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Physics Project Class 12

This document is a student project report on electromagnetic induction. It includes sections on the aim of the project, an introduction to relevant concepts like electromagnetic fields and induction, a theoretical background, observations from experiments, conclusions, applications, precautions, and a bibliography. The student from Delhi Public School in Pune studied how changing a magnet's movement or position can induce a voltage in a conductor according to Faraday's law of induction. Key findings were that faster magnet motion or more coil turns increased the induced voltage. The principles of induction have many applications including generators, motors, and transformers.

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1K views

Physics Project Class 12

This document is a student project report on electromagnetic induction. It includes sections on the aim of the project, an introduction to relevant concepts like electromagnetic fields and induction, a theoretical background, observations from experiments, conclusions, applications, precautions, and a bibliography. The student from Delhi Public School in Pune studied how changing a magnet's movement or position can induce a voltage in a conductor according to Faraday's law of induction. Key findings were that faster magnet motion or more coil turns increased the induced voltage. The principles of induction have many applications including generators, motors, and transformers.

Uploaded by

ル・センパイ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Delhi Public School, Pune

PHYSICS
Class: XII - C
Session: 2022-23
NAME: Rhutvij Choudhari
Index
SR. No. TITLE

1. CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. AIM OF PROJECT

4. INTRODUCTION

5. THEORY

6. OBSERVATION

7. CONCLUSION

8. APPLICATIONS OF EMI

9. PRECAUTIONS

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ----------------------student of class
XII-C of Delhi Public School, Pune has successfully
completed his Project work on Chemistry in the
academic year 2021-22 and submitted the project
report in the given time.

School Principal : Mrs. Amita singh

External Examiner :

Internal Examiner : Ms. Sheeba Binu

School Seal :

Date :
Acknowledgement
I owe a debt of gratitude to my teacher Ms. Sheeba Binu
as well as our Principal Mrs. Amita Singh for the vision
and foresight, which inspired me to conceive this project.

I would also like to thank Mr. Gokul sir for his help in the
laboratory work.

I’m particularly indebted to my parents and sister for


inspiring me to carry out this project.
AIm of the project
To study the phenomenon of electro-magnetic induction
IntrodUctIon
Electro Magnetic:

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is


produced by electric current, The magnetic field disappears when
the current is turned off

Induction:

This is process of generating current in a conductor by placing the


conductor ion a changing magnet field is called induction

Electromagnetic Induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference


(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying
magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals),
or waves (in a radio transmitter). Finally it refers to the phenomenon
where an EMF is induced when the magnetic flux linking a
conductor changes
Magnetic Flux:
It is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area
normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar
quantity and its SI unit is the weber (Wb); φ = B A

Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a stationary
magnetic field) cause the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current – it is said to induce the current
theorY
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the works
of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish shis findings
until later

Induced E.M.F.s:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.M.F. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained
by Ampere and Garaday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday
discovered that an E.M.F. could be generated either by: -

1) Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other


2) Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some was

(Note that the E.M.F. is only produced while the flux is changing)
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1:

Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a


battery and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is within the
magnetic field produced by B and an E.M.F. can be produced in A
by moving the coild relative to each other or by changing the size
of the current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat R,
switching the current ON or OFF, or (c) using an A.C. supply for B
(An E.M.F. could also be produced in a coil A by replacing coil B
with a permanent magnet and moving this relative to coil A)
Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying
magnetic field

Working and construction:


Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a
force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to
move. This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction. This
is called induction because there is no physical connection
between the conductor and the magnet, the current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is
that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the
maximum force on the free electrons. The direction that the
induced current flows is determined by the direction of the lines of
force and by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the
animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure
current) indicates when there is current in the conductor
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic
field that is produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the
constantly changing current in the wire. This growing and shrinking
magnetic field can induce electrical current in another wire that is
held close to the first wire. The current in the second wire will also
be AC and in fact will look very similar to the current flowing in the
first wire. It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate
the strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping
the coil around an iron bar will further concentrate the magnetic
field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will be strongest inside the
bar and at its ends (poles).
Lenz’s Law:

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according


to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change
which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of
wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In
the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field
acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in
the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant
Applications of electromagnetic Induction

1. Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force
is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load,
current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy
2. Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire
changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field.
A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this
change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux,
d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the
second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load,
current will flow.
3. Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically
conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called
magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ℇ generated in the
magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v
is thus given by:

Where l is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow


meter
observAtIon

 Magnet is moved at a certain rate and


certain voltage is produced

 Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating


a greater induced voltage

 Magnet is moved at same speed through


coil that has greater number of turns and
greater voltage is induced
conclUsIon

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and


published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways:
from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us
ApplIcAtIons
The principles of electromagnetic induction are
applied in many devices and systems, including :

 Electrical generators
 Induction Motors
 Induction Sealing
 Inductive Charging
 Transformers
 Wireless energy transfer
precAUtIons

 Keep yourself safe from high voltage

 Use and handle lab instruments with care

 Do not scratch insulated copper wire while


making loop

 Do not use digital voltmeter for above


demonstration
PROJECT EVALUATION PROFORMA

Name of School: DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUNE

Name of Student:

Class:
Teacher’s Remarks:

Sr. No. Aspects Marks Obtained


1 Content, Accuracy & Originality
2 Presentation & Creativity
3 Participation
4 VIVA
5 Total Marks of Project

Date of Submission :
Overall Marks :
Teacher’s signature :

Date :
bIblIogrAphY
 Wikipedia.com
 Google search engine
 Physics NCERT book for class XII

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