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    Kepler 3

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    1) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets: they move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line between the planet and sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. 2) Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 3) The inertial mass that appears in F=ma and the gravitational mass that appears in Newton's gravitational force law have been experimentally shown to be equal.

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    Kepler 3

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    1) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets: they move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line between the planet and sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. 2) Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 3) The inertial mass that appears in F=ma and the gravitational mass that appears in Newton's gravitational force law have been experimentally shown to be equal.

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    1) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets: they move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line between the planet and sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. 2) Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 3) The inertial mass that appears in F=ma and the gravitational mass that appears in Newton's gravitational force law have been experimentally shown to be equal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views8 pages

    Kepler 3

    Uploaded by

    Unidentified Person
    1) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets: they move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line between the planet and sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. 2) Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 3) The inertial mass that appears in F=ma and the gravitational mass that appears in Newton's gravitational force law have been experimentally shown to be equal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Gravity (Chapter 11)

    Kepler’s Laws
    Example of a successful phenomenology at the cradle of science (astronomical
    observations by Brahe).

    1. All planets move on elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. (Ellipse: see
    mathworld.)

    2. A line joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times (figure
    11-4 of Tipler-Mosca).

    3. The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the
    semimajor axes of its orbit
    T 2 = C r2 .

    Astronomical unit (AU): The mean earth-sun distance

    1 AU = 1.50 × 1011 m = 93.0 × 106 mi .

    1
    Newton’s Law of Gravity

    Force of attraction between each pair of point particles (figure 11-6 of Tipler-Mosca)
    G m1 m2 G m1 m2
    F~12 = − 2 r̂ 12 = − 3 ~r12 .
    r12 r12
    Where G is the gravitational constant

    G = 6.67 × 10−11 N · m2/kg .

    Free-fall acceleration for objects near the surface of the earth:

    G ME 2
    g= 2 = 9.81 m/s .
    RE

    Measurement of G: Torsion balance (first Cavendish 1798).

    2
    Gravitational and Inertial Mass

    The mass, which enters the force law, is called inertial mass,

    F = mI a ,

    whereas the mass, which enters the gravitational law, is called gravitational mass,

    G mG G
    1 m2
    F~12 =− 2 r̂12 .
    r12

    In principle, these two masses could disagree (like the electric charge has nothing
    to do with the mass of inertia). However, all experimental evidence is that

    mI = mG .

    Therefore, we omit the superscripts again.

    3
    Derivation of Kepler’s Laws

    Kepler’s first law: With a bit more involved mathematics than we have presently
    at our disposal, one can show that the only closed solutions to Newton’s two body
    force are elliptical orbits (intermediate mechanics for physicists).
    Kepler’s second law: (Figure 11-8 of Tipler-Mosca.)
    The area swept out by the radius vector ~r in the time dt is

    1 1 L
    dA = |~r × ~v dt| = |~r × m ~v | dt = dt
    2 2m 2m
    where L = |~r × p~| is the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum of the planet
    about the sun. Since the force on the planet is along the line from the planet to the
    center of the ellipse, there is no torque acting on the planet, and L is conserved.
    Therefore,
    dA L
    = = constant .
    dt 2m

    4
    Kepler’s third law:

    We will show this for the special orbit of a circle. Then

    m1 m2 v2
    F =G = m2 a = m2
    r2 r

    and
    2 2π r G m1
    v = =
    T r
    follows, which can be written as Kepler’s third law:

    4π 2 3
    2
    T = r .
    G m1

    5
    Gravitational Potential Energy

    Remember, for conservative forces a potential energy is defined by

    dU = −F~ d~s

    where d~s is the infinitesimal displacement of the particle. For the gravitational
    force we have  m1 m2   m m 
    1 2
    dU = − −G 2
    dr = G 2
    dr
    r r
    Integrating both sides gives

    m1 m2
    U = U (r) = −G + U0 .
    r

    In astronomy a frequently used convention for the integration constant is U0 = 0,


    so that U (∞) = 0 holds. Figure 11-9 of Tipler-Mosca gives in this convention a
    plot of the potential energy of a point particle in the gravitational field of the earth.

    6
    Escape Speed

    Initial kinetic energy needed to escape from the earth’ surface to r = ∞:

    1 2 ME m
    0 = Ki + Ui = m ve − G
    2 RE

    where ve is called escape speed. Solving for ve:


    r
    2 G ME p
    ve = = 2 g RE .
    RE
    p
    ve = 2 (9.81 m/s2) (6.37 × 106 m) = 11.2 km/s .

    If E = Ki + Ui < 0 the system is bound.


    If E = Ki + Ui ≥ 0 the system is unbound.

    7
    Gravitational field (of the earth):

    F~ G ME
    ~g = = 2
    .
    m r

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