National Oil Corporation: Rev Date Description Checked Approved

NATIONAL OIL CORPORATION
GENERAL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
GES Q.03
FOUNDATIONS (INC. PILING)
Rev Date Description Checked Approved

0 1999 Issued for Implementation DL
Compiled by Teknica (UK) Ltd

GENERAL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION GES Q.03
FOUNDATIONS (INC. PILING) Page 2 of 28
Rev 0 1999
INDEX
SEC TITLE PAGE
1.0 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATION 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Other NOC Specifications 4
2.0 DEFINITIONS 4
2.1 Technical 4
2.2 Contractual 5
3.0 DESIGN 6
3.1 Codes and Standards 6

3.2 Design Loadings 7
3.3 Loading Combinations 8
3.4 Stability Ratios 8
3.5 Ground Capacity 9
3.6 Foundation Shape and Size 11
3.7 Vibrating Machinery Bases 12
3.8 Surge Structure Bases 17
3.9 Tank Bases 17
3.10 Exchanger Bases 17
3.11 Steel Skid Bases 18
3.12 Miscellaneous Small Foundations 18
3.13 Foundations for equipment in Cold Service 18
3.14 Foundations for Carbon Steel Acid Tanks in Sulphuric Acids Service 19
3.15 Fired Heater Foundations 19
3.16 Anchor Blocks 19
4.0 MATERIALS 20
4.1 General 20
4.2 Concrete 20
5.0 CONSTRUCTION 20
5.1 General 20
5.2 Probing for Piling 20
5.3 Excavation and Backfill 21
5.4 Blinding 21
5.5 Formwork Erection 21
5.6 Reinforcement Fixing 21
5.7 Concrete Mixing 21
5.8 Concrete Placing 22
5.9 Mass Concrete 22
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SEC TITLE PAGE
6.0 CURING 22
6.1 General 22
6.2 Hot Weather Concreting 23
6.3 Temperature Records 23
7.0 MISCELLANEOUS 23
7.1 Embedded Parts 23

7.2 Anchor Bolts 23
7.3 Joints 24
7.4 Tanking 24
7.5 Base Grouting 24
7.6 Drainage 25
8.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING 26
8.1 Responsibility 26
8.2 Owner Access 26
8.3 Rejection 26
9.0 DOCUMENTATION 26
9.1 Introduction 26
9.2 Schedules/Reports 27
9.3 Data and Calculations 27
9.4 Drawings 27
9.5 Final Records, Documents and Manuals 28
9.6 Warranty 28
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1.0 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATION
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for design, detailing, material supply, construction,
load testing and inspection of:-
(i) Plain and reinforced concrete foundations, piles and piling,
(ii) Steel Piles and Piling.
1.1.2 This specification applies to refineries, onshore oil and gas installations, and processing facilities including
foundations and piling for associated infrastructure.
1.1.3 The Vendor/Contractor shall comply fully with the provisions laid down in this specification. Any
exception must be authorised in writing by the Owner.
1.1.4 In the event of any conflict between this specification and the Data Sheets, or with any of the applicable
Codes and Standards, the Vendor/Contractor shall inform the Owner in writing and receive written
clarification before proceeding with the work.
1.1.5 This General Engineering Specification will form part of the Purchase Order/Contract.
1.2 Other NOC Specifications
The following NOC Specifications form an integral part of this specification and any exceptions shall be
approved in advance by the Owner:
GES A.01 Plant Layout and Spacing
GES C.03 Safety Procedures on Construction Sites
GES Q.04 Concrete Structures
GES Q.14 Design Loads for Structures
GES S.01 Steelwork Structures
2.0 DEFINITIONS
2.1 Technical
The technical terms used in this specification are defined as follows:
Design Loadings
The various components of applied loads which shall be taken into account in the structural design and
which shall be as defined in GES Q.14.
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Design Drawings
These are the conceptual design drawings that form part of the Purchase Order/Contract and may be
produced by the Owner, his appointed consultant or the Vendor/Contractor.
Detail Engineering Drawings
These are detailed working drawings prepared by the Vendor/Contractor which must be submitted to the
Owner for approval and marked "Issued for Construction" prior to the commencement of construction.
During preparation of these drawings, the Vendor/Contractor is required to verify the accuracy of the
Design Drawings.
Substitutions
The Vendor/Contractor shall submit in writing to the Owner, for approval, any proposals for substitutions
due to non-availability of materials or changes to the proposed design, prior to the commencement of work.
2.2 Contractual
The commercial terms used in this specification are defined as follows:
Owner
The oil and gas company, an associate or subsidiary of the same, who is the end user of the facilities.
Vendor
The company supplying the equipment and material.
Contractor
The main contractor responsible for a defined piece of work.
Sub-contractor
A company awarded a contract by a Contractor, subject to the approval of the Owner, to do part of the
work awarded to the Contractor.
Inspection Authority
The organisation representing the Owner or Vendor/Contractor that verifies that the equipment and
facilities have been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with the requirements of this
specification, and the Purchase Order/Contract.
Inspector
A qualified individual representing the Owner, Vendor/Contractor or assigned Inspection Authority, who
verifies that the equipment and facilities have has been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in
accordance with the requirements of this specification and the Purchase Order/Contract.
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3.0 DESIGN
3.1 Codes and Standards
The following codes and standards, together with the references therein, shall be deemed to form part of
this specification. All recommendations shall apply, unless specifically modified herein.
3.1.1 American Standards
This specification references American Standards (Metric Editions) mainly because of their comprehensive
coverage of seismic loading and hot weather concreting. Equivalent European Codes may also be
acceptable, provided that seismic and hot weather requirements are included.
ACI 211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight and Mass
Concrete
ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting
ACI 308 Practice for Curing Concrete
ACI 318M Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
ACI 336.1 Standard Specifications for the Construction of Drilled Piles
ACI 336.2 Suggested Analysis and Design Procedures for Combined Footings and Mats
ACI 504R Guide to Joint Sealants for Concrete Structures
ACI 543R Recommendations for Design, Manufacture and Installation of Concrete Piles
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASTM A36 Standard Specifications for Structural Steel
ASTM A194 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High -Pressure and
High - Temperature Service
ASTM A307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 PSI Tensile
ASTM D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard
Effort
ASTM D994 Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler For Concrete
(Bituminous Type)
ASTM D1751 Standard Specification For Preformed Expansion Joint filler For Concrete
Paving and Structural Construction (Non Expanding and Resilient Bitumen
Type)
ASTM D1752 Standard Specification For Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint
filler For Concrete Paving and Structural Construction
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ASTM D2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification
System)
ASTM D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a
Vibratory Table.
ASTM D 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and
Calculation of Relative Density.
UBC Uniform Building Code
3.1.2 British Standards
The use of the following equivalent British Standards and their references is deemed equally acceptable,
subject to their consistent application throughout the works (design and construction) with the addition of
seismic and hot weather requirements.
BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthworks
BS 6399 Part 1 Loading for Buildings - Code of Practice Dead and Imposed Loads
BS 8004 Code of Practice for Foundations
BS CP 2012 Part 1 Code of Practice for Foundations for Machinery - Foundations for Reciprocating
Machines
3.1.3 Other Standards
The use of National Standards of other countries shall be subject to approval by the Owner. The
intermixing of National Standards from various countries is not acceptable. In the event of a conflict
occurring between codes, standards and this specification, the requirement leading to the safer design shall
be used as determined by the Owner.
3.1.4 Edition of Standards
Unless specified otherwise in the Purchase Order/Contract, the editions of the above codes and standards
shall be those prevailing at the effective date of Purchase Order/Contract.
3.1.5 Units
SI derived metric units shall be used for all measurements, except nominal pipe sizes (NPS diameters)
which shall be in inches.
3.2 Design Loadings
The foundations shall be designed to resist the design loads defined in GES Q.14.
National codes such as ASCE 7 or BS 6399 do not address loads associated with plant operations. The
designer is required to evaluate the various loads based on process and piping design, restrictions on
equipment supports received from equipment suppliers (especially for rotating equipment) and any special
maintenance loads. In addition, the engineer may be required to provide for future loads or expansion
requirements. Loading to be considered shall include, but shall not be limited, to piping and equipment
loads, vibration, hydrotest loads, impact loads during installation, start-up, shutdown and maintenance
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loads, such as exchanger unit tube pulling and rotating equipment disassembly.
3.3 Loading Combinations
All structures, foundations or equipment supports shall be designed for the most severe loading
combination defined in GES Q.14, Section 4.0.
3.4 Stability Ratios
All foundations shall have the following minimum stability ratios for the loading combinations in Item 3.3
above.
3.4.1 Overturning
All units including stacks, structures, exchangers, vertical and horizontal vessels, together with their
foundations, shall have minimum factors of safety (stability ratio) for the loading conditions in GES Q.14,
Section 4.0, as indicated below:-
Condition Minimum Stability Ratio
Shutdown 1.5
Normal Operating 2.0 include for wind (or seismic) plus thermal.
Hydrotest 2.0 including 50% wind
Emergency Upset 1.5 including 50% wind
Factor of safety is defined as the dead load stabilising moment divided by the overturning moment. In the
case of structures supported by a single foundation, the dead load stabilising moment shall be taken about
the outside edge of the foundation.
Where a foundation for an integral structural unit consists of two or more footings, as in the case of an
elevated heater or a framed structure supporting equipment, the factor of safety of the structure as a whole,
including its equipment, shall not be less than 1.5 for any condition of loading, when the stabilising
moment is taken about the centre of outermost footing(s).
The above ratios apply where stability is achieved by compression bearing only, rather than through the
presence of tensile elements such as tie-downs, etc. In the latter case stability shall be assessed with regard
to safety margins of the tie-downs, etc, and must equal or exceed the above ratios when acting at ultimate
capacity (i.e. pull out working load multiplied by factor of safety).
3.4.2 Sliding Stability
Factor of safety is defined as the force against sliding divided by the sliding force acting on the structure.
The forces shall be unfactored. The minimum factor of safety against sliding shall be 1.5.
For soil bearing foundation, the passive resistance of the soil shall be ignored. When considering the
stability and resisting effects of soil surrounding a foundation. The possibility of soil removal in the future
shall be considered.
3.4.3 Flotation/Uplift
All foundations shall be designed to resist a uniformly distributed uplift equal to the full hydrostatic
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pressure of the ground water. Minimum factor of safety of 1.15 against flotation shall be used for all
combinations of loading.
Consideration shall be given to possible future removal of load, such as soil above foundation, equipment
or superstructure in assessing the stability factor.
3.5 Ground Capacity
3.5.1 Site Investigation (SI)
A Site Investigation Report (SI Report) shall be prepared which shall specify soils characteristics including
the stratigraphy of subsurface materials, the maximum allowable soil bearing pressure, the recommended
type and depth of foundation, soil unit weight, internal friction angles, soil shearing capacity, ground water
location, fluctuation and chemistry.
The SI report shall, where possible, investigate the soil conditions at actual intended locations of equipment
or structures, using boreholes and/or trial pits located at these locations. Allowable Bearing Pressures
recommendations given shall express estimated short term and long term settlements, as applying to a range
of foundation sizes for a given location.
Estimated settlement of vibrating equipment foundations such as pumps, shall be forewarned in this report.
Susceptibility of strata to consolidation due to the dissolving or disruption of salts in the ground due to
irrigation or watering especially in residentially zoned area shall be highlighted. The SI Report shall be
made by a qualified Geotechnical Engineer and shall be subject to Owner approval. Assuming that piling
may be used, even if not actually recommended, the report shall say whether or not probing for obstructions
will be necessary.
Criteria for time dependent settlement shall also be established in the SI report and the designers alerted to
any possible differential settlement effects on connecting elements.
Soils classification and testing shall be in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System of ASTM
D 2487.
When preliminary investigations indicate the probable need for piling, the SI Report shall also contain
recommendations of pile type, size, driven depth, compression and uplift capabilities, also lateral load
capacity.
The use of piled foundations shall be dependent upon Soil Investigation Report recommendations and the
maximum permissible foundation settlement criteria.
Foundation bearing soil shall be subject to in situ or laboratory testing to establish dynamic parameters.
For minor foundations in remote locations, or for all foundations (except those supporting tanks and/or
equipment in hydrocarbon service) where data exists for soils adjacent to the proposed location, a detailed
soils analysis may be waived by the Owner. In such instances, conservative allowable soil characteristics
for design shall be established in accordance with UBC Section 1805 Table 18-1-A. Such assumptions
shall be documented in the design calculations. UBC Section 1805 Table 18-1-A may be used for
preliminary design for all types of foundations.
3.5.2 Bearing Capacity
The foundation adequacy shall be considered regarding bearing capacity and settlement for both static and
dynamic loads based on SI Report data. The consolidation effect of dynamic loading on loose cohesionless
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soil or the liquefaction of such soils when saturated shall be considered.
The influence of the depth of the ground water table on both allowable bearing capacity and anticipated
settlement shall be considered in the design.
The effect of the temperature of the stored product on the founding soils shall be considered in the design
of the tank (and similar) foundations.
Ground improvement techniques by the deep consolidation of loose strata shall be considered as an
alternative to piling, so that it shall not jeopardise the integrity and operability of the equipment and
supporting structures.
Foundations shall be founded on undisturbed soil and at least 600 mm below the existing or finished grade
surface, unless a detailed soils investigation indicates otherwise.
Foundations shall be suitably sized to minimize differential settlement in compliance with the
requirements of the supported equipment and interconnecting piping stress limitations.
Where the limiting equipment and pipe stress criteria cannot be achieved by use of ground bearing
foundations, piling foundations shall be proposed.
Foundations composed of combined piling and ground bearing pads may be employed to limit differential
settlement, if required.
Ground bearing foundations shall be provisionally sized to limit settlement to a maximum of 20 mm, unless
the supported equipment or piping requires a more stringent value.
The use of piled foundations shall limit the maximum settlement from 5 mm to 10 mm, subject to site
ground conditions and type of pile used - bearing or friction.
3.5.3 Piling
Pile capacities including dynamic parameters and group reduction factors, shall be established by rigorous
analysis by a suitably qualified Geotechnical Engineer, and confirmed by preliminary test results. All
piling design will be subject to the Owner's approval.
Piling contractor shall be responsible for probing the ground for obstructions whether natural or man-made.
Production piling shall be proceeded by the testing of sacrificial and/or working piles located to provide
maximum information on capacity, driveability, penetration depth, also lateral load capacity and lateral
deflection.
The minimum factor of safety for piles under normal operating loads shall be as established in the site
investigation report but shall not be less than two for compression and three for tension piles unless
approved otherwise by the Owner.
The specified safety factor multiplied by the long-term operating load per pile establishes the minimum
required pile load capacity. When piling is driven through compressible or subsiding fill or soil strata, the
effect of down drag (negative skin friction) must be considered which will reduce the pile load capacity. In
areas of a high water table, de-watering of the ground can cause the same down drag effect on piles due to
the resultant consolidation of the soil.
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Owner's approval is required regarding minimum pile spacing which is dependent on soil parameters
specifically found for the project location concerned, pile type and material selected.
General Guide for Pile Spacing:
FUNCTION OF PILES MINIMUM PILE SPACING

CENTRE TO CENTRE
Point Bearing in Hard Stratum 2 to 2.5 Pile Diameter or 0.8 m
Point Bearing on Hard Rock 2 Pile Diameter or 0.6 m

Friction Piles 3 to 5 Pile Diameter or 1.1 m
The overall settlement of groups of piles shall be considered to avoid excessive total or differential
settlement of the piles between groups or within a group by a method approved by the Owner. Pile group
capacity shall also be checked.
In situ concrete piling shall be followed by Integrity Tests to determine the presence of any discontinuities
in the solid section. The results of this testing shall be interpreted by the testing contractor and state if a
pile is acceptable or not. The simple presentation of readings shall not be sufficient, the piling contractor
shall be bound by this testing. Tension piles shall be reinforced for the full length or length required to
mobilise the ground.
Skin-friction superimposed on point-bearing soil pressures developed by pile groups shall be evaluated in
the soils analysis, and minimum pile group spacing shall be established in relation to recommended pile
type and load-carrying capacity to ensure that the soil will not fail, nor a pile group settle excessively and
shall be subject to Owner's prior approval.
Raking piles may be used to achieve lateral stability subject to the Owner's approval providing there is no
risk of interference between piles, due to close proximity of foundations.
When piling is required adjacent to existing structures and/or equipments which are susceptible to damage
from pile driving, methods of pile placement proposed by the Vendor/Contractor shall be submitted to the
Owner for approval.
3.6 Foundation Shape and Size
Foundations shall be designed to comply with the stability ratios of Section 3.4 and the ground capacities of
Section 3.5 above, as well as the dynamic requirements of Section 3.7 and 3.8. Settlement shall be fully
considered in determining the size of foundations. The requirements of GES Q.04 shall also apply.
Foundations shall have clean simple lines with no pockets to allow the accumulation of hydrocarbon
vapours.
Foundations to steel framed structures and reinforced concrete framed buildings shall be pad or combined
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footings with grade (ground) beams connecting all foundations in the 2 orthogonal directions. These grade
beams shall carry the weight of the infill blockwork panels, which form the external and internal walls of
the building, to the foundations and shall be at least as wide as the walls which they support.
Where it is impractical to increase the dead load or the size of foundation to obtain the required stability
ratio, the additional stability moment may be developed by tension piles or anchors. The moment resisted
by the anchorage shall not exceed 50% of the stability moment, unless otherwise approved by the Owner.
For tall towers and other tall slender structures over 30 m, the complete area of the foundation shall be in
compressive bearing for the design overturning moment.
Foundations of interconnecting structures shall be designed to have the same bearing pressures so that
settlement shall be even.
Minimum clear distance from edge of concrete to anchor bolt or sleeve shall be 100 mm. Sleeves shall be
non-metallic. Anchor bolts shall not be in contact with reinforcing steel. Minimum spacing between
anchor bolts shall be 100 mm or 4 bolt diameters whichever is greater.
Top of concrete shall be a minimum of 150 mm above finished grade for structural columns and 300 mm
above grade for equipment bases.
Plinths under base plates shall extend 50 mm minimum beyond the base plate in all directions. Pedestals
for tower supporting skirts, etc, shall extend 100 mm minimum beyond the base plate in all directions.
Concrete for foundations shall have a minimum strength of 21 N/mm2 at 28 days.
3.7 Vibrating Machinery Bases
3.7.1 General
In addition to designing foundations and supports to limit soil bearing pressure, pile loading and foundation
settlement to acceptable levels in accordance with Section 3.5, using loads from GES Q.14; the effects of
dynamic loading, vibration resonance, amplitudes and fatigue shall also be considered.
The limitation of vibration amplitudes shall be based on the determination of the natural frequencies of the
machine foundation system to ensure that the frequencies are not close enough to the operating frequency
of the machinery to allow resonance to occur.
The determination of fatigue life shall be based on the allowable number of cycles of the fluctuating stress
range caused by the dynamic loading. This has relevance to the fastenings of the machinery to its
foundation.
3.7.2 Design Requirements
The centre of gravity of horizontal shaft machinery shall have an eccentricity about the centroid of the
foundation soil contact area or pile group not exceeding 0.05 x foundation dimension in any direction.
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To minimise differential movement between various parts of the machinery train, all coupled elements shall
be mounted on a common foundation.
The foundation shall be isolated from adjacent foundations slabs, paving, access platform supports and
buildings by a joint with a gap width of at least 20 mm filled with an approved elastic joint filler.
All foundations shall be designed to have a natural frequency of machine-foundation-soil combination less
than 0.5 times the disturbing, frequency of the machinery at operating conditions within the specified
operating speed range (low tuned).
Where this is not practicable, the foundations shall be designed to have a natural frequency above 2.0 times
that of the machinery (high tuned).
For variable speed machinery, the machine frequency shall not fall between the above limits without
detailed calculation of the induced amplitudes. Such calculation shall include structural damping effects.
For structural support systems which have some natural frequencies above and some below the machine
frequency (mixed system), the maximum induced amplitudes shall be calculated rigorously by including
the effects of structural damping.
Heavy vibrating machinery with total weight greater than 1000 kg and having a gross plan area of more
than 1 m² shall be analyzed by recognised dynamic methods approved by the owner and designed to ensure
safe, smooth, trouble free performance under all stages of operating conditions. Unless otherwise approved
by the owner, dynamic analysis shall include consideration of all significant modes of vibration, disturbing
frequencies, degrees of freedom and imbalanced forces and moments.
For fatigue calculations, the fluctuating part of the applied loading shall be increased by a factor of three
(3).
For elevated machinery, the flexibility of the support structure shall be considered in the dynamic analysis
with any structural element not subjected to dynamic forces being designed for a transverse force in any
direction equal to one half its own weight. The table top shall have a span to depth ratio not exceeding 10.
The minimum beam depth shall be a minimum of 1/5 of the clear span. All columns shall, ideally, be
stressed almost equally under vertical load.
For elevated machinery structures and their foundations, the Vendor/Contractor shall submit to the Owner
for approval, a test programme to determine if natural frequencies exist near machine speeds and to
measure amplitudes in order to verify the theoretical dynamic analysis. Testing shall commence at least 60
days before start-up is scheduled to occur, to allow for necessary corrective action. The test programme
may be reduced or waived, pending review by the Owner of the dynamic analysis.
Forces due to malfunction condition shall be assumed to be at least six (6) times the values used for the
operating state.
Temperature effects on the structure shall be fully taken into account.
The dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of normal density concrete shall be taken as:
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E(dynamic) = 1.25 E(Static)
Cylinder strength may be assumed as 0.85 x cube strength, at 28 days.
3.7.3 Reciprocating Machinery
Reciprocating machinery and associated pulsation bottles shall be supported directly on a common rigid
foundation into which mounting plates shall be anchored. Design consideration for such rigid foundation
are as follows:
1. The horizontal eccentricity, in any direction, between the centroid of mass of the machine-
foundation system and the centroid of base contact area or pile group shall not exceed 5% of the
respective dimension.
2. The centre of gravity of the Machine-Foundation System shall be as close as possible to the lines
of action of the unbalanced forces.
3. Groups of reciprocating machinery shall be tied together with a common foundation slab.
4. An elevated structure shall be subject to owner's prior approval.
Reciprocating machinery is usually supported on pile foundations, which can be high tuned to eliminate
resonance with the low speed machine and economic in comparison with the rigid block ground bearing
foundation.
(a) The foundation design shall be based upon the equipment manufacturer's certified data which shall
include:
- dimensions of machine base;

- locations and sizes of anchor bolts;
- weight and centroid location of each of the machine components;
- range of operating speeds of machine components, including malfunction state;
- primary and secondary unbalanced vertical and horizontal moments and forces;
- free forces and moments related to crank angle;
- transient loads;
- limits imposed on the foundation with respect to differential settlement between points on
the plan area of the foundation.
(b) If transient dynamic loads are not specified by the manufacturer, the foundation shall be designed
for a quasi-static load of 25% of the machine weight acting through the centre machine bearing.
The load shall be assumed to act vertically, laterally or longitudinally, but not in each direction
concurrently. For low tuned foundations, dynamic effects due to start-up or shutdown shall be
investigated.
(c) The weight of the foundation excluding any piling mass shall not be less than 5 times the weight
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of the reciprocating machinery including baseplate, machine, drive and the piping supported by
the foundation.
(d) The foundation shall have a thickness not less than:
METRIC UNITS
0.6 + L/30 (metres)
Where for one machine train
L = the longest dimension of the foundation slab
For 2 or more machinery trains supported of a common foundation

L= the greater of the width of the common slab or the length of the longest slab segment.
(e) Soil bearing pressures under dynamic loading shall not exceed 25% of the allowable bearing
pressure under static loading.
(f) The design and construction of foundations for reciprocating machines shall be carried out in
accordance with a recognised design code, e.g. BS CP 2012: Part I.
(g) Under steady state excitation, for reciprocating machines the maximum calculated horizontal and
vertical peak to peak amplitudes on the baseplate or top of foundation shall not exceed 0.04 mm,
unless otherwise approved by the equipment manufacturer and the Owner. The calculated
amplitude shall be based only on the forces acting from the particular machine under
consideration, and for the rocking and torsional modes shall assume the forces both in phase and
180° out of phase.
3.7.4 Rotating Machinery
Rotary machines may be supported either directly on a rigid block foundation or on an elevated structure.
Rotating machinery may include item such as pumps, compressors, generators, electric motors and fin fans.
include:
- dimension of Machine Base;

- location and Size of Anchor Bolts;
- weight and centroid location of each of the machine components including malfunction
state;
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- range of operating speeds of machine and components and horse power;

- design unbalanced forces and points of application and frequency;
- transient loads mass moment of interia of machine (if over 150 kW);
- limits imposed on the foundation with respect to differential settlement between points on
the plan area of foundation.
When such data is not available, and subject to the Owner's approval values based upon the
following formula may be used.
Amplitude shall be determined using dynamic forces from each rotor, calculated as follows:-
Dynamic force = (rotor weight) x (rotor speed/rpm)

6000
In no case shall the dynamic force be less than the rotor weight.
When there is more than one rotor, amplitude shall be computed with the rotor forces assumed in-phase and
180 degrees out-of-phase to obtain, respectively, the maximum translation and torsional amplitudes. The
total peak-to-peak amplitude on the structure or foundation in any direction, shall not exceed 0.0127 mm.
When certified data becomes available, the design shall be reevaluated.
(b) Transient loads shall be considered as in Item 3.7.3 (b).
(c) Proportions of foundations shall be as Item 3.7.3 (c), except that the minimum weight need be
only 3 x machine, driver, reducing gear and piping weights.
(d) Rigid foundations and elevated structures shall be designed as per section 3.7.2 and section 3.7.3.
(e) Soil bearing pressures under dynamic loading shall not exceed 50% of the allowable bearing
pressure under static loading, unless it can be technically demonstrated to be otherwise and
approved by the owner.
3.7.5 Vertical Pumps
include:
- weight and centroid location of each of the pump components;

- range of operating speeds;
- unbalanced forces and points of application;
- transient loads;
- limits imposed on the foundation with respect to differential settlement between points of
the plan area of foundation.
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(b) The flexibility of a vertical pump shall be fully considered for foundation design purposes. The
pumps shall be simulated by a minimum of four masses as follows:
- driver;
- pump above barrel including piping;
- barrel including contained fluid;
- pump part inside barrel.
3.8 Surge Structure Bases
Foundations supporting process vessels and piping which are subject to surge vibration loads induced by
the action of the contained fluidised solids shall be designed to resist the dynamic forces specified in GES
Q.14 Section 3.7.3 as well as the static load combinations.
Foundations and support structures shall be designed for a fatigue life of 2,000,000 cycles under fluctuating
loads caused by twice the dynamic forces specified above.
The maximum soil bearing pressure under dynamic load shall not exceed 50% of the allowable capacity
under static load.
3.9 Tank Bases
Tank support ring beam foundations shall be designed in accordance with API 650, Appendix B.
Consideration should be given to controlling the loss of major leakage through the ground floor. Selected
excavated materials with high impermeability should be used for the area between tank foundations and the
bunds.
Concrete ring beam foundations for tanks shall be proportioned to ensure that the pressure under the beam
equals the pressure in the confined earth at the same depth at the centre of the tank.
The ring beam shall have a minimum width of 300 mm and shall be designed with sufficient reinforcement
to resist the total hoop tension caused by the internal horizontal active earth pressure. External passive
earth pressure shall not be assumed to reduce the hoop tension.
3.10 Exchanger Bases
Pedestals and bases shall be designed to resist the forces and moments caused by the full operating and
empty weight of the exchanger including shell, tube bundle, related piping and fittings and the operating
fluid or water whichever is greater under load combinations as in GES Q.14 Section 4.0.
Exchangers shall generally have one end fixed with single torqued up nuts on the holding down bolts and
one end sliding with double nuts locked off on the holding down bolts, so as not to clamp the saddle plate.
At the sliding end a 6 mm thick steel sliding plate with cast in tangs shall be provided on the top of the
pedestal to reduce friction on the exchanger saddle or use of Teflon Slide Plates. Sliding friction
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coefficient for Teflon shall be 0.1. Length of slot shall be checked, based on design temperatures.
Transverse loadings shall be shared between pedestals but longitudinal forces including tube bundle pull
shall be taken only by the fixed end pedestal.
In the absence of specific equipment data, the horizontal tube bundle pull force including impact shall be
taken as 100% of the bundle weight. For exchangers in heavy viscous services such as asphalt or pitch, the
tube bundle full force shall be reassessed.
3.11 Steel Skid Bases
Foundations for Skid Mounted Equipment, Preassembled units, Modular units, etc, shall be supported on
reinforced concrete slab foundations or on steel piles as per recommendations of the Site Investigation
Report.
3.12 Miscellaneous Small Foundations
Small machines including centrifugal and rotary engines, pumps and compressors having a gross plan area
less than 1.0 m2 and a total weight of less than 1.0 tonne may be designed using 50% of the allowable soil
bearing pressure for static loading.
Stair and ladder pads and other small foundations shall, wherever possible, be constructed of plain
concrete, subject to owner's prior approval.
Pipe sleepers shall generally be designed as precast reinforced concrete beams with the pipe supported on a
75 mm wide steel surface comprising a structural tee with the stalk cast in, or a flat plate secured by
embedded anchors. The steel inserts should preferably be galvanized.
Pipe anchors shall be cast in place reinforced concrete blocks designed to resist the anchor loads.
Minimum concrete thickness shall be 150 mm for ground slabs and 300 mm for footings.
3.13 Foundations for Equipment in Cold Service.
3.13.1 Refrigerated storage tanks shall be supported on either a ringwall type foundation or on an elevated pile
supported foundation. They shall be designed to restrain the tank shell against lifting forces resulting from
internal pressures, also full hydrostatic testing for the tanks in which the fill height shall equal the design
liquid height.
Pile supported foundations shall be designed to withstand the thermal effects for a spill of the full tank
contents.
Ringwall foundations shall be provided with a maintainable electrical heating system in conduits placed in
the fill. Sensing elements would operate the heating when there was a danger of the fill freezing to
Rev 0 1999
eliminate the risk of an ice bulb heaving the floor of the tank.
3.13.2 For horizontal vessels with saddle supports, proprietary material with elastomeric vapour barrier coating on
all sides, should be provided between the concrete and the saddle base plates.
3.14 Foundations for Carbon Steel Storage Tanks in Sulphuric Acid Service.
The foundation shall consist of a series of parallel piers approximately 600 mm high directly supporting the
tank floor.
The piers shall be monolithic with a raft or pile cap, the top surface of which shall slope to a drain recessed
into the perimeter of the cap.
All exposed surfaces and the top of the piers shall be protected from sulphuric acid attack.
The perimeter drain shall be connected to an acid drain or lined neutralising sump.
3.15 Fired Heater Foundations
Foundations for heaters should provide for ample natural ventilation between the underside of the firing
floor and the concrete foundations. Heater foundations and grade level flue gas ducts, other than piled,
should not be placed directly on clay subsoil without adequate air gap and sufficient depth of footings to
prevent drying out and shrinkage of clay subsoil.
The design shall allow for the large horizontal movements and thrusts that can be applied to piers or
columns supporting heaters due to the thermal expansion of the heater.
In soft soil areas, foundations for flue gas trunking shall be arranged to prevent harmful differential
settlements between the trunking and the heater and stack.
3.16 Anchor Blocks
For underground pipelines, the line of action of the unbalanced force (for which an anchor block is
required) shall be through the centre of gravity of the anchor block.
For above ground pipelines, the overturning and sliding stability of the anchor block shall be considered.
The minimum factor of safety against overturning shall be 2.
The minimum factor of safety against sliding shall be 1.5.
Anchor blocks shall be cast against undisturbed earth. The passive resistance of the earth shall be taken
into account in the design.
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Anchor flanges shall be provided to steel pipes for anchor blocks cast around the pipe.
Nominal reinforcement as per ACI-318M shall be provided in all faces of anchor blocks.
Concrete for anchor blocks shall have a minimum compressive strength of 15 N/mm2 at 28 days.
Hydrotest of pipe line system shall not be carried out until the anchor blocks have cured for a period of 14
days.
Curing of anchor blocks shall be as per section 6.0 below.
4.0 MATERIALS
4.1 General
All concrete making materials and reinforcement shall be as defined in GES Q.04, Section 4.0.
4.2 Concrete
4.2.1 Structural
The concrete mix should be prescribed to suit required durability after considering the severity of exposure,
the degree of external protection and the service/strength requirements shown on the contract drawings.
Reference shall be made to ACI 211.1, ACI 318M.
4.2.2 Blinding
Blinding concrete shall be lean mix concrete having a minimum cement content of 275 kg/m3 with a w/c
ratio not exceeding 0.6. Cement shall be sulphate resisting where soluble sulphate contaminants are present
in the soil.
5.0 CONSTRUCTION
5.1 General
Prior to commencing any stage of the works, the Vendor/Contractor shall request an inspection by the
Owner.
Aspects which must be notified to the Owner for inspection, prior to concreting, shall include, but not be
limited to, open excavations, ground exposed for foundation bearing, formwork, fixed reinforcement,
anchors, holding down bolts and other inserts.
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The Owner shall be informed of the excavation and concreting schedule in sufficient time, to inspect the
excavation, concrete, curing, stripping of formwork, etc.
5.2 Probing for Piling
The ground shall be probed for obstructions to piling prior to commencement of work. The occurrence of
obstructions natural or man-made shall be anticipated and means of their removal shall be provided for
by the Vendor/Contractor or piling Sub-Contractor. This work shall have been allowed for by the Vendor/
Contractor or piling Sub-Contractor.
5.3 Excavation and Backfill
The Vendor/Contractor shall provide all shoring and bracing necessary for the complete stability and safe
execution of the works which shall require adherence to the requirements of UBC or BS 6031 and BS
8004.
Any water in the excavation shall be disposed of by the Vendor/Contractor in an approved manner.
Where foundation depth needs to be adjusted to accommodate site conditions, any extra excavation shall be
backfilled with mass grade concrete or approved fill material compacted in 150 mm layers to 95% of
standard Proctor density or as determined by the Owner. Foundation base elevations shall not be lowered
nor plinth/pedestal heights increased without approval of the designer and the Owner.
Foundation shall not be constructed on different soil types or geological structures.
Upon completion of excavation, the Owner shall be notified so that inspection can be made and
construction activities proceed.
Backfill shall be of approved material compacted in 150 mm (uncompacted) layers to 95% Standard
Proctor density.
5.4 Blinding
All foundations shall be constructed on a 75 mm thick bed of lean mix concrete blinding which shall extend
a minimum of 100 mm beyond the edge of the foundation perimeter.
The blinding is to be corrugated to give a coefficient of friction of 0.3, in the direction of the applied
horizontal force, when a polyethylene membrane is placed between the blinding and the foundation.
5.5 Formwork Erection
Formwork shall be in accordance with GES Q.04, Section 5.2
5.6 Reinforcement Fixing

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Reinforcement fixing shall be in accordance with GES Q.04, Section 5.3
5.7 Concrete Mixing
Concrete mixing shall be in accordance with GES Q.04, Section 5.4
5.8 Concrete Placing
5.8.1 Concrete placing shall be in accordance with GES Q.04, Section 5.5 except that reinforcement cover to an
earth face without formwork shall be increased to 100 mm.
5.8.2 The Vendor/Contractor shall remove all water from the excavation prior to concreting. When concreting
under water is unavoidable, appropriate methods shall be used such as tremie tubes. All such work shall be
subject to prior approval by the Owner.
5.8.3 The Vendor/Contractor shall submit for approval by the Owner a precise excavation and concreting
schedule. The limits of daily concreting shall be scheduled so that construction joints occur in the most
Appropriate location depending on the type of structure. Interruption of concreting shall not be allowed
unless provided for in the concreting schedule except as shall be approved by the Owner.
5.9 Mass Concrete
Mass Concrete is unreinforced concrete.
Mass concrete shall have minimum compressive strength of 15 N/mm2 at 28 days.
Mass concrete shall be used to replace excess excavation under equipment foundations, etc, where
compacted fill is considered unacceptable as make up material, as per the recommendations of the Site
Investigations Report.
Proposed mass concrete shall be clearly designated on the drawings.
Concrete shall be placed in layers approximately 500 mm thick. Maximum volume of mass concrete to be
poured in one day is 20 m3.
The minimum curing period shall be 2 weeks.
The forms and exposed concrete shall be kept continuously wet for the first 48 hours after placing. Such
wetting is also required whenever the surrounding air temperature exceeds 32°C, during the remainder of
the curing period. Subsequent curing shall be in accordance with ACI 308.
Refer to GES Q.04 Section 5.8 for further details.

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6.0 CURING
6.1 General
All concrete curing shall be in accordance with ACI 308 and GES Q.04.
6.2 Hot Weather Concreting
The recommendations of ACI 305 R, shall be strictly followed for the manufacture, placing and curing of
concrete and GES Q.04 Section 6.2.
6.3 Temperature Records
The requirements of GES Q.04 Section 6.3 shall apply.
7.0 MISCELLANEOUS
7.1 Embedded Parts
All embedded items such as sleeves, drains, metal inserts, conduits, anchor slots, etc, shall be accurately
placed and securely anchored prior to concreting. Voids in sleeves, inserts, and anchor bolts shall be filled
temporarily with readily removable material to prevent the entry of concrete into the void. These voids
shall subsequently be filled with non-shrink grout.
All steel items to be embedded shall be resistant to corrosion to the Owner's approval.
After concreting, all exposed insert parts shall be cleaned of concrete, greased and protected.
Reinforcing shall not be displaced to accommodate embedded parts without the Owner's approval.
7.2 Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts for buildings and structures shall conform to ASTM A36 or ASTM A307 with UNC-2A
Thread.
Anchor bolts for equipment shall be as defined by the Vendor/Contractor.
All bolts shall use ASTM A194, Grade 2H nuts or American standard heavy hexagonal nuts of ASTM
A307 with UNC - 2B nuts. The Vendor/Contractor shall be responsible for the design of adequate
anchorage into the concrete.
No welding of any kind will be allowed on fabricated anchor bolts, or nuts.

Rev 0 1999
All exposed anchor bolts shall be protected against corrosion and damage during construction.
Fit of nuts to anchor bolts shall be verified prior to shipment. Nuts and washers shall be shipped attached
to anchor bolts.
In corrosive exposures, the anchor bolt projection, including nuts and washers, shall be hot dipped
galvanised.
The Vendor/Contractor shall take care to ensure that any nuts supplied by Vendor/Contractor are used only
with the appropriate bolts. Bolts supplied by various Vendor/Contractor may have differing standard
threads which may cause lack of proper fit, if inadvertently interchanged.
All anchor bolts shall be placed accurately and shall be located by templates. For major vertical vessels
where bolts fit into bolt boxes necessitating large projections above the finished concrete, consideration
should be given to the vessel fabricator supplying the bolt template.
Anchor bolts subject to alternating stresses or vibration shall be locked with a washer and two nuts,
otherwise one nut and one washer shall suffice.
Grout in bolt pockets shall be specified to withstand the bearing stresses created by the bolt.
Anchor bolts shall be located inside reinforcement and have a minimum of 100 mm cover.
7.3 Joints
Movement joint filler shall be suitable for the design conditions and may be an appropriate material as
described in ASTM D994, D1751 or D1752 as applicable.
Preformed joint filler should be the full thickness and depth of the joint with splicing only on the length.
Joint sealants shall be as described in ACI 504R.
For specific requirements where foundations are to be isolated from each other refer to 3.7.2 above.
7.4 Tanking
A properly lapped layer of 1500 gauge polyethylene sheeting shall be placed on the surface of the blinding
layer, which shall be corrugated to take horizontal forces as described under Section 5.4 above.
The sides of all below grade structural concrete shall be coated with 2 coats of an approved proprietary
bitumastic paint to the manufacturer's instructions. Coating shall be continuous without patches or
imperfections on a surface which has been made good to the Owner's satisfaction, prior to commencement
of coating.
No backfilling is to be carried out until after the Owner's approval is obtained.

Rev 0 1999
7.5 Base Grouting
Normal grouting for structural, vessels or machinery base plates shall be composed of one part cement and
two parts coarse sand, materials as specified in Section 4.0, with a minimum thickness of 25 mm or as
specified on the design drawings. Cement based grout shall have a minimum 28 day compressive cylinder
strength of 35 N/mm2.
Special non-shrink grout shall be used for support of large heavy duty rotating and reciprocating
equipment, where close alignment must be maintained. Special grouts, where approved by the Owner,
shall be applied strictly in accordance with their manufacturer's instructions. For major machinery it is
recommended that the machinery Vendor/Contractor's representative is present during grouting.
The surface of concrete over which grout will be applied shall be cleaned and shall have all laitance
removed.
Prior to placing grout, the top of the foundation shall be soaked with water (but water puddles shall not be
left on the surface).
Anchor bolt sleeves and/or pockets shall be fully grouted with non-shrink grout unless otherwise shown on
the drawings after final installation of equipment or supports.
Forms for pouring grout shall be tight and caulked or sealed as required to prevent leakage.
Grout shall be placed in a continuous operation making sure that all plates or bases are supported under the
entire surface.
Installation shall be in such a manner as to prevent trapping of air while placing grout.
Grout shall be vibrated, rodded or otherwise agitated or forced by suitable means to ensure placement in all
areas.
After grout has set, any grout holes or vent holes shall be grout filled. A final chamfering of grout shall be
applied from baseplate to edge of foundation for drainage.
Grout shall be suitably cured and protected against too rapid drying. In warm weather grout shall be cured
for a period of five (5) days.
Shims and/or wedges shall be removed. Voids left after shims and/or wedges have been removed, shall be
infilled with grout.
Where grout thicknesses of more than 50 mm are employed, aggregate shall be used with nominal
maximum size 10 mm.
Rev 0 1999
For equipment having a gross plan area greater than 3 m2 or a weight in excess of 3 tonnes, the
Vendor/Contractor shall liaise with the equipment manufacturer and grout manufacturer, and shall submit
specific grouting proposals for the Owner's approval.
7.6 Drainage
Vertical vessel foundations shall have a central drain. Pumps which do not have a drained base shall have
foundation with adequate drainage facility. The drain shall be piped to the oily water sewer.
8.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING
8.1 Responsibility
The Vendor/Contractor shall be fully responsible for the provision of adequate supervision to ensure that
the works are executed as indicated on the design and detailed design drawings, to the standards in this
specification and the Purchase Order/Contract.
The Vendor/Contractor shall submit his inspection and testing programme for approval of the Owner, prior
to commencement of work. Before use, samples of all materials shall be subject to appropriate testing and
no material shall be used until it has been approved.
8.2 Owner Access
All design works and construction covered by this specification are subject to inspection by the Owner or
his Inspector. The Vendor/Contractor shall allow free access to the design office and construction site for
inspection by the Owner's representative, however, such inspection shall not relieve the Vendor/Contractor
of his responsibility for the correct execution of the works.
8.3 Rejection
Structures or parts thereof and material included therein, indicating irremedial or injurious effects, improper
construction, excessive repair or not in accordance with this specification, shall be subject to rejection.
They shall also be subject to rejection even if such conditions are discovered after previous acceptance. All
liability associated with rejection shall be borne by the Vendor/Contractor.
9.0 DOCUMENTATION
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 This section covers the documentation required for the design, material selection, construction, inspection
and testing for all foundations and piling provided against this specification.
9.1.2 The detailed list of documents that are required is included in the Purchase Order/Contract. However, as a
Rev 0 1999
minimum the following listed documents will be provided by the Vendor/Contractor:
- list of key engineers and skilled operators with their resumés;

- details of similar work undertaken;
- list of proposed construction plant;
- methodology statement for the implementation of the work;
- survey and site investigation proposals;
- proposals for testing of materials.
9.1.3 The documents as listed may be considered as a minimum requirement; all details to confirm compliance
with the relevant specifications and to allow a full and continued appraisal to be made of the
Vendor/Contractor's Proposals and interpretations of the awarded Purchase Order/Contract.
9.1.4 Any purchase or procurement undertaken by the Vendor/Contractor, which is prior to the relevant
documentation being submitted and reviewed by the Owner, is at the Vendor/Contractor's risk.
9.1.5 On all documentation the Purchase Order/Contract number, equipment title, tag number and project name
shall be quoted.
9.1.6 All documentation shall be checked and signed by the checker before submission.
9.2 Schedules/Reports
9.2.1 The Vendor/Contractor shall submit with his tender a preliminary quality control plan.
9.2.2 The Vendor/Contractor shall include with his tender documentation a statement of proposed sub-vendors, a
document submission schedule for all documents based on a review cycle of 3 weeks and outline
programme for the procurement and construction activities.
9.2.3 The Vendor/Contractor shall incorporate any revisions agreed with the Owner during the enquiry review
stage and submit revised documentation for approval after the Purchase Order/Contract award.
9.2.4 Monthly reports shall be submitted by the Vendor/Contractor, detailing design, procurement, construction
and documentation activities, the format of which shall be agreed with the Owner.
9.3 Data and Calculations
9.3.1 Project specific instructions shall be issued to the Vendor/Contractor with the Purchase Order/Contract,
which describes the data and calculations to be submitted and the methods of submission.
9.3.2 All calculations shall be carried out in a clear and logical manner. Where conditions involve the use of
formulae or methods not specified in the Design Code, the source of these formulae or methods shall be
Rev 0 1999
clearly referenced.
9.3.3 Computer calculations will only be acceptable if all the input is shown, together with calculated values of
intermediate terms and factors and options chosen, as well as final calculated dimensions, stress or other
values and the computer programme has been validated to the satisfaction of the Owner.
9.3.4 Calculations and drawings that are interdependent, i.e. foundation loading and equipment footprint, shall be
presented for appraisal together.
9.4 Drawings
9.4.1 The drawings listed with the Purchase Order/Contract shall be sent by the Vendor/Contractor to the Owner
for review and approval.
9.4.2 General arrangement drawings shall be to scale and show the relative location and main dimensions of all
components, including elevations.
9.4.3 As-built drawings may be the general arrangement drawings marked-up with the actual as-built
dimensions.
9.5 Final Records, Documents and Manuals
9.5.1 Two copies of the Data Dossier shall be supplied and shall be a record of the construction process. Where
stated in the Purchase Order/Contract it shall contain the following:-
- general arrangement drawings and bill of materials;

- the Quality Control Plan;
- material certificates;
- chemical analysis certificates;
- positive material identification certificates;
- Owner's Release Certificates.
9.5.2 The Vendor/Contractor shall produce as built documents, revised to indicate field changes.
9.5.3 The Vendor/Contractor shall provide one set of mylar original drawings.
9.6 Warranty
9.6.1 The Vendor/Contractor shall warrant all materials and workmanship incorporated into the facilities against
any defects for a minimum of 12 months after Owner certified completion of the works, or for the period
stipulated in the Purchase Order/Contract.
9.6.2 Should any item be found defective, the Vendor/Contractor shall be responsible for all costs associated
with restoring it to the standard specified in the Purchase Order/Contract.

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NATIONAL OIL CORPORATION

GENERAL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION

FOUNDATIONS (INC. PILING)

Rev Date Description Checked Approved

Compiled by Teknica (UK) Ltd

SEC TITLE PAGE

1.0 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATION 4

3.1 Codes and Standards 6

SEC TITLE PAGE

7.1 Embedded Parts 23

8.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING 26

1.0 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATION

(i) Plain and reinforced concrete foundations, piles and piling,

(ii) Steel Piles and Piling.

1.2 Other NOC Specifications

GES A.01 Plant Layout and Spacing

GES C.03 Safety Procedures on Construction Sites

GES Q.04 Concrete Structures

GES Q.14 Design Loads for Structures

GES S.01 Steelwork Structures

The technical terms used in this specification are defined as follows:

Detail Engineering Drawings

The commercial terms used in this specification are defined as follows:

The company supplying the equipment and material.

The main contractor responsible for a defined piece of work.

3.1 Codes and Standards

3.1.1 American Standards

ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting

ACI 308 Practice for Curing Concrete

ACI 336.1 Standard Specifications for the Construction of Drilled Piles

ACI 504R Guide to Joint Sealants for Concrete Structures

API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

ASTM A36 Standard Specifications for Structural Steel

UBC Uniform Building Code

3.1.2 British Standards

BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthworks

BS 8004 Code of Practice for Foundations

3.1.4 Edition of Standards

3.2 Design Loadings

3.3 Loading Combinations

3.4 Stability Ratios

Condition Minimum Stability Ratio

Hydrotest 2.0 including 50% wind

Emergency Upset 1.5 including 50% wind

3.4.2 Sliding Stability

3.5 Ground Capacity

3.5.1 Site Investigation (SI)

3.5.2 Bearing Capacity

soil or the liquefaction of such soils when saturated shall be considered.

General Guide for Pile Spacing:

FUNCTION OF PILES MINIMUM PILE SPACING

Point Bearing on Hard Rock 2 Pile Diameter or 0.6 m

3.6 Foundation Shape and Size

Concrete for foundations shall have a minimum strength of 21 N/mm2 at 28 days.

3.7 Vibrating Machinery Bases

3.7.2 Design Requirements

Temperature effects on the structure shall be fully taken into account.

E(dynamic) = 1.25 E(Static)