ACI Amman - FRP Part 1 - Materials

11/12/2019
FRP Reinforcement of Concrete

Structures
 FRP Materials (9:00am to 10:30am)
 FRP basics
FRP Reinforcement of  FRP uses in construction and other industries
 FRP material properties
Concrete Structures  FRP Strengthening Systems (11:00am to 1:00pm)
 Strengthening for flexure, shear, confinement
 Detailing
 Examples and Case Studies
William J. Gold, P.E., FACI
Engineering Services Manager, BASF Corp.
 FRP Reinforcing Bars (2:00pm to 3:30pm)
 Reinforcing for flexure and shear
Chair, ACI Committee 440  Detailing
 Examples and Case Studies
ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design
Amman, Jordan Amman, Jordan
17-18 November 2019 17-18 November 2019
Learning Objectives Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP)

 Gain knowledge of FRP materials and their use in
construction applications
 Understand critical mechanical properties of FRP
materials
Polymer Matrix
 Understand critical durability properties of FRP
materials
 Learn about the FRP systems and materials used
Fiber Reinforcement
to reinforce new concrete structures and
strengthen existing concrete structures
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Fiber Reinforcements FRP Materials
Fiber Types FRP Composites

 Material Characteristics
 Carbon Fiber  Very High Strength
 Aramid Fiber  Light weight
 Non-corrosive
 Glass Fiber  Uses
 Aerospace (aircraft and satellite
structures)
 Shipbuilding (ship hulls, masts)
 Automotive (car frame and body
parts)
 Sporting goods (fishing rods,
skis, bicycles and bicycle parts)
FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP Structural Shapes FRP Bridge Decks
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Inflatable Structural Shapes FRP Encapsulation Systems

FRP Domes FRP is reshaping what is possible
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FRP is reshaping what is possible FRP is reshaping what is possible

FRP is reshaping what is possible Glass FRP wall systems
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FRP Reinforcing Bars FRP Strengthening Systems
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) FRP Materials
 Anisotropic
 Fiber direction
3 dictates mechanical
2
properties
Polymer Matrix  Orient fibers in
direction of primary
1 stresses
 Affects shear
Fiber Reinforcement
strength, dowel
Laminate action, and bond
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FRP Mechanical Behavior FRP Mechanical Behavior

600 600
500 Carbon 500 Carbon
400 400
Stress (ksi)
Stress (ksi)
300 Aramid 300 Aramid
200 200
E-Glass E-Glass
100 100
Steel Reinf.
0 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Strain (in/in) Strain (in/in)
Tensile Behavior Material Properties

MATERIAL Elastic modulus Ultimate strength Rupture Strain
 ASTM D 3039 Test (ksi) (ksi) (%)

CARBON
Method General Purpose 32 – 34 300– 550 1.2
High Strength 32 – 34 550– 700 1.4
ffu High Modulus 50 – 75 250 – 450 0.5
GLASS 10 – 13 270 – 700 4.5
Ef ARAMID
General Purpose 10 – 12 500 – 600 2.5
High Strength 16 – 18 500 - 600 1.6
fu
ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design 24 ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design
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Fiber vs Laminate Properties Compressive Behavior

Laminate Properties
t = cured FRP thickness  Compressive Strength can be similar to
t Tensile Strength, however:
CFRP: t = 0.04”
ffu = 90 ksi  Minor imperfections in the resin can affect this
w
Ef = 5500 ksi  All applications of FRP Reinforcement for
Concrete disregard any compressive contribution
of strength
Fiber Properties
t = fiber thickness
CFRP: t = 0.0065” t
ffu = 550 ksi
Ef = 33000 ksi w
Typical Material Properties Fiber Reinforcements

 ACI 440.2R-17 Section 4.2.1
 Typical densities of FRP materials lbs/ft3 (g/m3) Fiber Types
 Carbon Fiber
Steel GFRP CFRP AFRP  Aramid Fiber
490 75 – 130 90 – 100 75 – 90
(7.9) (1.2 - 2.1) (1.5 - 1.6) (1.2 - 1.5)
 Glass Fiber
FRP densities 4 – 6 times lower than steel
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Carbon Fibers Glass Fibers

 Very high strength and stiffness  High Strength
 Low ultimate strain  Low Stiffness
 Low CTE  CTE similar to steel and concrete
 Thermally stable up to 3500ºF (1927 ºC)  Soften at temperatures over 1500ºF
 Low impact resistance (816ºC)
 Excellent moisture and chemical  Low resistance to sustained and cyclic
resistance loads
 Sensitive to galvanic corrosion  Sensitive to alkalinity and moisture
 Highly conductive  Highly insulative
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Aramid Fibers Selection of Fiber Type

 High Strength
 Nonlinear in compression  Considerations
 Cost
 Usable temperature range: ±350ºF (177
ºC)  Environmental Exposure / Durability
 Excellent impact resistance  Carbon is most durable (but can corrode steel)
 Glass and aramid have issues with humid environments
 Sensitive to UV exposure
 Loading Conditions
 Resistant to chemical attack  Carbon is excellent in creep and fatigue
 Fibers swell with exposure to moisture  Glass has significant creep rupture issues
 Low conductivity  Aramid excellent in high strain rate applications
 Application Environment
 Caution using carbon in areas with sensitive electrical equipment
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Polymers Polymer Matrix

 Primary function:
 Epoxy
To transfer stress between reinforcing
 Vinyl Ester
fibers and to protect them from
 Polyester
mechanical and
 Phenolic
environmental damage
 Polyimide
 Ceramic
Amman, Jordan 34 Amman, Jordan
Polymer Matrix FRP Systems

 With proper resin selection, E-glass fibers can be  All FRP materials used for reinforcing or
encapsulated and protected from alkaline strengthening concrete should be systems
degradation  Chemically matched fibers and resins
 Known properties and durability
 Proven field performance
 Tested in accordance with appropriate material
standards
ACI 440.2R-17 Section 1.1.1: “…Untested combinations of fibers and
resins could result in an unexpected range of properties as well as
potential material incompatibilities…”
Light Microscopy 60X Light Microscopy 240X

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ASTM D7957 Material Specification ACI 440.8-13 Material Specification

 GFRP Reinforcing Bars  Specification for FRP
 ASTM D7957 – Standard Strengthening Systems
Specification for Solid  Specifies minimum material
Round GFRP Bars for properties and how to
Concrete Reinforcement determine them
 Stipulates durability
thresholds
Statistically Based Properties Time-dependent Behavior

ACI 440.8-13, Section 9.3.2
Avg  Durability of FRP Materials
ffu* = ffu – 3   Overall extremely durable
ACI 440.8-13, Section 9.3.3  Resistant to alkali and acidic environments
-1 Ef* = Ef  Concerns with glass fibers
 Moisture degradation of glass fibers
ACI 440.8-13, Section 7.2.3
 * *
fu = ffu / Ef
*
-2
-3
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi)
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Exposure to 100%RH / 100°F Design Material Properties

100.0% ACI 440.2R-17
Eq. (9.4a)
f fu  CE f fu
*
Strength Retention
90.0% Carbon/Epoxy
Design Manufacturer’s
80.0% Strength Reported Strength
Environmental Reduction Factor
70.0%
E-Glass/Epoxy
60.0%
50.0%
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Exposure Time (hr)
Environmental Considerations Glass Transition Temperature

 ACI 440.2R-17 Section 9.4  Tg values are
Elastic Modulus
Glassy approximately 250F

(120C) for
vinylester resins
f fu  C E f fu* (9.4a)
Transitional
which are typically
used with GFRP
rebar
 Tg values are
 fu  C E  * fu
(9.4b) Rubbery
approximately 180F
(70C) for ambient
cure epoxies which
are typically used
with FRP
f fu strengthening
E fu  (9.4c) systems
 fu
Glass Transition Temperature, Tg Temperature
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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Time-dependent Behavior

-6 o
(10 / F)  Creep and Fatigue
Material Longitudinal Direction Transverse  Carbon fiber composites exhibit very low creep and
Concrete 4 to 6 4 to 6 extremely high resistance to fatigue
Steel 6 to 5 6.5  Glass fiber composites susceptible to both creep and
GFRP 3.5 to 5.6 about 12
CFRP 41 to 58 fatigue
- 4 to 0
AFRP - 3.3 to - 1.1 33 to 44  Creep rupture phenomenon of particular concern with
glass fiber composites
Creep-Rupture Curves Creep Rupture

100.0%
 ACI 440.2R-17 states at service level stresses:
Sustained Stress / Initial Strength
f sustained  f cyclic  f f , s
90.0%
Carbon/Epoxy (Eqn 10.2.9)
80.0%
Fiber Type Glass Aramid Carbon
70.0% Sustained plus
0.20ffu 0.30ffu 0.55ffu
cyclic stress limit
60.0%
E-Glass/Epoxy
50.0%
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
Exposure Time (hr)
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FRP Reinforcement FRP Strengthening System Types

 Reinforcement for New Concrete
 Fabric Systems
 Fabric is saturated
with resin
(typically epoxy)
mixed in the field
 Can be multiple
layers or layers
with various fiber
orientations
depending on
strength needs
FRP Strengthening System Types FRP Strengthening System Types
 Surface  Near Surface

Mounted Mounted (NSM)
Laminate Reinforcement
Systems Systems
 CFRP plates are  CFRP bars
adhered to the placed into
substrate using grooves saw cut
epoxy into the substrate
adhesives and backfilled
with epoxy
adhesive
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FRP Materials
Questions?
ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design

Amman, Jordan
17-18 November 2019
14

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11/12/2019

FRP Reinforcement of Concrete

Learning Objectives Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP)

Fiber Reinforcements FRP Materials

Fiber Types FRP Composites

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

FRP in Construction FRP in Construction

Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) FRP Materials

FRP Mechanical Behavior FRP Mechanical Behavior

500 Carbon 500 Carbon

Tensile Behavior Material Properties

 ASTM D 3039 Test (ksi) (ksi) (%)

GLASS 10 – 13 270 – 700 4.5

Fiber vs Laminate Properties Compressive Behavior

Typical Material Properties Fiber Reinforcements

FRP densities 4 – 6 times lower than steel

Carbon Fibers Glass Fibers

Aramid Fibers Selection of Fiber Type

Polymers Polymer Matrix

Polymer Matrix FRP Systems

Light Microscopy 60X Light Microscopy 240X

ASTM D7957 Material Specification ACI 440.8-13 Material Specification

Statistically Based Properties Time-dependent Behavior

Exposure to 100%RH / 100°F Design Material Properties

Environmental Considerations Glass Transition Temperature

Glassy approximately 250F

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Time-dependent Behavior

Creep-Rupture Curves Creep Rupture

FRP Reinforcement FRP Strengthening System Types

FRP Strengthening System Types FRP Strengthening System Types

 Surface  Near Surface

ACI Concrete Conference on Materials & Design

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