Serviceability For The Practicing Structural Engineer: by Emily Guglielmo, SE
Serviceability For The Practicing Structural Engineer: by Emily Guglielmo, SE
Serviceability For The Practicing Structural Engineer: by Emily Guglielmo, SE
Structural Engineer
By Emily Guglielmo, SE
Martin/Martin
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives:
Understand current codified serviceability requirements.
Understand key serviceability concerns for various
materials: steel, concrete, wood.
Understand and voice opinion for the future of
serviceability considerations in codes and standards.
2
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
Serviceability
4
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
Imposed Loads
6
Three Load Limit States
1. Ultimate Loads
2. Nominal Loads
3. Service Loads
8
Three Load Limit States:
Nominal Loads
Loads specified in
Chapter 16 (except
wind and seismic)
• Live loads: Panel of experts
• Snow loads: 50-year mean
recurrence interval
• Rain loads: Amount
of rainwater retained if
the primary drainage
system fails
9
10
Three Load Limit States:
Comparison
11
Vertical Loads:
Dead, Live, Snow
For serviceability short-term effects, recommended load
combinations:
D+L
D + 0.5S
Dead Load “D” may be portion of dead load that occurs after attachment of
nonstructural elements.
12
Horizontal Loads:
Wind
13
Horizontal Loads:
Wind
14
Horizontal Loads:
Wind
Risk Category I Risk Category II Risk Category III Risk Category IV
300-year return 700-year return 1,700-year return 3,000-year return
period period period period
15
Horizontal Loads:
Wind
16
Horizontal Loads:
Wind
“Wind load
0.42 C&C for
deflection”
17
Horizontal Loads:
115 mph, Exposure C, Ht= 80 ft,
Wind Risk Category II, Zone 4
18
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
19
Predicted Behavior
20
Concrete:
Immediate Deflections
Two Options (One-Way, Non-Prestressed):
21
Concrete:
Creep and Shrinkage
Time Effects: Creep and shrinkage
22
Concrete:
Lateral Drift
Problem: “EI” for strength design assume cracked sections
Very conservative for wind drift
Steel
Rolled structural steel
Composite steel
Open-web joists
24
Steel:
Non-Composite
Deflection
Vibration
No significant time effects
Assumed to act elastically
at service level
25
Steel:
Connections
At ultimate level:
Bolted connections behave
as pinned.
At service levels:
Bolted connections in WF
framing provide restraint to
reduce deflections up to
80% of a pin-connection.
26
Steel:
Composite
Like non-composite design
Camber: Counteract deflections due to
self-weight of structure.
AISC 360 Section L.3:
“additional deflections due to shrinkage and
creep of the concrete should be considered.”
AISC 360 Commentary L3.2:
“in the US shrinkage and creep of the concrete
flange is generally not considered.”
27
Steel:
Composite
Long-term deflection due to shrinkage
significant?
L/1200 to L/1000
Simplified method to predict additional
deflection due to beam shrinkage by modeling
shrinkage strain as a compressive force in the
slab.
Suggestion: Long-term deflections due to
creep/shrinkage are usually small and can
be ignored.
Consideration
for long spans, high sustained loads,
high composite action.
28
Steel:
Open Web Joists
Vibration: High stiffness to
mass ratio
See SJI, AISC references
Deflection
Connection flexibility: Pinned
Camber
29
Steel:
Open Web Joists
Supplied with standard camber
unless otherwise specified.
Camber is related to the dead
load deflections based on the
capacity of the joist.
Uniform depth joists?
Heavy live loads?
30
Steel:
Wood
Natural Wood
Engineered Wood
Compatibility of Wood
with Other Systems
31
Steel:
Natural Wood
Wood is not isotropic and
not stable over time
Shrinkage,creep depend
on moisture content and
drying of material
Typical creep ~ equal to
initial deflection
NDS increase short term
deflections to account for
creep
32
Steel:
Natural Wood
IBC 2304.3.3: Prescriptive
requirements to limit
differential shrinkage.
33
Steel:
Natural Wood
Wood Trusses: Time dependent effect- “set”.
Experience, engineering judgment
34
Steel:
Engineered Wood
Glulams, parallams, LVLs, plywood, I-joists,
composite lumber, wood panels.
35
Steel:
Compatibility of Wood and Other Systems
1. Wood floor/roof in parallel
with steel.
2. Load bearing wood walls
adjacent to CMU/
concrete walls.
3. Load bearing wood walls
adjacent to steel columns.
4. Adjacent wood walls of
varying height due to
basement walls. 36
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
37
Acceptable Limits
38
Acceptable Limits
1. Short Term:
Vertical Deflections
Drift of Walls and Frames
Vibrations
2. Long-Term Deflections
3. Expansion and Contraction
4. Durability
39
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
IBC Table 1604.3:
Limits deflection based on the type of structure,
detailing, and intended use.
General:
D+L Æ L/240
L Æ L/360 40
Acceptable Limits:
What is ‘L’:
Limits are based on curvature when evaluating
out-of-plane movements.
l
l =L
2l =L
41
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
D+L: L/240
Except:
Specific finishes may require alternate criteria:
Members supporting marble, granite or ceramic
Æ L/720 guidelines (verify with manufacturer)
Metal roofing
Æ L/60 (footnote ‘a’) 42
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
D+L: L/240
AISC design guide 3: More restrictive limits to mitigate non-structural
damage to partitions, window frames.
• Partitions butting into perimeter walls
• Spandrel panels supported by floor framing
43
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
D+L: L/240
L/480 for concrete floors supporting brittle non-structural elements.
44
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
L: L/360 Except
45
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
Spandrels with bypass exterior wall:
Æ Live Load: L/360 but not more than 3/8”
46
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
L: L/360 Except
• Members supporting unreinforced masonry, brick or stucco:
Æ L/600
Æ Consider adding control joints to capture cracks.
• Members supporting reinforced masonry can be relaxed.
Æ L/600 is often still used to limit cracking.
47
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
L: L/360 Except
48
Acceptable Limits:
Vertical Deflections
L: L/360 Except
• Elevator sheave beams and members supporting sheave beams
Æ L/1666
• Elevator rails supports
Æ Maximum deflection of 1/8” (Laterally under horizontal rail load)
49
Acceptable Limits:
Drift
Drift limits in common usage
for building ~1/600 to 1/400 of
the building or story height.
Absolute limit on story drift
may be needed to reduce
damage (nonstructural
partitions, cladding, and
glazing) which may occur if the
story drift > 3/8 in.
50
Acceptable Limits:
Drift
Members supporting anchored veneer
Æ L/600 (BIA TEK note 28B).
Do not reduce to 0.42W based on BIA
recommendations.
Members supporting Portland cement or
Gypsum Stucco
Æ L/600
Members supporting adhered veneer,
synthetic (flexible) stucco/EFIS, gyp
board and tile
Æ L/360
Members supporting
metal wall panels
Æ L/180
51
Vibration
52
Vibration
VIBRATION
PERCEPTION
Continuous Transient
0.05g to
0.1g
Quiet to
0.005g Spectator
0.02g to
Activity
0.01g Event
0.05g
53
53
Vibration
• Human activity imparts dynamic
forces at frequencies of 2-6 Hz.
54
Vibration
To mitigate vibration: Add mass, Add damping, Increase stiffness.
Increase stiffness:
Minimize vibrations by controlling the deflection (independent of span).
Fundamental frequency
Deflection
55
Vibration
• Human activity: Assume 4 Hz
• Floor system to be 2 times excitation frequency
• Prefer a floor system with a frequency greater than 8 Hz.
Æ The static deflection due to uniform load must be limited to about 0.20 in. if
the frequency of the floor system is to be kept above 8 Hz.
56
Poll Question #1
What is the recommended absolute limit on story
drift to prevent non-structural damage
1/4 ”
3/8 ”
1/2 ”
5/8 ”
57
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
58
Commonly Missed Serviceability Issues
59
60
Commonly Missed Serviceability Issues
61
61
Topics
1. Imposed loads
2. Predicted behavior: DEFINED
LIMIT
steel, concrete, wood
3. Acceptable limits
IMPOSED PREDICTED
4. Common Mistakes LOAD BEHAVIOR
5. Serviceability and
building codes
62
Survey Question:
Should the building code include a more
thorough treatment of serviceability?
- Yes
- No
63
64
“Why should the building code NOT include a more thorough
treatment of serviceability.”
Summary
• Serviceability considerations vary by building type,
construction material, client, usage, analysis method.
Discuss early with client, PM/PIC
• Many of the serviceability requirements are in material
standards and/or design guides.
• Serviceability is only partially addressed in the building
code, and the direction of serviceability requirements in
the code is evolving.
Emily Guglielmo
eguglielmo@martinmartin.com
415-814-0030
66
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives:
Understand current codified serviceability requirements.
Understand key serviceability concerns for various
materials: steel, concrete, wood.
Understand and voice opinion for the future of
serviceability considerations in codes and standards.
67
Questions?
Emily Guglielmo
eguglielmo@martinmartin.com
415-814-0030
CHALLENGE QUESTION:
Which limit load state is the answer to this session’s
challenge question?
• Ultimate Loads
• Nominal Loads
• Service Loads
• Notional Loads
Please circle the answer that is announced so that you can use the
information to complete your quiz for PDH.