Activity 1 - 3

Name: COMPETENTE, JOHN ANGELO C.
Course/Year: BSCE- 2A
Activity 1 - Definition of Important Terms
Define or describe each of the following terms:
a) Surveying - Surveying is the process of using direct or indirect measurements to
determine the relative positions of various features on, above, or beneath the
earth's surface, and then depicting them on a sheet of paper known as a plan or
map. The science and art of surveying is the process of taking all necessary
measurements to identify the relative location of points or physical and cultural
elements above, on, or under the Earth's surface, and to display them in a
useable form, or to establish the position of points or details. The process of
establishing points using specified angular and linear measurements is also
included in surveying. The size and volume of a certain piece of land may be
estimated using surveying's plans, sections, and maps. The horizontal projection
of the measured area is depicted on a map, not the actual area. Drawing
sections, on the other hand, is a better way to depict vertical distance.
b) Plane Surveying - Plane surveying is a typical method of determining land

composition and topography in which a specific area of land is treated as a flat
plane. Because the Earth is not actually flat, this type of land surveying works
best for small areas of land. Because technology is incapable of accounting for
the inherent curvature of the earth, a plane survey undertaken over a large area
of land is likely to be erroneous. Aerial land surveying, which is done by planes,
is also known as "plane surveying" in certain quarters, however this is a less
popular term.
c) Hydrographic Surveying - The survey of physical characteristics present

underwater is known as hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying. It is
the study of determining all elements below the surface of the water that effect all
maritime operations such as dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling,
and so on. The majority of hydrographic surveying is done in response to
government concerns. For shallow water, it's mostly done using sensors, sounds,
or electronic sensor systems. The data gathered during hydrographic surveying
is used to create nautical charts, which entails:
• Depths that are available
• Channels have been improved.
• Breakwaters
• Piers
• The harbor facility with navigational aids.
These surveys also contribute to the essential data collection for port facility
building and development, such as pier construction. This aids in the detection of
capacity reduction owing to silt and other unknowns.
d) Photogrammetric Surveying - Photogrammetric surveying, also known as
photogrammetry, is the science and art of obtaining precise measurements using
photographs for a variety of purposes, including the creation of planimetric and
topographic maps, soil classification, geology interpretation, military intelligence
acquisition, and the creation of composite pictures of the ground. The images
were shot from the air or from a ground station. Terrestrial photogrammetry is a
type of photogrammetry in which images are captured from a fixed location on or
near the ground. Aerial photogrammetry is a type of photogrammetry in which the
images are captured by a camera placed on a plane flying over the region. The
finest mapping processes for huge projects have yet to be devised, and they are
crucial for military intelligence. The civilian and military mapping agencies of the
government are the primary users of aerial mapping methods.
e) Surveying Field Notes - After the field survey group leaves the survey site, the
only record left is the field notes. The field survey will be of little use if these
notes are not clear and thorough. As a result, it's critical that your field notes
include a thorough record of all measurements taken throughout the survey, as
well as illustrations and narrations to help understand the notes. The following
guidelines should be followed.
• Lettering
• Format
• Recording
Individual numbers or lines entered wrongly must be marked out and the right
values substituted. ERASURES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS.
Pages that will be rejected are neatly marked out and referred to the pages that
will be substituted. THE FIELD NOTEBOOK IS THE BOOK OF RECORD and is
frequently utilized as legal proof, SO THIS PROCEDURE IS REQUIRED. In field
notebooks, standard abbreviations, signs, and symbols are utilized. If there is
any uncertainty about their meaning, notes or legends must be used to explain
them.
f) Diopter - A dioptre, often known as a diopter, is a unit of measurement for the

optical power of a lens or curved mirror that is equal to the reciprocal of the focal
length in metres (i.e., 1/metres). As a result, it is a reciprocal length unit. A 3-
dioptre lens, for example, focuses parallel beams of light at a distance of 13
meters. Other reciprocals of distance, such as radii of curvature and optical beam
vergence, are sometimes expressed in the same unit.
g) Groma - The groma, sometimes known as the gruma, was a surveying device
used by the Romans. It was made up of a vertical staff with horizontal cross-
pieces set on a bracket at right angles. A plumb line hung vertically from either
end of each cross section. Straight lines and right angles were surveyed,
followed by squares and rectangles. On the high ground, they were stabilized
and oriented in the direction they would be utilized. The assistant would take a
hundred steps back and put a pole. The surveyor would direct him where to
place the pole, and the assistant would place it.
h) Libella - Maintaining a level construction is one of the most significant features of

building design and structural strength. The Romans utilized a letter A-shaped
frame with an extra horizontal bar on top in one of the first versions of the level.
This tool, known as a libella, featured a plumbline dangling from its apex that
corresponded to a mark on the crossbar at the tool's center. This instrument was
essential in the construction of entire civilizations, and in addition to establishing
plumb and level, the libella also served as a square and, if necessary, a ruler.
With the use of the level, the Egyptians erected pyramids and the Greeks built
ancient temples.
i) Gunter’s Chain - The Gunter's Chain was initially developed in 1620 and was
used to survey the British Empire, as well as the wilderness and early American
colonies. The Gunter's Chain is 66 feet long and made up of 100 links that are
commonly divided into groups of ten by brass rings or tags. Though this gadget is
no longer in use, it has left an indelible mark on the history of our country and
how property has been calculated and distributed. The chain, link, and rod have
all become statutory units of measurement because to the Gunter's Chain's
convenience.
j) Vernier - Vernier calipers are measuring instruments that are primarily used to
measure linear measurements. The diameter of circular objects may be
measured with these calipers. Their round jaws grip spherical items on either
side of the circle. There are two types of scales on Vernier calipers: a fixed main
scale and a sliding Vernier scale. In most cases, the major scale is in millimetres,
or 1/10th of an inch. Because they can measure exact readings down to 0.001
inches, vernier calipers outperform ordinary rulers. For precise measurements,
Vernier scales and a Vernier calliper are utilized.
Name: COMPETENTE, JOHN ANGELO C. Course/Year: BSCE- 2A
Activity 2 - Same Quantities Under Identical Conditions
The several measured lengths of a line are: 133.36, 133.43, 133.91, 132.8,
132.40 and 133.32 meters. Determine the most probable value of the length of the line.
Measurement Measured Lengths

1 133.36 m
2 133.43 m
3 133.91 m
4 132.8 m
5 132.40 m
6 133.32 m
Sum 799.22 m
GIVEN:
n=6
Most Probably Value = Sum/n
= 799.22/6
Most Probably Value = 133.203
Name: COMPETENTE, JOHN ANGELO C. Course/Year: BSCE- 2A
Activity 3 - Related Quantities Under Identical Conditions
Determine the most probable value of the angles taken in clockwise
measurement if the measurements of three angles about a point Q are: MQN =
15º32’45’’, NQO = 38º28’24’’, and OQP = 49º33’27’’. If the measurement of the single
angle MQO is 103º34’
M
15º32’45’’
P Q N
103º34’
49º33’27’’ 38º28’24’’
Solution:
O
n=3
Sum = 15º32’45’’ + 38º28’24’’ + 49º33’27’’
Sum = 103º34’36’’
Discrepancy = Single Angle Measurement – Sum
= 103º34’ - 103º34’36’’
= -36’’
Correct Distribution = -36’’/n
= -36’’/3
= ±12 / angle (to be subtracted)
Angle Observed Values Correction MPV
1 15º32’45’’ -12’’ 15º32’33’’
2 38º28’24’’ -12’’ 38º28’12’’
3 49º33’27’’ -12’’ 49º33’15’’
Sum 103º34’36’’ -36’’ 103º34’

Activity 1 - 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Activity 1 - 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Activity 1 - 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: COMPETENTE, JOHN ANGELO C.

b) Plane Surveying - Plane surveying is a typical method of determining land

c) Hydrographic Surveying - The survey of physical characteristics present

f) Diopter - A dioptre, often known as a diopter, is a unit of measurement for the

h) Libella - Maintaining a level construction is one of the most significant features of

Measurement Measured Lengths

You might also like