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C++ Classes & Objects

The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It explains that a class acts as a blueprint that defines the data members and member functions common to all objects of that class. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory and allows access to class members. The document provides examples of defining a Room class with length, breadth, height data members and area and volume calculation functions. It then demonstrates creating Room objects and using them to calculate area and volume. The document also discusses public and private access specifiers, showing how private members can only be accessed within the class.

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Ashfaq Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views

C++ Classes & Objects

The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It explains that a class acts as a blueprint that defines the data members and member functions common to all objects of that class. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory and allows access to class members. The document provides examples of defining a Room class with length, breadth, height data members and area and volume calculation functions. It then demonstrates creating Room objects and using them to calculate area and volume. The document also discusses public and private access specifiers, showing how private members can only be accessed within the class.

Uploaded by

Ashfaq Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ Classes and Objects

In this tutorial, we will learn about objects and classes and how to use them
in C++ with the help of examples.

In previous tutorials, we learned about functions and variables. Sometimes


it's desirable to put related functions and data in one place so that it's
logical and easier to work with.

Suppose, we need to store the length, breadth, and height of a rectangular


room and calculate its area and volume.

To handle this task, we can create three variables, say,  length ,  breadth ,
and  height  along with the functions  calculateArea()  and  calculateVolume() .
However, in C++, rather than creating separate variables and functions, we
can also wrap these related data and functions in a single place (by
creating objects). This programming paradigm is known as object-oriented
programming.

But before we can create objects and use them in C++, we first need to


learn about classes.

C++ Class
A class is a blueprint for the object.

We can think of a class as a sketch (prototype) of a house. It contains all


the details about the floors, doors, windows, etc. Based on these
descriptions we build the house. House is the object.
Create a Class

A class is defined in C++ using keyword  class  followed by the name of the
class.
The body of the class is defined inside the curly brackets and terminated by
a semicolon at the end.
class className {

// some data

// some functions

};

For example,
class Room {

public:

double length;

double breadth;

double height;

double calculateArea(){

return length * breadth;

double calculateVolume(){

return length * breadth * height;

};

Here, we defined a class named  Room .


The variables  length ,  breadth , and  height  declared inside the class are known
as data members. And, the
functions  calculateArea()  and  calculateVolume()  are known as member
functions of a class.

C++ Objects
When a class is defined, only the specification for the object is defined; no
memory or storage is allocated.

To use the data and access functions defined in the class, we need to
create objects.

Syntax to Define Object in C++


className objectVariableName;

We can create objects of  Room  class (defined in the above example) as
follows:
// sample function

void sampleFunction() {

// create objects

Room room1, room2;

int main(){

// create objects

Room room3, room4;

Here, two objects  room1  and  room2  of the  Room  class are created
in  sampleFunction() . Similarly, the objects  room3  and  room4  are created in  main() .
As we can see, we can create objects of a class in any function of the
program. We can also create objects of a class within the class itself, or in
other classes.

Also, we can create as many objects as we want from a single class.

C++ Access Data Members and Member Functions

We can access the data members and member functions of a class by


using a  .  (dot) operator. For example,
room2.calculateArea();

This will call the  calculateArea()  function inside the  Room  class for object  room2 .
Similarly, the data members can be accessed as:
room1.length = 5.5;

In this case, it initializes the  length  variable of  room1  to  5.5 .
Example 1: Object and Class in C++ Programming
// Program to illustrate the working of

// objects and class in C++ Programming

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// create a class

class Room {

public:

double length;

double breadth;

double height;

double calculateArea() {

return length * breadth;


}

double calculateVolume() {

return length * breadth * height;

};

int main() {

// create object of Room class

Room room1;

// assign values to data members

room1.length = 42.5;

room1.breadth = 30.8;

room1.height = 19.2;

// calculate and display the area and volume of the room

cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;

cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;

return 0;

Output
Area of Room = 1309

Volume of Room = 25132.8

In this program, we have used the  Room  class and its object  room1  to calculate
the area and volume of a room.
In  main() , we assigned the values of  length ,  breadth , and  height  with the code:
room1.length = 42.5;

room1.breadth = 30.8;
room1.height = 19.2;

We then called the functions  calculateArea()  and  calculateVolume()  to perform


the necessary calculations.
Note the use of the keyword  public  in the program. This means the
members are public and can be accessed anywhere from the program.
As per our needs, we can also create private members using
the  private  keyword. The private members of a class can only be accessed
from within the class. For example,
 
class Test {

private:

int a;

void function1() { }

public:

int b;

void function2() { }

Here,  a  and  function1()  are private. Thus they cannot be accessed from
outside the class.
On the other hand,  b  and  function2()  are accessible from everywhere in the
program.
Example 2: Using public and private in C++ Class
// Program to illustrate the working of

// public and private in C++ Class

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Room {
private:

double length;

double breadth;

double height;

public:

// function to initialize private variables

void initData(double len, double brth, double hgt) {

length = len;

breadth = brth;

height = hgt;

double calculateArea() {

return length * breadth;

double calculateVolume() {

return length * breadth * height;

};

int main() {

// create object of Room class

Room room1;

// pass the values of private variables as arguments

room1.initData(42.5, 30.8, 19.2);


cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;

cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;

return 0;

Output
Area of Room = 1309

Volume of Room = 25132.8

The above example is nearly identical to the first example, except that the
class variables are now private.

Since the variables are now private, we cannot access them directly
from  main() . Hence, using the following code would be invalid:
// invalid code

obj.length = 42.5;

obj.breadth = 30.8;

obj.height = 19.2;

Instead, we use the public function  initData()  to initialize the private
variables via the function parameters  double len ,  double brth , and  double hgt .

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