LECTURE MODULE

RCD

Reinforced Concrete Design I. LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load combinations are factors that magnify the load
(RCD)
in order for the resulting structure to be conservative.
REFERENCE NSCP 2015 NSCP 2015, 203.3.1
Where Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is
used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist
Structural Properties of Concrete: the most critical effects from the following load
Concrete is determined to be high in combinations:
compressive resistance thus carrying large amounts of LOAD COMBINATIONS:
compressive force,
1. 1.4 (D + F)
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄𝒂𝒃 (1) 2. 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 ( L + H) + 0.5(LR or R)
3. 1.2 D + 1.6 (LR or R) + (f1L or 0.5 W)
But low in tensile strength therefore needing a 4. 1.2 D + 1.0 W + f1L + 0.5(LR or R)
reinforcement that can carry large amount of tensile 5. 1.2 D ± 1.0 E + f1L
forces. 6. 0.9 D + 1.0 W + 1.6 H
7. 0.9 D ± 1.0 E + 1.6 H
The unit weight of concrete ranges around 22.8
kN/m3 but is usually taken as 24 kN/m3 depending
Where:
on the problem.
D = Dead Load.
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec is taken as:
L = Live load, except roof live load, including
any permitted live load reductions.
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 √𝒇′𝒄 (in MPa for normal weight LR = Roof Live Loads, including any
concrete) NSCP 419.2.2.1b permitted live load reductions.
F = Loads due to fluids with well-defined
Structural Properties of Steel: pressures and maximum heights
H = Loads due to lateral pressure of soil and
Steel are reinforcements used in concrete water in soil.
since it can carry large amounts of tensile strength, E = Earthquake Loads
but also, steels can carry compression forces. P = Ponding Loads
R = Rain Loads on the undeflected Roof
Steel reinforcements also known as “rebars” T = Self straining force and effects
comes in available diameters (10mm, 12mm, 16mm, arising from contraction and expansion resulting from
20mm, 22mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm and 36mm) and temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change,
also in commercial lengths (6m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5m, creep in component materials, movement due to
12m) differential settlement, or combinations thereof.

Steel reinforcements comes with many grades STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, 𝝓

but the commonly used are Grade 40 and Grade 60
steel which means 40 ksi and 60 ksi of stress capacity.
NSCP 2015 TABLE 421.2.1

ACTION or STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT
𝝓

Moment, axial force, or 0.65 to 0.90

combined moment and axial
force
0.75
Shear

0.75
Torsion

0.65
Bearing

0.85
Post-tensioned anchorage zones
 LECTURE MODULE
RCD

0.75 B. Design assumptions for concrete

Brackets and corbels
Struts, ties, nodal zones, and 1. Maximum strain at the extreme concrete
bearing areas designed in 0.75 compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003
accordance with the strut-and-tie 2. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in
method flexural and axial strength calculations.
Components of connections of 3. The relationship between concrete and
precast members controlled by 0.9 compressive stress and strain shall be represented by a
yielding of steel elements in rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or other shape that
tension results in prediction of strength in substantial
0.6 agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
Plain concrete elements
4. The equivalent rectangular concrete stress
0.45 to 0.75 distribution in accordance with
Anchors in concrete elements
a. Concrete stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 shall be assumed
uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression
zone bounded by the edges of the cross section and a
Ø
line parallel to the neutral axis located at distance “a”
Net tensile strain, Ɛt Classification Types of transverse reinforcement from the
SPIRALS OTHER
Ɛt ≤ Ɛty Compression controlled 0.75 0.65
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
Ɛty < Ɛt < 0.005 Transition region 0.75 + 0.15
Ɛ𝑡 Ɛ𝑡𝑦
0.65 + 0.25
Ɛ𝑡 Ɛ𝑡𝑦 b. distance from the fiber of maximum compressive
Ɛt ≥ 0.005 Tension Controlled
0.005 Ɛ𝑡𝑦
0.9
0.005 Ɛ𝑡𝑦
0.9
strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be measured
perpendicular to the neutral axis.
NSCP 2015 TABLE 421.2.2
The value of 𝜷𝟏 shall be in accordance with ABLE
422.2.2.4.3

Note: 𝑓’𝑐 (MPa) 𝜷𝟏

For deformed reinforcement, 𝜀𝑡𝑦 shall be 𝑓𝑦 / 𝐸𝑠.
For grade 420 deformed reinforcement, it shall be a 17 ≤ 𝑓’𝑐 ≤ 28 0.85
permitted to take equal to 0.002.
For all prestressed reinforcement, Ɛ𝑡𝑦 shall be taken 0.05 (𝑓𝑐 ′ −28)
b 28 < 𝑓’𝑐 < 55 0.85 –
as 0.002. 7

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS c 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 0.65

(BEAMS)
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

WORKING STRESS DESIGN OF

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN OR
BEAMS
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN
Design assumptions for Moment and
Axial Strength Read:
NSCP 422.2 We have two considerations in the strength design
a. Investigation of the capacity of the member
A. Equilibrium and strain compatibility
b. Designing the 𝐴𝑠 required or the
dimensions
1. Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section
a. Investigation of the capacity of the member
2. Strain in concrete and non-prestressed
If your structural member has been designed
reinforcements shall be assumed proportional to the
already (i.e. with steel as given), we cannot redesign
distance from neutral axis.
the beam, but we can investigate how much capacity
3. Strain in prestressed concrete and in bonded and
the member can carry, in terms of moment, uniform
unbonded prestressed reinforcement shall include the
load, point load, etc.
strain due to effective prestress.
For flexural members (beams)
4. Changes in strain for bonded prestressed
Investigation Process
reinforcement shall be assumed proportional to the
1. Apply T = C
distance from neutral axis.
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓’𝑐𝑎𝑏
Then you will obtain the value of a
 LECTURE MODULE
RCD

2. check the value of c, using 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 3. Compare Mu and Mtn

3. Solve for the value of c if
a. Tension controls If 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑡𝑛; tension controlled, use Ø = 0.9
b. Transition region
c. Compression controls If 𝑀𝑢 ≥ 𝑀𝑡𝑛; transition region, use
each region has different value of reduction factor, Ø, 𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑦
in accordance with the NSCP 2015. Ø = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 𝑓𝑦
In terms of strain, Ɛ𝑡 4. Solve for 𝑎.
5. Use 𝑎 at 𝑇 = 𝐶
In terms of actual stress, 𝑓𝑠 6. Compare:
1.4 𝑓′ 𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600( 𝑐 ) this formula has been obtained Whichever is smaller, As min 𝑓𝑦 or √ 4
from the strain diagram considering the strain of
concrete Ɛ𝑐 = 0.003. T – BEAMS
4. Apply the obtained value of Ø to the
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝑀𝑛 NSCP 406.3.2
𝑀𝑢 = Ø(0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏)(𝑑 𝑎/2)
5. Determine the capacity in terms of Moment, For non-prestressed T-beam supporting a monolithic
Uniform load, point load depending on the loadings. or composite slabs, the effective flange 𝑏𝑓 shall
include the beam web width 𝑏𝑤 plus an effective
b. Designing the 𝐴𝑠 required or the dimensions overhanging flange width in accordance with Table
406.3.2.1, where h is the slab thickness and 𝑠𝑤 is the
This process should be made prior to the clear distance to the adjacent web.
construction of the member as we are to design the
dimensions, number of steel bars, spacing, etc. (note Table 406.3.2.1
that most of the problems to be solved theoretically, Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging Flange
dimensions of the beams are given with dimensions Width for T-Beams
for the solver to yield on the same values of 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ,
though in real life practice, the dimensions will be Effective overhanging flange
based on designer’s computation.) Flange Location
width, beyond face of web
Designing Process 8h
𝑠𝑤
Each side of web Least of: 2
1. Solve for the require 𝑀𝑢 using the load 𝑙𝑛
combination of NSCP 2015
2. Compute for the Transition Moment that would set 2
6h
as the threshold value. 𝑠𝑤
459 3
∅𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝛽1 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑 2 (1 𝛽) One side of web Least of: 2
1600 16 1 𝑙𝑛
Derivation of Transition Moment
12
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
0.003 0.008
=
𝑐 𝑑 The design of T-Beams are just like the same of the
3
𝑐 = 𝑑 regular beam, the assumption here is that, the slab is
8 cast “monolithically” meaning the slab acts as one
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 with the beam and therefore also resists loadings.
3
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑑
8 Steps in designing T-Beams
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 0.9 (0.85𝑓’𝑐𝑎𝑏)(𝑑 𝑎/2) 1. Calculate for the moment carried by the flange /
3
3 𝛽1 8 𝑑 slab.
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 0.9 (0.85𝑓’𝑐𝛽1 𝑑) 𝑏)(𝑑 ) 2. Calculate for the required loadings and find the
8 2
459 3 moment required.
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝛽1 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 𝛽) If 𝑀𝑢 given ≤ 𝑀𝑢𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 , design as rectangular
1600 16 1
beam. (Refer to the process of designing a rectangular
beam)
 LECTURE MODULE
RCD

If 𝑀𝑢 given > 𝑀𝑢𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 , design as T-beam. Cases where 𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 is not required if:
3. Calculate for the moment that the web would carry.
𝑀𝑢𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 – 𝑀𝑢𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝟎. 𝟓 Ø 𝑽𝒄 < 𝑽𝒖 ≤ Ø 𝑽𝒄
4. Find the depth z at the web.
5. Calculate for the area of the concrete under
compression by having
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (𝑏𝑤)(𝑧)
Beam Type Condition
6. Use the 𝑇 = 𝐶 analysis to solve for 𝐴𝑠
7. Check with 𝐴𝑠min given by NSCP 2015.
Shallow Depth h ≤ 250 mm
Integral with slab h ≤ greater of 2.5 tf or
0.5 bw and
h ≤ 600 mm
SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS Constructed with steel h ≤ 600 mm and
NSCP 2015 4-422.4.5 fiber-reinforced normal 1
422.5 One way shear strength Vu = ∅ 6 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
weight concrete
The factored shear Vu shall be less than or equal the
design shear SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ 𝑉𝑛 CONCRETE

Nominal one way shear strength at a section, Vn, For non –prestressed members
shall be calculated by : For members subjected to flexure only
NSCP 2015 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 𝜆 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (kN)
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
For members subjected to axial compression
Cross sectional dimension shall be selected to satisfy:
𝑁𝑢
2 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + 14𝐴𝑔) 𝜆 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (kN)
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ (𝑉𝑐 + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑)
3
𝑵𝒖
Limiting materials strength 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝑨𝒈
• The value of √𝑓′𝑐 shall not exceed 8.3 MPa.
• The value of √𝑓′𝑐 greater than 8.3 MPa shall 𝑁𝑢 = Factored axial load normal to cross section of
be permitted in calculating Vc based on the the beam occurring simultaneously with the ultimate
table below shear, Vu.

NSCP 409.6.3.3 + 𝑵𝒖, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑵𝒖, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Beam Type Avmin/s 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚2
Non-prestressed 𝑏
0.062 √𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤
and prestressed Greater of 𝑦𝑡 𝜆 = 1.0 – Normal weight concrete
with Apsfse < : 𝑏𝑤
0.35 𝑓 𝜆 = 0.75 – Lightweight concrete
0.4(Apsfpu + Asfy) 𝑦𝑡 𝜆 = 0.85 – sand lightweight concrete
𝑏
0.062 √𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤
Greater of 𝑦𝑡 For members subjected to axial tension
Prestressed with 𝑏𝑤
0.35 𝑓
Apsfse ≥ 0.40 (Apsfpu Lesser of 𝑦𝑡 0.29𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + 𝐴𝑔 ) 𝜆 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ 0
+ Asfy) 𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑢 𝑑
√ SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY
80𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 REINFORCEMENTS

Minimum shear reinforcement 2

𝑉𝑠 ≤ + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
A minimum area of shear reinforcement 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛, shall 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠
be provided in all regions where Vu > 0.5 Ø Vc where
Where Av is the area of shear reinforcement within
at least 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided where Vu > Ø Vc distance “s”.
 LECTURE MODULE
RCD

CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR BEAM SHEAR Limits of reinforcement for Tied Columns
1. For non-prestressed members, sections
located less than a distance “d” from the face of As shall not be less than 1% of Ag and not more than
support may be designed for the same shear Vu as Minimum number of longitudinal bars for tied
that computed at distance “d” column is 4 pcs. 3pcs for triangular columns
2. For prestressed member, sections located at
h/2 from face of support may be designed for same Spacing of Main bars and ties for Tied Columns
shear Vu as that computed at a distance h/2.
Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be
Spacings are as follows less than 1.5db nor 40 mm

If 𝑽𝒖 < ½ 𝑽𝒄, Concrete can carry the shear force Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller
and at least 12 mm diameter for 36 mm and up
If 𝑽𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝒄 > ½ 𝑽𝒄, a minimum area of shear diameter main bars
reinforcement is required
𝑏𝑤 𝑆 Vertical spacing of ties:
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑/2 𝑺𝟏 = 16𝑑𝑏
𝑏𝑤 𝑆 𝑺𝟐 = 48 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.35 𝑺𝟑 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑓𝑦𝑡
600 𝑚𝑚
Limits of reinforcements for Spiral Columns
If 𝑽𝒖 ≥ ∅𝑽𝒄
As shall not be less than 1% of 𝐴𝑔 and not more than
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑆 = Minimum number of longitudinal bars for tied
𝑉𝑠 column is 6pcs. Main bars are at the vertices of a
𝑆 = 𝑑/4 hexagon
300 𝑚𝑚
Spacing of Main bars and ties for Spiral Columns
Axially loaded columns Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar
or wire of such size and so assembled to permit
handling and placing without distortion from
designed dimensions.

For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not

be less than 10 mm diameter.

The percentage of the spiral, 𝜌, is computed from the

following equation
4𝑎𝑠(𝐷𝑐 𝑑𝑠)
𝜌=
𝑠𝐷𝑐 2
Axial load capacity of columns
𝐷𝑐 – 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙)
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓’𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 – 𝐴𝑠) + 𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 – 2𝐶𝑐
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅(0.85 𝑓’𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 – 𝐴𝑠) + 𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑦)
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
∅ = 0.65 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( 1)
∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦ℎ

𝐴𝑔 = gross cross sectional area 𝑓𝑦ℎ – specified yield strength of the spiral
𝐴𝑠 = area of main bars reinforcement but not more than 415 MPa
 LECTURE MODULE
RCD

TABLE 406.5.2 (NSCP 2015)

Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed
Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs
MOMENT LOCATION CONDITION 𝑀𝑈
Discontinuous 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
end integral 14
with support
End Span
Discontinuous 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
Positive end 11
unrestrained
Interior Spans All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
16
Interior Face of Member built 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
Exterior Support Integrally with 24
supporting
spandrel beam
Member built 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
with integrally 16
with
supporting
column
Exterior Face of Two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
first Interior 9
Support More than two 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
spans 10
Negative [1] Face of other All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
2
Supports 11
Face of all a) Slabs with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
supports spans not 12
satisfying : (a) and exceeding
(b) 3 m.
b) Beams
where ratio
of sum of
stiffnesses
to beam
stiffness
exceeds 8
at each end
of span

[1]
To calculate negative moments, 𝑙𝑛 shall be the
average of the adjacent clear span lengths.

TABLE 406.5.4 (NSCP 2015)

Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous
Beams and One-Way Slabs
Location 𝑉𝑢
Exterior face of first 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
interior support 2
Face of all other 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
supports 2