of a highly skilled workforce, in order to improve the success and efficiency of their
organizations (Bernatek, 2010). Training in a work organization is essentially a learning process, in
which learning opportunities are purposefully structured by the managerial, HR and training staffs,
working in collaboration, or by external agents acting on their behalf the aim of the process is to
develop in the organizations employees the knowledge, skills and attitudes that have been defined as
necessary for the effective performances of their work and hence for the achievements of the
organizational aims and objectives by the most cost-effective means available (Tyson and York,
2000).
One major area of the human resource management function of particular relevance to the effective
use of human resources is training. Few people these days would argue against the importance of
training as a major influence on the success of an organization. It is the view of Hales (1986) that the
general movement towards downsizing, flexible structures of organizations and the nature of
management moving towards the devolution of power to the workforce give increasing emphasis to
an environment of coaching and support. He also added training is necessary to ensure sustain
economic growth and effective performance and for adequate supply of staff that is technically and
socially competent.
Training has emerged as formal corporate function, integral element of corporate strategy, and is
recognized as profession with distinct theories and methodologies as companies increasingly
acknowledge the fundamental importance of employee growth and development, as well as the
necessity of a highly skilled workforce, in order to improve the success and efficiency of their
organizations (Bernatek, 2010).
5
Training in a work organization is essentially a learning process, in which learning opportunities are
purposefully structured by the managerial, HR and training staffs, working in collaboration, or by
external agents acting on their behalf the aim of the process is to develop in the organizations
employees the knowledge, skills and attitudes that have been defined as necessary for the effective
performances of their work and hence for the achievements of the organizational aims and objectives
by the most cost-effective means available (Tyson and York, 2000).
Furthermore, training is the most important tool of a business to develop commitment, effectiveness,
efficiency and loyalty and to create a culture of cooperation among employees. Sometimes the top
management and managerial level employees are found to be uncooperative towards HR training,
whilst lower level employees lack the commitment to participate in training activities (Abdullah,
2009). As Meyer et al., (1993) indicated that employee commitment has become increasingly
important in many organizations. The construct employee commitment is however complex and
commitment cannot be seen as a single, homogenous entity, which means the same to all employees.
It is multifaceted and can impact on an organization in a number of ways. It changes over times as
employee circumstances and needs change. Meyer et al., 1993 defines commitment as purely
psychological it is a measure of the extent to which an employee has formed a strong psychological
attachment to an organization. According to Morrow (1996), the concept of commitment is four
folded, it account for an employee’s personal involvement in the decision, the attraction of
alternative options, the degree of ambivalence-as well as employee satisfaction.
2.2 Definition of training
Training has been defined differently by different authors using their own words though they have
used different wordings, all definition convey the same meaning.
According to Mathis and Jackson (2008), training is the process whereby people acquire capabilities
to perform jobs. The focus of training is the job or task for example, the need to have efficiency and
safety in the operation of particular machines or equipment, or the need for an effective sales force to
mention but a few. It is “a systematic acquisition and development of the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes required by employees to adequately perform a task or job or to improve performance in the
job environment” (Tharenou, Saks and Moore,2007:252). Other scholars view training as, “a planned
process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve
effective performance in any activity or range of activities” (Beardwell and Holden, 2001:324). Its
6
purpose is to develop the abilities of the individual and to satisfy the current and future needs of the
organization.
Noe et al. (2003:251) defines training as “a planned effort to facilitate the learning of job-related
knowledge, skills, and behavior by employees. Other studies worthy of consideration have been
carried out to determine the reasons why organizations should train their employees.
Generally speaking, most organizations have long recognized the importance of training to its
development. Helping employees to become effective in their job is one of the most fundamentally
important tasks in people management that any work organization has to undertake. Employers
depend on the quality of their employees’ performance to achieve organizational aims and objectives;
employees have motivational need for development, recognition status, and achievements that can
should be meet through job satisfaction. Hence the initiative for providing this help must come from
the employers (Tyson and York, 2000).
2.3 Purpose of training

To develop the desired knowledge, skills and abilities of the employees, to perform well on the job,
requires effective training programs that may also effect employee motivation and commitment(
Meyer, P.J. and Smith, A.C. 2000) Employees can make or break their organizational reputation and
profitability. And they are responsible for the bulk of the activities which can affect client
satisfaction, the quality of the product and event (Elnaga, A. and Imran, 2013)
According to Garavan (1997) and Berge et al. (2002) training is the planned and systematic
modification of behavior through learning events, activities and programs which results in the
participants achieving the levels of knowledge, skills, competencies and abilities to carry out their
work effectively .A formal training program is an effort by the employer to provide opportunities for
the employee to acquire job-related skills, attitudes and knowledge. This means for any organization
to succeed in achieving the objectives of its training program, the design and implementation must be
planned and systematic, tailored towards enhancing performance and productivity.
2.4 Human resource management and training

For any organization to function effectively, it must have money, materials, supplies, equipment,
ideas about the services or products to offer those who might use its outputs and finally people,
which is the human resource, to run the organization. The effective management of people at work is
Human Resource Management. (Armstrong M, 2009) Human Resource Management has emerged as
7
a major function in most organizations and is the focus for a wide-ranging debate concerning the
nature of the contemporary employment relationships. Managing human resources is one of the key
elements in the coordination and management of work organizations.
Several new technologies are used to ensure the creation and delivery of services and goods in
modern economies. Whatever means are used, the role of individuals and groups as employees and
the ability of management to effectively deploy such a resource is vital to the interest of both the
employee and organization. Traditionally, human resource concerns itself with recruitment, selection,
placement, training, compensation and industrial relations among others (Armstrong,
1996). Beardwell and Holden (1993) argue that the recognition of the importance of training in
recent years has been heavily influenced by the intensification of competition and the relative success
of organizations where investment in employee development is considerably emphasized. They
added that technological developments and organizational change have gradually led some
employers to the realization that success relies on the skills and abilities of their employees, and this
means considerable and continuous investment in training. Therefore, in an organization, the
management of human resources means that they must be recruited, compensated, appraised, trained,
and developed (Mathis and Jackson, 2008). Abbas and Yaqoob (2009) pointed out that renewing
knowledge is an imperative for the organization, and not an option. They also suggest that training of
employees is a continuous procedure which is the only meaningful and logical approach in the
condition of knowledge obsolescence, dynamic changes and increasing need for constant product and
service innovations.
In general, organizations should manage their work force effectively and efficiently and they should
also give greater attention for the training and learning of employees to meet the goal of the
organizations and to achieve the best result. Neely et al., (1995) refer to effectiveness as the extent to
which customer requirements are met and to efficiency as a measure of how economically the firm’s
resources are utilized when providing a given level of customer satisfaction.
2.5 Relationship between training and employees performance

The performance of workers and organizations in delivering services is a multi-faceted concept. It
can be understood in an expansive or a more narrow way. The expansive understanding includes
factors internal to an organization such as job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior
voluntarily helping others in the workplace
8
Organ (1988), and organizational commitment (the strength of a person's attachment to and
involvement in an organization, see Grusky 1966). All of these have in turn been shown to be
conducive to performance understood more narrowly, namely as outputs and outcomes, in particular
efficiency, and effectiveness.
Moreover, employee performance is an important building block of an organization and factors
which lay the foundation for high performance must be analyzed by the organizations. Since every
organization cannot progress by one or two individual’s effort, it is collective effort of all the
members of the organization. Performance is a major multidimensional construct aimed to achieve
results and has a strong link to strategic goals of an organization (Mwita, 2000).
Therefore, impact of training on employee performance is not only significant but studies prove that
it also increases job satisfaction and commitment towards the organization and training transfer is
more likely to increase performance, job involvement, and increases motivation to learn and transfer
(Velada and Caetano, 2007).
Taiwo (2001) is of the opinion that the objectives of training are to: provide the skills, knowledge
and aptitudes necessary to undertake required job efficiently. Therefore, she or he has the potentials,
he may progress, increase efficiency by reducing spoilt work, misuse of machines and lessening
physical risks. Obisi (1996) submitted that training aim at developing competences such as technical,
human, conceptual and managerial for the furtherance of individual and organization growth. Also
Taiwo (2001) postulated that the process of training is a continuous one. The need to perform one’s
job efficiently and the need to know how to lead others are sufficient reasons for training and the
desire to meet organizations objectives. It is to increase personnel efficiency, professional growth,
and smooth and more effective organization’s operations.
According to Amisano (2009), employee performance may be related to numerous factors within the
workplace, such as overall job satisfaction, knowledge, and management. But there is a definite
relationship between training and performance, as training programs can address numerous problems
that relate to poor performance.
2.6 Factors that hinder the training and development of employees

Robbins et al. (2003:231) points out that many employers are opposed to training and development
initiatives because they assume that the responsibility for training people to be workers falls on the
school system, not on firms. In addition, they consider that it is the responsibility of the employees to
learn how to do their job so that they are hired. Furthermore, they regard training and development
9
program as an expense which it is difficult to convince shareholders to approve. According to the
perspective of the researcher, if aligned with the goals, mission and objective of the organization, and
supported by both the employer and the employee, training, development and education programs
delivered the right way and at the right time provide substantial returns for the employer in terms of
increased productivity, knowledge, loyalty and profit (Robbins et al., 2003:401). In spite of the
innumerable reasons and benefits derived from training, in most cases training and development
programs fail. This is regardless of whether the courses were attended in the best universities or
delivered by the most prominent trainers.
Perry (2007:282) asserts that work appears among the first illustrations outlining the clear reasons
why training and development programs fail. His study was seconded by Kleiman (2003:389), who
addressed the failures of training and development programs in greater depth. In these two works, the
first reason identified for the failure of training and development programs stems from the training
objectives not being aligned with the business needs. If the root of the problem of poor performance,
for instance, it is related to factors such as reward systems, job design and motivation, which are not
related to training, training will be pointless.
Thirdly, in the absence of objectives to provide direction and focus, training will certainly not
succeed. Training and development should include a focused process that allows the employee to
ponder desired results. Objectives afford important direction and focus for learning the final product,
which is a change in job performance.
Researchers also hold that when training is too expensive if compared to its short-term return on
investment, then companies may consider it a failure and, therefore, unacceptable.
However, the long-term pay-off may be rewarding. Training will be worthless if the participants
regard the training program as a mere event without any change to their behavior. Whenever training
is considered as a single event, the chances of behavior change are slim. Training is also likely to fail
if participants are not held accountable for the results.
Generally, employees are not held accountable for the use of the contents of their course in the
workplace. Unless they are held accountable, no change will occur in their behavior (Kleiman,
2003:49).
If the conditions are not conducive to learning, the training efforts will have been in vain.
Moreover, without the support of line management training will also fail. When there is no support
from direct managers/supervisors, the employees will resist implementing the new skills and
knowledge acquired during the training course. Management involvement is crucial to the learning
10
process. Another reason for the failure of training and development occurs when the company fails to
isolate the effects of training and development. However, other factors rather than training may
influence performance. Thus, the advances directly related to training must be isolated. If not, some
training program clearly noticeable as impacting on the bottom line may be discarded as irrelevant.
For the success of a training program, top executives’ commitment is critical. Top management will
not only allocate resources but, for the training and development to succeed, will also participate in
the design of the process.
Lastly, training and development will be unsuccessful if there is a failure to provide feedback and use
information about results. If the company fails to evaluate training by providing feedback, employees
will not be able to know about their progress, nor facilitators to understand the success of their
program.
2.7 Factors affecting employee performance

According to Anderson (2003:122), the following are the factors affecting employee performance to
increase productivity:
Experience
Hiring employees who do not have the proper background for the job is one of the things that start a
performance downward spiral (Anderson, 2003:122). Company training should be used to enhance
the employee's background. If an employee has undergone extensive training but is still experiencing
performance issues, then the problem could be that the employee does not possess the necessary
experience to do the job.
Work–home balance
As much as an employer may not want to be affected by the personal life of his employees, personal
problems can sometimes affect employee performance. Managers need to be sensitive to employees’
personal problems, and be prepared to discuss the issues with employees when necessary. If an
employee requires time off to deal with a personal problem, then granting that time off will help to
show all employees that the company values them (Anderson, 2000)
Manager interaction
If an employee does not get feedback from his/her manager, then he/she has no idea how to rate
his/her performance. Managers should be trained to give positive and negative employee feedback. In
negative situations, the manager should work with the employee to create a programme that will help
11
address the performance shortcomings. It is easier for employees to improve their performance when
they know what they are doing right and what they are doing wrong (Anderson, 2003).
Setting goals
To help employees improve their performance, employers need to set goals that employees are
required to achieve. Performing to the minimum standards means the employee is doing his job, and
that can help an employee understand what is expected of him at a minimum. It would also be helpful
to create incentives that will give employees motivation to go beyond the set goals (Anderson, 2003).
2.8 Types of training

The type of employee training which is best suited to a particular organization depends on a number
of considerations. The skill gap to be filled, the job description, the employee present qualification
and the challenges faced by the employee in performing his/her job. The approaches that can be used
in implementing training fall broadly into two categories namely: on-the job and off-the job
techniques, notwithstanding that some of the training techniques cut across (Kempton, 1995).
On-the-Job training
Adamu (2008) asserts that on-the-job training is designed to impart knowledge of job by working
under an experienced worker. The trainer or the experienced worker teaches and advices the trainee
on specific methods and techniques of doing the job. In some cases, the trainee is expected to learn
by watching the master. The trainee is learning and at the same time working, although the trainee’s
output will not be much. The procedure is usually unsystematic and most times, it is by trial and
error. Baum and Devine (2007) opine that it is better for the organizations to give their employees on
the job training because it is cost effective and time saving. Besides, it helps their employees learn in
a practical way.
Off-the-Job training
Off-the job training is a process of acquiring skill and knowledge at a location different from the
employee office. It includes group discussion, individual tutorials, lectures, reading, training courses
and workshops (Kempton, 1995). It permits individuals to leave their primary place of work for a
different location. Its advantage includes, the trainee’s ability to concentrate, analyses past behaviors
and reflect on what has been successful and what has not (Okanya, 2008). This kind of training offers
an opportunity to impart knowledge and skills that can be learnt or practiced in a safe and conducive
atmosphere.
12
Kempton (1995) opines that if training is conducted in an organized and systematic way it should be
able to develop new attitudes and experiences that contribute to the success of the organization,
improve employee morale which would translate to better performance and greater productivity and
create a psychological climate which orients the activities of each employee towards achieving the
goals of the organization.
2.9 The training process

To accomplish the purpose of the planed training organizations should follow different process.
Hence, the model below traces the steps necessary in the training process that most organizations
practiced (Bratton and Gold, 1999).
· Organizational Objectives
· Needs Assessment
· Training Objectives
· Select the Trainees and trainers
· Select the Training Methods and Mode
· Administer Training
· Evaluate the Training
Organizational Objectives
Your business should have a clearly defined strategy and set of objectives that direct and drive all the
decisions made especially for training decisions. Organizations that plan their training process are
more successful than those that do not because, training will increase employee motivation, reduce
employee turnover, and increase capacity to adopt new technologies and methods.
Therefore, the objective of the organization and the training goal should be congruent and not be
opposite each other.
Identifying training needs
Training needs can be assessed by analyzing three major human resource areas: the organization as a
whole, the job characteristics and the needs of the individuals. This analysis will provide answers to
the following questions:
· Where is training needed?
· What specifically must an employee learn in order to be more productive?
· Who needs to be trained?
13
Begin by assessing the current status of the company; how it does, what it does best and the abilities
of your employees to do these tasks. This analysis will provide some benchmarks against which the
effectiveness of a training program can be evaluated. Your firm should know where it wants to be in
five years from its long-range strategic plan. What you need is a training program to take your firm
from here to there.
Second, consider whether the organization is financially committed to supporting the training efforts.
If not, any attempt to develop a solid training program will fail.
Next, determine exactly where training is needed. It is foolish to implement a companywide training
effort without concentrating resources where they are needed most. An internal audit will help point
out areas that may benefit from training. Also, a skills inventory can help determine the skills
possessed by the employees in general. This inventory will help the organization determine what
skills are available now and what skills are needed for future development.
Training goals
The goals of the training program should relate directly to the needs determined by the assessment
process outlined above. Course objectives should clearly state what behavior or skill will be changed
as a result of the training and should relate to the mission and strategic plan of the company. Goals
should include milestones to help take the employee from where he or she is today to where the firm
wants him or her in the future. Setting goals help to evaluate the training program and also to
motivate employees. Allowing employees to participate in setting goals increases the probability of
success
Selection of the trainees and trainers
Once you have decided what training is necessary and where it is needed, the next decision is who
should be trained? For a small business, this question is crucial. Training an employee is expensive,
especially when he or she leaves your firm for a better job. Therefore, it is important to carefully
select who will be trained.
Training programs should be designed to consider the ability of the employee to learn the material
and to use it effectively, and to make the most efficient use of resources possible. It is also important
that employees be motivated by the training experience. Employee failure in the program is not only
damaging to the employee but a waste of money as well. Selecting the right trainees is important to
the success of the program. Who actually conducts the training depends on the type of training
needed and who will be receiving it. On-the-job training is conducted mostly by supervisors; off-the-
job training, by either in-house personnel or outside instructors.
14
In-house training is the daily responsibility of supervisors and employees. Supervisors are ultimately
responsible for the productivity and, therefore, the training of their subordinates. These supervisors
should be taught the techniques of good training. They must be aware of the knowledge and skills
necessary to make a productive employee. Trainers should be taught to establish goals and objectives
for their training and to determine how these objectives can be used to influence the productivity of
their departments. They also must be aware of how adults learn and how best to communicate with
adults. The investment will pay off in increased productivity.
Training administration
Having planned the training program properly, you must now administer the training to the selected
employees. It is important to follow through to make sure the goals are being met.
Questions to consider before training begins include: location, facilities, accessibility, comfort,
equipment, and timing. Careful attention to these operational details will contribute to the success of
the training program.
An effective training program administrator should follow these steps:
· Define the organizational objectives.
· Determine the needs of the training program.
· Define training goals.
· Develop training methods.
· Decide whom to train.
· Decide who should do the training.
· Administer the training.
· Evaluate the training program.
Following these steps will help an administrator develop an effective training program to ensure that
the firm keeps qualified employees who are productive, happy workers. This will contribute
positively to the bottom line.
Evaluating training programs
Once a company implements a training program, it must evaluate the program's success, even if it
has produced desired results for other companies and even if similar programs have produced desires
for it. Moreover, training should be evaluated several times during the process. Determine these
milestones when you develop the training. Employees should be evaluated by comparing their newly
acquired skills with the skills Fed by the goals of the training program. Any discrepancies should be
noted and adjustments made to the training program to enable it to meet specified goals. Many
15
training programs fall short of their expectations simply because the administrator failed to evaluate
its progress until it was too late. Timely evaluation will prevent the training from straying from its
goals (Velada and Caetano, 2007).
Companies first must determine if trainees are acquiring the desired skills and knowledge. If not,
then they must ascertain why not and they must figure out if the trainees are failing to acquire these
skills because of their own inability or because of ineffective training programs. Companies can use
qualitative data such as work habits, attitudes, development, adaptability, and initiative to evaluate
training programs. Most companies, however, prefer to place more weight on the quantitative data
previously outlined (Phillips, 1987).
Furthermore, according to Phillips (1987), companies tend to evaluate training programs on four
levels: behavior, learning, reaction, and results. Businesses examine employee behavior after training
programs in order to determine if the programs helped employees adjust to their environment; also,
companies can obtain evidence on employee behavior via observation and interviews. Throughout
the training process, employers monitor how well trainees are learning about the company, the
atmosphere, and their jobs.
To evaluate training programs effectively, employers also gauge employee reactions to the programs.
This feedback from trainees provides companies with crucial information on how employees
perceive their programs. Using questionnaires and interviews, companies can identify employee
attitudes toward various aspects of the training programs. Finally, employers attempt to determine the
results of their training programs (Bernatek, 2010).
Identification of Training Needs in an Organization
The popular saying that ‘a problem identified is half solved’ suggests the need to enumerate the
different ways of identifying employee training needs in an organization. Nielson (2010) opines that
an overall organizational training needs assessment is a thorough examination of what is currently
being trained, what knowledge, skill and abilities should be added presently and in future. Depending
on the matter, assessment methods could vary (Nielson, 2010).
Nielson (2010) further notes that training needs could be identified in the following ways:
1. A felt or perceived need: This is an overall desire for improvement in a certain subject area.
2. Comparative needs: These are needs that are identified by comparing the training audience to a set
of criteria.
3. Response to a failure of some type. This could be as a result of the organization’s inability to meet
a set goal for a particular period.
16
4. Critical Incident needs: This need could occur because of a catastrophic failure such as a factory
explosion.
5. The final needs: This is an anticipated need that will occur base on organizational changes, such as
new products, new services etc.
6. If current training is not meeting its objective, there becomes a need to retrain.
7. When there is a gap in the job. This occurs when performance is below specification or standard.
2.10 Benefit of training
The purpose of training is mainly to improve knowledge and skills, and to change attitudes or
behavior. It is one of the most important potential motivators which can lead to many possible
benefits for both individuals and the organization. Changing technology requires that employees
possess the knowledge, skills and abilities needed to cope with new processes and production
techniques. According to Cole (2002), training can achieve:
1) High morale - employees who receive training have increased confidence and motivation.
2) Lower cost of production training eliminates risks because trained personnel are able to make
better and economic use of material and equipment thereby reducing and avoiding waste.
3) Lower turnover training brings a sense of security at the workplace which reduces labor turnover
and absenteeism is avoided.
4) Change management- training helps to manage change by increasing the understanding and
involvement of employees in the change process and also provides the skills and abilities needed to
adjust to new situations.
5) Provide recognition, enhanced responsibility and the possibility of increased pay and promotion.
6) Give a feeling of personal satisfaction and achievement, and broaden opportunities for career
progression; and
7) Help to improve the availability and quality of staff.
17
Chapter Three
Research Design and Methodology of the Study
3.1 Research Design
The research is a case study in the form of cross sectional design in which data was collected across a
population The case study method was chosen because; case study is suitable for practical problems.
It is often seen as being problem – centred, small scaled and manageable. Again, case study method
has the uniqueness ability to use and apply differently a lot of different empirical evidence, Yin (1994).
The aim of this research was to survey the extent to which the African Union training and development
plan motivate and improve the performance of its employees. Different types of research methods were
used while doing the research. The methods include: qualitative research, quantitative research, and a
mixture of both qualitative and quantitative research. In order to achieve sound results, the researcher
employed both Quantitative and qualitative methods. While more emphasis are given to the qualitative
method, quantitative analysis are also used as a supplement to the former approach. Qualitative
research helps to obtain the insights about the phenomena in question and is flexible in the sense that
it helps in identifying the missing part of what is unknown or partially known (Ghauri & Grönhaug
2005). Further still, qualitative research is said to be more relevant in the context of discovery and thus
be able to get access to what was never known before.
Thus, the research mainly focuses on qualitative method with the view assessing the effects of training
culture of the African Union and identifying the challenges and problems faced by the employees of
the organization.
3.2 Universe of the Study

This study were conducted in Addis Ababa, which is the capital city of Ethiopia. The city has been
selected because the Headquarter of the African Union is found in Addis Ababa and also the researcher
resides in the city.
All employees of the organization which comprises professional Staff, Administrative staff,
Secretaries, Archives, Accountants, Logistic staffs and Office assistants are the targets of the study.
The study focused only on the employees of the Headquarter of the Commission that has 1191(One
Thousand One Hundred Ninety Nine) employees.
18
3.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size
The research work has been decided to limit itself to a single organization due to the time, financial
and administrative constraints.
The research is a case study in the form of cross sectional design in which data was collected across a
population through simple random sampling. Because, this technique gave equal chance to the
employees being selected.
The sample focused on both the employees and the people who are accountable for human resource
management especially to education and training. There are fifteen (15) departments in the African
Union Commission and eight (8) Commissioners office. According to Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970)
sampling size formula for an effective and efficient method of determining a representative sample
size of a given population using the following formula. Thus, in the present study the sample size
will be determined by using the following formula
Where: S= required Sample size, X2 = the table value of 95%Confidence interval

P =the Population Portion (assume 0.5 for it maximum sample size)
D= the Degree of accuracy expressed as a proportion (0.05)
N= the Population size
X2 = 1.96 N= 1191 D2 = 0.05 P = 0.5
S = (1.96)2 (1191) (0.5) (1-0.5) .
0.052(1191-1) + 1.962 (0.5) (1-0.5) = 290.4
Therefore, as per the above formula out of 1191 employees who work in the organization two
hundred ninety(290) employees were selected to which questionnaires were distributed and
administered.
3.4 Data Type and Source of Data
The study employed both primary and secondary data. Actually the study mainly used primary data
gathered by means of an in-depth interview responded by employees of the African Union at different
levels. The study also augmented by secondary data obtained from various sources such as books,
occasional papers, journals, proceedings, reports, etc.
19
3.5 Data Gathering Instruments
With the objective of obtaining accurate information, a questionnaire which contains open and closed
items were constructed .The purpose of the questionnaire is to investigate the role of the African Union
plays in the training of its employees and its effectiveness. In addition to the questionnaire an in-depth
interview is also employed to obtain more information. In-depth interview is a qualitative research
technique that allows for a person to person discussion. Such discussion provides an opportunity to
have a deeper understanding of one’s beliefs, feelings, and behaviors on important issues.
3.6 Procedures for Treating Data and Data Analysis

The data collected were organized in line with the objective of the study, and both qualitative and
quantitative analytical procedures were used. In the qualitative analysis, employee’s opinions, feelings,
behaviors and experiences with regards to the training given by the organization and its impacts in
their performance investigated in a deep manner to discover the effectiveness of the training. While in
the case of quantitative analysis, the data analyzed and interpreted using some statistical techniques
such as; tables, percentages and charts used to ensure easily understanding of the analysis
3.7 Ethical Consideration

Each respondent gave his/her own consent to participate in the study before he/she is giving
information. The privacy and confidentiality of the respondents were kept both during the interview
and in the compilation of reports. Since all respondents are required to be protected from physical and
psychological harm, debriefing shall aim to leave the participants in the same state as they entered in
the study. Information obtained were held in strict confidentiality by the researcher.
3.8 Validity and Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha is used for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of finding.
Cronbach’s is a coefficient of reliability. It is commonly used as a measure of the internal consistency
or reliability of a psychometric test score for a sample of examinees. According to Lombard (2010),
Coefficients of 0.90 or greater are nearly always acceptable, 0.80 or greater is acceptable in most
situations, and 0.70 may be appropriate in some exploratory studies for some indices. By tracing
this literature the researcher tested the reliability of the items which were developed for
respondents. Therefore the whole items is 0.917 which means the whole items were reliable and
acceptable because as Lombard stated coefficients of 0.9 or greater are nearly always acceptable.
20
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
4.1Presentation of Data
This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of the data obtained from the respondent. The
study was conducted to evaluate the effect of training on the employees’ performance – a case study
on the employees of the African Union at the head quarter.
A total of two hundred ninety (290) copies of questionnaires were distributed, out of which, two
hundred sixty seven (267) were fully completed and returned while eighteen (18) copies were not
returned and five (5) copies were discarded due to missing data.
Therefore, two hundred sixty seven (267) questionnaires were considered for the study as
respondents working in the selected organization. The data received from the respondents are
analyzed with help of statistical software program SPSS-20.
Table 1 Age Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
18-25 10 3.7 3.7 3.7
26-40 156 58.4 58.4 62.2
Valid 41-55 81 30.3 30.3 92.5
55 and above 20 7.5 7.5 100.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
21
8% 4%
30%
18-25
26-40
58%
41-55
55 and above
Figure 1
Analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaire, table 1 reveals that 156 respondents are between
26-40 years representing 58.4% formed the majority. The next largest respondents are between the
age of 41-55 representing 30.3% and they are 81 in number. The third group of respondents fall
under the age category of 55 and above that represents 7.5% or 20 employees from the total
respondents .10 aged between 18-25 representing 3.7%which can easily understand that they are
young to do a lot for the organization
Table 2 Gender composition of respondents

Percent Percent
male 146 54.7 54.7 54.7
Valid Female 121 45.3 45.3 100.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
22
45%
55%
male
Female
Figure 2
Table 2 presents data on gender of respondents. The table shows that the male respondents formed
majority of the target population with a total of 146 representing 54.7%, while 121 respondents were
female representing 45.3%.
Table3 Education status of the respondents

Percent Percent
Diploma 25 9.4 9.4 9.4
First degree 151 56.6 56.6 65.9
Master’s
86 32.2 32.2 98.1
degree
Ph.D. 5 1.9 1.9 100.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
23
2% 9%
32%
Diploma
First degree
57% Master’s degree

Ph.D.
Figure 3
From table 3, it is can be seen that respondents hold a range of educational qualifications from
Diplomas to Ph.D. Majority of the sample group were holding first degree which accounted 151 of
the respondents’ i.e. 56.6 %. 86 out of 267 respondents are master graduates.
Among the respondents 25 or 9.4% are diploma holders and 5 or 1.9% of the respondents have Ph.D.
This suggests that people of different educational qualifications are present in the organization. This
implies that different levels of training which is planned and systematic may be required to improve
their quality.
Table 4 Respondents Duration of Employment

Percent Percent
1-10 172 64.4 64.4 64.4
11-20 68 25.5 25.5 89.9
Valid 21-30 17 6.4 6.4 96.3
31 and above 10 3.7 3.7 100.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
24
6% 4%
26%
1-10
11-20
64%
21-30
31 and above
Figure 4
The study also sought to find out the years of service the respondents have rendered to the
organization to enable us put their responses into proper perspective. Table 4 below represents the
categories of years of service as indicated by the respondents.
As table 4.shows the response received from the employees regarding the number of years they have
worked with African Union, 64.4% indicated that they had worked between 1and 10 years. Similarly,
68(25.5%) have put in over 10 years of service to the organizations and 17(6.4%) of the respondents
have put in over 20 years of service to the organizations while 3.7% said they have worked with
African Union for more than 31 years.
The above table implies that respondents have served in African Union from one year to above 30
years. This means the organization has a blend of experienced and young professionals who require
constant refresher training to update their skills and perform on the job.
Research Question #1 The delivery method of training used by my organization is convenient

to get the necessary knowledge and skills.
One of the objective that the researcher wanted to point out was relates to the nature of the training
practices and methods of the African Union. The training practices and methods of the African Union
were therefore assessed using responses from questionnaires administered to the sample of
employees, and interview granted by the employees of the African union.
25
Table 5 The delivery method of training used by my organization is convenient
to get the necessary knowledge and skills.
Percent Percent
Strongly agree 61 22.8 22.8 22.8
Agree 101 37.8 37.8 60.7
Neutral 70 26.2 26.2 86.9
Valid
Disagree 29 10.9 10.9 97.8 ‘
strongly disagree 6 2.2 2.2 100.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
10.9% 2.2%
22.8%
Strongly agree
26.2% Agree
Neutral
37.8% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 5
As outlined table 5 above majority of the respondents representing 37.8% feel comfort and agreed
that the organization training delivery method is convenient. The rest of respondents that
representing 61out of 267 or 22.8% strongly agreed.10.9% and 2.2 of the respondents disagreed, and
strongly disagreed respectively. Though most of the respondents agreed or feel comfort with the
delivery method of training used by the organization 26.6% of the respondents which is not a small
26
number remained neutral. Thus this implies that the organization should continue to work on the
improvement of the delivery method of training.
Research Question #2My organization is good in providing training program such as seminars,
workshops etc. frequently.
Table 6 My organization is good in Providing training program such as

seminars, workshops etc. frequently.
Percent Percent
Agree 98 36.7 36.7 48.3
Neutral 81 30.3 30.3 78.7
Valid
Disagree 51 19.1 19.1 97.8
Total 267 100.0 100.0
2.2% 11.6%
19.1%
Strongly agree
Agree
36.7%
Neutral
30.3%
Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 6
Table 6 reveals that, majority of respondents representing 36.7% agreed and 11.6% strongly agreed
on the goodness of the organization in the provision of training program such as seminar and
27
workshops frequently. However, 19.1% disagreed and 2.2% strongly disagreed. In addition to this,
81(30.3) out of 267 remained neutral Here, it can be said that the organization is excellent in
providing different training program such as seminar, workshops etc.
Research Question #3 My organization design the training program based on the requirements
of the job I am performing.
Table 7 my organization design the training program based on the

requirement of the job I am performing
Percent Percent
Agree 61 22.8 22.8 32.6
Neutral 107 40.1 40.1 72.7
Valid
Disagree 62 23.2 23.2 95.9
Total 267 100.0 100.0
4.1% 9.7%
23.2%
22.8% Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
40.1%
strongly disagree
Figure 7
28
As per the findings, 40.1%of the respondents remain neutral .It is also indicated that 22.8% and 9.7%
of the respondents agree and strongly agree respectively. While 23.2% disagree and 4.1% strongly
disagree. The finding implies that the majority of the respondents are not sure whether the design of
the training program is based on the job they are performing.
Research question #4 I am satisfied with the training condition including the facility of the
training that the organization provides to increase my work commitment.
Table 8 I am satisfied with the training condition including the facility of the
training that the organization provides to increase my work commitment
Percent Percent
Agree 100 37.5 37.5 44.6
Neutral 89 33.3 33.3 77.9
Valid
Disagree 53 19.9 19.9 97.8
Total 267 100.0 100.0
2.2% 7.1%
19.9%
Strongly agree
37.5% Agree
Neutral
33.3% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 8
29
Respondents were also asked to rate their satisfaction in the training conditions including the facility
of the training that the organization provided. Therefore, as indicated in table 8, 37.5% and 7.1% of
the respondents satisfied with the training condition and facility of the training that the organization
provides to increase their work commitment. Whereas, 19.9% respondents disagreed on the training
condition of the organization. 89 or 33.3% were neutral so it is noted that the organization still needs
improvement in the training facilities and to increase employees work commitment and to create
conducive environment.
Research Question #5 The training I have taken is applicable for the job I am performing
Table 9 The training I have taken is applicable for the job I am performing
Percent Percent
Agree 117 43.8 43.8 55.1
Neutral 59 22.1 22.1 77.2
Valid
Disagree 44 16.5 16.5 93.6
Total 267 100.0 100.0
6.4% 11.2%
16.5%
Strongly agree
Agree
22.1% 43.8% Neutral
Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 9
30
A total of 117 or 43.8 respondents agree that the training they have taken is applicable, whereas
22.1% were neutral while16.5 and 6.4 were disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively. Here it
can be recognized that the organization is doing well in providing a training which is applicable after
the training.
Research question #6 Trainers who deliver the required training are Competent enough
Table 10 Trainers who deliver the required training are competent enough
Percent Percent
Agree 126 47.2 47.2 64.4
Neutral 68 25.5 25.5 89.9
Valid
Disagree 21 7.9 7.9 97.8
Total 267 100.0 100.0
7.9% 2.2% 17.2%
Strongly agree
25.5%
Agree
Neutral
47.2% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 10
31
Trainers should be professional and competent enough to teach and train employees wisely. Because
of this fact, as table 6 clearly shows, 47.2% agreed that there are professional trainers in the
organization who can transfer and demonstrate the training appropriately. Contrary to this,
7.9%disagreed and 25.5% were neutral concerning the competency of trainers. Generally speaking,
trainers who deliver the required training in the selected organization are competent enough to
transfer the necessary skills and knowledge.
Research question #7 The management request Feedback from trainees during and after the
training.
Table 11 The management request feedback from trainees during and after
the training
Percent Percent
Agree 86 32.2 32.2 45.3
Neutral 97 36.3 36.3 81.6
Valid
Disagree 41 15.4 15.4 97.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
3.0% 13.1%
15.4%
Strongly agree
Agree
32.2%
Neutral
36.3%
Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 11
32
As shown in the table 11 above relating to requesting feedback from trainees during and after their
training majority of the respondents which representing 36.3% of the respondents were neutral about
management requisition of feedback from trainees during and after the training. There are also
respondents that represent 32.2% and 13.1% that agreed and strongly agreed respectively to indicate
management requisition of feedback from trainees during and after training. It can be concluded that
the management do not use trainees’ feedback to improve and provide effective training
Research question #8 In my opinion, trainings organized by the commission is planned and
systematic.
Table 12 In my opinion Trainings organized by the commission is planned
and systematic

Percent Percent
Agree 71 26.6 26.6 37.8
Neutral 103 38.6 38.6 76.4
Valid
Disagree 45 16.9 16.9 93.3
Total 267 100.0 100.0
6.7% 11.2%
16.9%
Strongly agree
26.6%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
38.6%
strongly disagree
Figure 12
33
As the researcher view from their response majority of the respondents that representing 38.6% were
neutral and 16.9% were disagreed for the planned and systematic nature of the organization training.
26.6% of respondents’ and11.2% of respondents agreed and strongly agreed for the planned and
systematic nature of the organization training. It can be concluded that for any organization to
succeed in achieving the objectives of its training program, the design and implementation must be
planned and systematic
Research question # 9 I am satisfied with the overall aspects of the training program of the
organization
Table 13 I am Satisfied with the overall aspects of the training program of
the organization
Percent Percent
Agree 76 28.5 28.5 41.2
Neutral 82 30.7 30.7 71.9
Valid
Disagree 60 22.5 22.5 94.4
Total 267 100.0 100.0
5.6% 12.7%
22.5%
Strongly agree
28.5% Agree
Neutral
Disagree
30.7%
strongly disagree
Figure 13
34
Table 13 above shows that respondents were asked if they are satisfied with the training program of
African Union. Hence, as indicated in table 13 majority of the respondents that representing 30.7%
were neutral .28.5% of respondents agreed. On the other hand 22.5% and 5.6% of respondents
disagreed and do not satisfied with the training program of the organization. Therefore as per the
findings this could have its own effect on the quality of training this could have its own effect on the
quality of training.
Research question 10 The training provided by the organization helped me to improves my
skills and knowledge
Table 14 The training provided by the organization helped me to improve my

skills and knowledge
Percent Percent
Agree 127 47.6 47.6 59.2
Neutral 56 21.0 21.0 80.1
Valid
Disagree 45 16.9 16.9 97.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
3.0% 11.6%
16.9%
Strongly agree
Agree
21.0%
Neutral
47.6%
Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 14
35
Table 14 reveals that 21% of the respondents were neutral and 16.9% disagreed. However Majority
of the respondents representing 47.6% agreed that the training provided by the organization improves
their skill and knowledge that leads to improve the organization performance.
Research question #11 The training I received has helped me to improve my performance and
my motivation to work.
Table 15 The training I received has helped me to improve my performance

and my motivation to work
Percent Percent
Agree 100 37.5 37.5 46.1
Neutral 89 33.3 33.3 79.4
Valid
Disagree 47 17.6 17.6 97.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
3.0% 8.6%
17.6%
Strongly agree
37.5% Agree
Neutral
33.3%
Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 15
36
This finding is supported by Rothwell and Kazanas (2006:145), who state that effective employee
training leads to an increase in employee performance. A total of 37.5% of respondents agreed that
the training improves their performance and motivation to work while 33.3% were neutral and 17.6%
disagreed. In line with these findings, Nel et al. (2004:310) state that a motivated person is always
aware of the fact that a specific goal must be achieved, and continuously directs his/her efforts at
achieving that goal, even in the face of adversity. Nel et al. (2004:207) state that a person is
motivated only when his/her personal needs have been satisfied
Research question #12 I feel a strong sense of belonging to my organization since it has a good
training methods to acquire the needed skills.
Table16 I feel strong sense of belonging to my organization since it has a

good training methods
Percent Percent
Agree 58 21.7 21.7 32.6
Neutral 112 41.9 41.9 74.5
Valid
Disagree 58 21.7 21.7 96.3
Total 267 100.0 100.0
37
3.7% 10.9%
21.7%
21.7% Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
41.9%
strongly disagree
Figure 16
Table 16 has shown with regard to strong sense of belonging to the organization since it has a good
training method to acquire the needed skills. It is discovered that, majority of respondents that
representing 41.9% were neutral whereas, 21.7% agreed and also the same number of respondents
21.7% disagreed on the issue. Hence, it can be concluded that employees lack confidence to say I
have strong sense of belonging to the organization since it has a good training methods to acquire the
needed skills and to become loyal for different activities.
Research question #13 Because of the knowledge and attitude that I learned from the training I
am better-off to rely on myself for a solution when things are looking difficult in my work
Table 17 Because of the knowledge and attitude that I learned from the
training I am better-off to rely on myself for a solution
Percent Percent
Agree 83 31.1 31.1 38.6
Neutral 107 40.1 40.1 78.7
Valid
Disagree 53 19.9 19.9 98.5
Total 267 100.0 100.0
38
1.5% 7.5%
19.9%
Strongly agree
31.1%
Agree
Neutral
40.1% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 17
In regard to on self-relying for a solution when things are looking difficult in the work, majority of
respondents representing 40.1% were neutral. In addition to this, 31.1% respondents reported that
because of the knowledge, skills and attitude that they learned from the training they do things easily
when they become difficult. 19.9% disagreed on this question.
As shown in table 16 there is absences of confidence, in confirming that the knowledge, skills and
attitude that they learned from the training made them self-reliable when things are looking difficult.
Therefore they may need external assistance from their supervisors or seniors.
Research question#14 Because of the good training practices of the organization, I am

committed to accomplish my organization objectives
In regard to employees ‘commitment, respondents were asked to indicate their commitment to

accomplish the organization objectives. Among the total respondents, 34.5% of respondents reported
that they are not sure about the training practices of the organization make them committed enough
to accomplish the organization objectives. Whereas, 27.7%, and 21.7% respondents respectively
reported agreed and disagreed on their commitment. As the result indicated, even if there are some
points that make employees committed, majority of the respondents are not committed and unable to
accomplish the organization objectives.
39
Table 18 Because of the good training practices of the organization, I am
committed to accomplish my organization objectives
Percent Percent
Agree 74 27.7 27.7 39.0
Neutral 92 34.5 34.5 73.4
Valid
Disagree 58 21.7 21.7 95.1
Total 267 100.0 100.0
4.9% 11.2%
21.7%
Strongly agree
27.7%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
34.5%
strongly disagree
Figure 18
40
Research question #15 The content and delivery methods that my organization provides assist
me in achieving my job performance objectives
Table 19The content and delivery method that my organization provides

assist me in achieving my job performance objectives
Percent Percent
Agree 90 33.7 33.7 41.2
Neutral 102 38.2 38.2 79.4
Valid
Disagree 39 14.6 14.6 94.0
Total 267 100.0 100.0
6.0% 7.5%
14.6%
Strongly agree
33.7%
Agree
Neutral
38.2% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 19
The findings from table 19 Shows that the majority of the respondents were neutral. 33.7%and 7.5
respondents were agreed and strongly agreed respectively .however 14.6% of respondents were
disagreed with the delivery method of the organization in achieving the employees’ job performance
41
objectives. It can be concluded that the organization should improve the content of the training
since training impacts employee performance partly through improving employee skills which
enables them know and perform their jobs better (Wright & Geroy 2001; Swart et al. 2005; Harrison
2000; Appiah 2010).
Research question #16 The training provided by the organization helped me to perform my
work quickly and efficiently
Table 20 The training provided by my organization helped me to perform my

work quickly and efficiently
Percent Percent
Agree 85 31.8 31.8 41.6
Neutral 101 37.8 37.8 79.4
Valid
Disagree 41 15.4 15.4 94.8
Total 267 100.0 100.0
5.2% 9.7%
15.4%
Strongly agree
31.8% Agree
Neutral
37.8% Disagree
strongly disagree
Figure 20
42
As shown in the same table, among the respondents 37.8% were neutral even if 31.8% agreed about
the training relevance to work quickly and efficiently .In addition to this 15.4% were disagreed up on
this issue.
According to Taiwo (2001) is of the opinion that the objectives of training are to: provide the skills,
knowledge and aptitudes necessary to undertake required job efficiently. Therefore we can infer from
the result that the objective of the training is not accomplished.
4.2 Challenges faced by the employees with regard to the training programs of
the African Union
The study also revealed the challenges faced by the employees with regard to the training programs
of the African Union. The some of the challenges that are revealed from the analysis of the findings
are:
 Non implementation of recommended feedback about the trainings
 Trainings that are given by the organization are not consistent
 Training designs are not intended to improve the skills and knowledge of the employees.
 There is no transparency on the selection of participants
 The Number of trainings rendered by the organization is limited
 The period of training provided is not convenient. Trainings are not given throughout the
year .Trainings are given once in a year.
 The duration of trainings are short therefore the trainers will not be able to cover the portion.
 Trainers are not competent enough
 Trainings are given based on the position or title of an employee not on the employees
educational back ground
 Trainings are designed to suit very few groups of employees.
 There is Repetition of training programs
 Trainings that are given are not related to the jobs performed by the employees
 The training in the organization doesn’t involve employees in the designing and planning of
training programs
 Failure to identify the specific needs of trainees towards the improvement of their skills.
43
4.3 Proposed solutions by the employees of the African Union for the
improvement of training programs
The following points are proposed by the employees of the organization for the improvement of
training programs
 Arrange the trainings in a way to promote the staff capability and skills to achieve
departmental objectives
 An Emphasis must be given in designing and implementation of training programs by
involving employees of the organization
 It should be on the job training
 Application of training as per the employee requests stated on the SAP appraisal section of
development plan
 Knowing the type of training needs and grouping employees together according to their
specific need will help addressing the issue of what type of training should the staff be given
 Developing a training calendar that is not always constant
 A quarterly training program would be ideal for the staff to choose and take part in the
training program
 Evaluation of employees performance should be conducted after the training
 Trainings to be identified by the concerned employee and approved by the supervisors
 Training should be recognized as an added value to achieve the organization objectives
 In-house training center should be established
 Follow up on employees to know how to impactful training received has improved on job
competence
 Training opportunities should be given regardless of grade an level of an employee
44
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction
This research examined the effect of training and development on employees’ performance, a case of
African Union in the form of employee effectiveness, efficiency, and commitment of international
organizations. The essence of the comparison and findings was to find out whether training has
effects on Employees performance.
This chapter gives a summary of the study with conclusions based upon the results of the study and
recommendations for the way forward.
5.2 Summary of findings

According to Velada and Caetano (2007), the impact of training on employee performance is not
only significant but also increases job satisfaction and commitment towards the organization. This
research had the objectives to find out how training and development has an effect on the
performance of employees which increases their applicable knowledge and skills that leads to
improve the organization performance. To achieve these objectives a sample of 290 employees were
selected and questionnaire were administered. This was further supported with an interview of the
employees’ organization. From this study, the following particular findings are observed:
 From the study conducted it was found out that training of employees is one of the activities
of the Human Resource Department of the African Union. The human resource division will
work with managers to empower them to fill the identified knowledge. Managers will be
responsible for setting training and development priorities and building learning in to their
daily management practices.
 It was also gathered from the study that the one of the purpose of training and development at
the African Union is to achieve individual and organizational performance.
 Data was then presented and analyzed regarding the actual training programs on the ground
for training and development at African Union. With regard to the delivery method of
training used by the organization, majority of the respondents feel comfort and agreed that
the organization training delivery method is convenient to get the necessary knowledge and
skills. According to Braga (1995) training delivery style is a very important part of training
and development.
45
 Further the results also revealed that the organization is providing different training programs
such as seminar, workshops etc. However the researcher confirms from the response of the
respondents that the majority of the respondents are not sure whether the design of the
training program is based on the job they are performing. According to Descenzo&Robbines
(2000) training must be designed in such a way that, it will involve the either the changing or
enhancing of skills, knowledge, attitudes, and social behavior.
 Though one of the organization objectives is to build a strong sense of belonging. The finding
of this research also indicated that, employees lack confidence to say I have strong sense of
belonging to the organization because of the good training methods to acquire the needed
skills and to become loyal for different activities.
 According to (Ospina and Watad, 1999). for the employees in an organization to be able to
perform their duties and make meaningful contributions to the success of the Organizational
goals or objectives they need to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge however, the result
indicated from the respondents even if there are some points that make employees committed
to accomplish the organization objectives, majority of the respondents are not committed and
unable to accomplish the organization objectives. Therefore, it becomes imperative for
organizations to ascertain the training and development needs of its employees, through its
training need analysis and align such needs to the organizational overall needs and objectives
in order to actualize the organizational vision and mission.
5.3 Conclusions
The importance of training and development in the corporate world has been highlighted in the
previous literature. Thus, it is essential to examine any issues related to training and development in
any organizations. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of training on employee
performance: a case study on the employees of the African Union.
The findings reported in this study suggest that training and development have an impact on the
performance of employees with regards to their jobs. This result is broadly consistent with prior
management literature on training and development. In addition to this, the organization has a
separate department responsible for manpower training. The availability of this department can make
things easy to coordinate as well as control.
In order to gain more specific knowledge of training and development practice of the organization
different questions are presented to the respondents and thus examined. The key findings indicated
46
that employees training positively and significantly correlate and influence employees work
effectiveness, efficiency and commitment collectively employee performance.
From the findings of the analysis majority of the respondents were neutral with the content and
delivery method of the organization in achieving the employees’ job performance objectives. It can
be concluded that the organization should improve the content of the training since training impacts
employee performance partly through improving employee skills which enables them know and
perform their jobs better (Wright & Geroy 2001; Swart et al. 2005; Harrison 2000; Appiah 2010)
The training process should hover around three most important areas: determining training need,
designing training programs and implementation and evaluation of the training programs and this
should be in conjunction with the branch managers, head of departments as well as the human
resource manager. This will help determine the skill gap that has to be filled and who really needs to
be trained
The study also revealed that the management do not use trainees’ feedback to improve and provide
effective training. This will enable the organization to improve their current and future training
programs and to gauge its effect. Organizations should attempt to obtain information (feedback) on
the effects of a training program and to assess the value of the training in the light of that
information. (Cole, 2000)
Finally, concluding the whole research conducted it is found that training is of great importance to
the organization and as a result of this the training should be evaluated regularly and several times
during the process as well. Effective and efficient training goals and objectives set by the
organization for the training program should be duly followed and the organization should be able to
evaluate it employees by comparing the skills acquired from their training to their performance on
the job. In this case performance appraisal must handle effectively and comprehensively. indicate
management requisition of feedback from trainees during and after training. It can be concluded that
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are outlined for addressing
challenges identified as well as ways of improving training and development at African Union:
 The objective and need for training should be clearly identified and the method or type of
training should be chosen according to the needs and objectives established
47
 Encouraging and motivating employees through awards, recognition and prizes after proper
evaluation of performance is done
 The organization must receive feedback during and after the training. This will enable the
organization to improve their current and future training programs and to gauge its effect.
 The organization should allow enough time for the training programs in order to utilized
different training opportunities on time so that trainer will have sufficient time to equip the
trainees with the required knowledge and skills. Besides, it can reduce as well as avoid
program mismatch that happened in the organization and ultimately will have quality
training. Hence, African Union should see learning, as well as training objectives, plan,
implementation and evaluation as a continuous process for organizational development and
survivals
 The other recommendation is the department as well as the organization should give a chance
for employees to participate in the designing and development of the organization training.
This can help the organization to easily understand the need and want of employees regarding
the training that the organization will deliver and give awareness for them about the types of
training that will be provided.
48
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Effect of Training and Development on Employees Performance

A case study of African Union Commission

Alem Damtew Legesse

Master of Arts(Public Administrations)

Place: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Signature: ……………………

Date: Enrolment No: ID 1117381

Name: Alem Damtew Legesse

Address: Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia

(Signature of the Academic Supervisor)

Name: Dr. Elias Berhanu

Study Center: ……………..

Regional Center: ……………

My unreserved thanks go to my supervisor, Dr.Elias whose advice guidance and thorough

1.1 Background of the study………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………..2

1.3 Objective of the study…………………………………………………………………..2

1.4 Basic research questions………………………………………………………………...3

1.5 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………..3

1.6 The scope of the study…………………………………………………………………..3

1.7 Organization of the study……………………………………………………………….3

CHAPTER TWO- REVIEW OF RELATED LITRETURES

2.1 Overview of Training…………………………………………………………………..5

2.2 Definition of Training…………………………………………………………………..6

2.3 Purpose of Training…………………………………………………………………….7

2.4 Human Resource Management and Training…………………………………………..7

2.5 Relationships between Training and Employees Performance……………………..….8

2.6 Factors that hinder the Training and Development of Employees…………….………9

2.7 Factors affecting Employee’s Performance…………………………………….……..11

2.9 The Training Process..…………………………………………………...…...............13

2.10 Benefit of Training…….………………………………………………………...….17

CHAPTER THREE-RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF TH.E STUDY

3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………18

3.2 Universe of the Study…………………………………………………………………18

3.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size……………………………………………......19

3.4 Data Type and Source of Data…………………………………………………….......19

3.5 Data Gathering Instrument………………………………………………..............…..19

3.6 Procedures for Treating Data and Data Analysis………………………………..........19

3.7 Ethical Consideration………………………………………………………………....20

3.8 Validity and Reliability………………………………………………………….........20

CHAPTER FOUR-PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 Presentation of Data……………………………………………………………….…..21

Table 2: Gender composition of respondents………………………………………………22

Table 3: Education status of the respondents………………………………………………23

Table 4: Respondents duration of employment…………………………………….………24

Table: 6 My organization is good in Providing training program such as seminars, workshops

Figure 2: Gender composition of respondents………………………………………………23

Figure 3: Education status of the respondents………………………………………………24

Figure 4: Respondents duration of employment…………………………………….………25

Figure: 6 My organization is good in Providing training program such as seminars, workshops

1.1 Background of Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the research is:

The specific objective of the study will be;

 To determine the effect of training on employees’ performance.

1.5 Research Questions

This research provides answers to the following basic questions.

3. Does training improve your performance?

4. Does the training lead you to be satisfied with your job?

5. Do you think the method of training used by the organization is effective?