Sigma Notation
Sigma Notation
Sigma Notation
Xn
X
5 6
X
6
5 6 7
(2) — 1 + 2 — 3 + 4 — 5 + 6 — 7 + 8 — 9 + ·· · — 25
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4
8 16 32 64 128
1 1 100
X
1 1
n
(2) — 1 + 2 — 3 + 4 — 5 + ·· · — 25
X
X
7
1 1 1 1 1 1
(4) 1 + + + + + + + = k=0 2
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2k
8
1 1 1 1 1 1
k=1
1+ + + + + + + = .
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2k—1
1.
X
(2 — 3k) Answer: —28
k=—
1
X
(—1)k+1k Answer: —2
k=
X
1 (an+1 — an) Answer: a4 — a1
2.
X
kxk
X k=
1
(b) 1 — 2 + 3 — 4 + 5 — 6 + ·· · — 10 Answer: (—1)k+1 k
k=1
X
k=0
4
k=
1
1 1 1 1
(e) 1 —
3 5 7 9
2k +1
k=0
n
X
X n(n +
1)
···
2 2
c any real number.
Proof.
X
n
X
n n
i=m i=m
c c(n — m 1)
X
c = c + c + c + ·· · + c
| {z }
n—m+1 terms
c(n — m 1) 2
A special case of the above result which you might encounter more often is
the following:
X
c cn.
X⇥ ⇤
—
[f (m 3) — (m 2)]+ ·· · [f (n 1) — (n)]
X
(4i — 5).
i=1 i=1
=4 — 5(30)
2
Xi+1 — i
Σ
X i
=
—
i(i + 1) i(i + 1)
i=1
◆
99 ✓
X 1
1 —
◆
1 1
X
— —
X
1 ◆
99 1 99
1
i=1
=— — = . 2
i(i + 1) 100 1 100
X
Example 2.2.5. Derive a formula for i2 using a telescoping sum with terms
X⇥ ⇤
— — —
n n
i=1 i=1
n n n
2
X 3n(n +
1)
—
X
n(n 1)[2(n — 1) 3]
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1.
X
(2 — 3k) Answer: —3725
k=
X1
n
1
Answer: 9
1 —
·
—
—
X⇣p
—
X
2. b c
1.
9
1 2 3 4 5
2.
3.
X
(4i — 15) Answer: 27240
X
2
—
4. If 70 of ?
2
Answer: 145
5.
6.
X
7.