CADET TRAINING

CRASH COURSE ON
QUALITY ASSURANCE
CARLOS P. EBORA

Bureau of Quality and Safety

Department of Public Works and Highways
 SAMPLING & TESTING;
MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS
 Minimum Testing Requirements

 The prescribed tests on the construction materials

to be used in a project based on approved contract
quantities
 The requirements which specify the kind and
number of tests for each pay item of works

 It should emphasized that what are specified are the

minimum number of testing only. Additional number
of test can be require to the materials if the
owner/inspector is in doubt of the quality of
materials or the finished structure
The governing Minimum Test Requirements of Items of Works in
the 2004 DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges
and Airports is still based on the Revised Schedule per
Memorandum dated 25 January 1989 signed by Secretary Fiorello
R. Estuar.
Common Items of Works in the DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports,
2012

• Item Description

• Materials Requirements

• Minimum Testing Requirements

• Sampling Requirements

• Tests ( Significance)
ITEM 102 – EXCAVATION
• Roadway excavation includes excavation and grading for
roadways, parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope
rounding, benching, waterways and ditches; removal of
unsuitable material from the roadbed and beneath embankment
areas; and excavating selected material found in the roadway for
specific use in the improvement.

Minimum Testing Requirements:

• If excavated materials are wasted, the volume involved shall be
reported, so that quality control requirements may be adjusted
accordingly. Submit Project Engineer Certificate of Waste

• If excavated materials are to be incorporated into the work:

For every 1500 m3 of fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test
1 – P, Plasticity Test ( LL. PL. PI )
1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test
 For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based on the
results of compaction trials;

At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500
m2 or fraction thereof

ITEM 104 - EMBANKMENT

• an earth material placed on top of subgrade in order to distribute the

wheel load transmitted to the subgrade. It is commonly used as fill
materials to a roadway construction where it needs to upgrade the
existing grade elevation to suit to actual field conditions when required
in the plans.

Materials Requirement :
1. Suitable Material – material which is acceptable in accordance
with the contract and which can be
compacted in the manner specified. It can
be common material or rock.
 Selected Borrow , for Topping – soil of such gradation that all particles
will pass sieve with 75 mm ( 3 inches ) and not more than 15 mass
percent will pass the 0.075 mm ( N0. 200 ) sieve. The materials shall have
a plasticity index of not more than 6 and a liquid limit of not more than 30

2. Unsuitable Material - material other than suitable materials such as:

a. Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic
materials, such as grass, roots and sewerage.

b. Organic soils such as peat and muck.

c. Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index

exceeding 55

d. Soils with a natural water content exceeding 100%

e. Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or lower

f. Soils that cannot be properly compacted as determined by

Engineer
  The embankment material shall be compacted in layers until a uniform
density of not less than 95 mass percent of the maximum dry density is
attained as determined by AASTHO T 99 Method C

 At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carried out
for each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill.

Minimum Testing Requirements:

For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

1 – P, Plasticity Test ( LL, PL, PI )

1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test

For each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill or fraction

thereof at least one group of three in-situ density tests.
The layers shall be placed not exceeding 200 mm in loose
measurement or based on the result of compaction trials.
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
 ITEM 200 – AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

• The subbase is a structural layer which accepts greater

compressive stress than the subgrade and thus reduces the
deformation of the pavement under traffic loading.

• Made of economical materials with a relatively low load bearing

capacity which are place on top of subgrade or an embankment
materials in order to distribute the wheel load transmitted to
the subgrade.
Materials Requirements:
Grading Requirements:

Sieve Designation Mass % Passing

Mm Inches
50 2 100
25 1 55 – 85
9.5 3/8 40 – 75
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12

Liquid Limit:

The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a

Liquid Limit of not greater than 35
Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a
plasticity index (PI) of not greater than 12

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by AASHTO T 96)

- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall

have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los
Angeles Abrasion Tests.

CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

- The material shall shall have a soaked CBR value of not less
than 30%. This value shall obtained at the maximum dry
density (MDD) as determined by ASSHTO T 180, Method D)
Minimum Testing Requirements:
Tests:
For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof :
1 – G, Grading Test
1 – P, Plasticity Test ( LL, PL, PI )
For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof :
1 - Q, Quality Test for : ( Grading, Plasticity and Abrasion )
1 – C, Laboratory Compaction Test

For every 2500 m3 or fraction thereof :

1 – CBR, California Bearing Ratio Test

For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based on

the results of compaction trials.

At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each

500 m2 or fraction thereof.
ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

The base reduces the vertical compressive stress induced by

traffic in the subbase and the subgrade.

Made of high quality material with a high load bearing capacity

and lies close under the surfacing course material. It provides a
relatively non-frost material on which to provide support for
surface course and sometimes to carry traffic temporarily.
Materials Requirements:
Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)

The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a Liquid
Limit of not greater than 25

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a
plasticity index (PI) of not greater than 6

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by AASHTO T 96)

The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall

have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50.

CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in.) shall have a soaked

CBR value not less than 80%. The CBR value shall be obtained
at MDD by AASHTO T 180, Method D
Minimum Testing Requirements:

Same as in Item No. 200

ITEM 202 – CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

Either a natural or manufactured base course material where

granular component are made of crushed gravel, crushed stone
or crushed rock and of much superior quality than an ordinary
base course and not less than 50 mass percent shall have at
least one (1) fractured surface.

This material requires a soil binder to have plasticity for proper

bonding of aggregates and use to provide support for surface
course of a roadway.

Materials Requirement :
Material Requirements
Liquid Limit : ( Tested by AASTHO T 89 )

The portion of the material passing the 0.425 mm ( No.40 ) sieve

shall have a liquid limit of not greater than 25
Plasticity Index : ( Tested by AASTHO T 90 )
The portion of the materials passing the 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve shall
have a plasticity index of not greater than 6

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear (Tested by AASTHO T 96)

The course aggregate retained on a 2.0 mm ( No.10 ) sieve shall
have a mass percent not exceeding 45 by the Los Angeles
Abrasion Test
CBR VALUE : ( Tested by AASTHO T 180 )
The material passing the 19 mm ( ¾ in. ) sieve shall have a
minimum soaked CBR value of 80% tested according to AASTHO T
193. The CBR value shall be obtained at the maximum dry density
determined according to AASTHO t 180, Method D.
Minimum Testing Requirements:

Same as for Item 201 except:

1 – F, Fractured Face
ITEM 300 - AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE
This Item consist of a wearing course or top course composed of gravel or
crushed aggregate and binder material constructed on a prepared base.

Materials Requirement :
Grading Requirements

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading Grading
mm US Std. A B C D
25 1” 100 100 100 100
9.5 3/8 50 – 85 60 – 100 - -
4.75 No. 4 35 – 65 50 – 85 55 – 100 70 - 100
2.00 No. 10 25 – 50 40 – 70 40 – 100 55 – 100
0.425 No. 40 15 – 30 25 – 45 20 – 50 30 – 70
0. 075 No. 200 5 – 20 5 – 20 6 – 20 8 - 25
Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: ( Tested by AASHTO T 96 )
The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass
percent of wear by Los Angeles Test of not more than 45.

Fracture Face
When crushed aggregate is intended for use, not less than fifty ( 50 ) mass
percent of the particles retained on the 4.75 mm ( No. 4 ) shall have at least
one ( 1 ) fractured surface.
Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve shall have a liquid limit
not greater than 35 and a plasticity index range of 4 to 9, when tested by
AASTHO T 89 AND T 90, respectively.

CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in.) shall have a soaked CBR
value not less than 80%. The CBR value shall be obtained at MDD by
AASHTO T 180, Method D
Minimum Testing Requirement:

Same as in Item No. 202

 SAMPLING OF SOILS AND SOIL AGGREGATES

- Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler

shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the
nature and condition of the materials which they actually
represent.

- Sampling of potential soils and soil aggregates sources and the

types, occupies a very important place in determining the
availability and suitability of the largest single constituent entering
into the construction.

- It influences the type of construction from the stand point of

economics and governs the necessary material control to ensure
durability of the resulting structure.
In soil sampling the following should be observed:

1. Use new clean containers to avoid contamination.

2. Seal filled containers with clean, dry, and tight fitting aids

3. Label container clearly and properly

 If samples are not truly representative, both sampling and

testing are complete waste of time as the test results will be of
no value. Laboratory testing involves much time and great
expense, therefore, considerable care and judgment must be
exercised in sampling.
TYPES OF SOIL MATERIALS & METHOD OF SAMPLING
1. Undisturbed Soils
- are those obtained from the field with minimum disturbance
by using drilling equipment that provides clean hole before
insertion of thin walled tubes that is both the natural density
and moisture content are preserved as much as practicable.

- soil samples are obtained for investigation to determined the

properties of the materials necessary for the design analysis
of a structure.

Tests on Undisturbed Soils

a. Density e. Shear test

b. Permeability f. Hydrometer analysis

c. Consolidation g. Specific gravity

d. Tri - axial
2. Disturbed Soils

- are those obtained from the field thru manual sampling on the point of
sources and or at stockpiles for investigation purposes and
construction materials for use in the road and other structures.

Tests on Disturbed Soils

a. Wash and Grading Tests

b. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Tests

c. Moisture – Density Relation Test

d. Abrasion and Field density Tests

e. California Bearing Ratio ( CBR ) Test

 Sampling from the Stockpiles

- Design a sampling plan when a sample is to be obtain from the

stockpile of delivered soil aggregate material. The sampling plan shall
define the number of samples necessary to represent lots and sub
lots of specific sizes.

- Sampling of soil aggregates in a big stockpile shall be done by taking

sample from the bottom, middle and top of the stockpile.
 Sampling from a Roadway

- Sample units shall be selected by a random method from the construction

site. Obtain at least three (3) approximately equal increments, selected at
random from the unit being sampled, and combined to form a field sample
whose equal or exceeds the minimum recommended size of samples.

- Take all the increments from the roadway for the full depth of the material,
taking care to exclude the underlying material.
Sampling from a Roadway
REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE

• METHOD A - MECHANICAL SPLITTER

Mechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for coarse

aggregate having the largest particle not over 37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.). For fine
aggregate, a splitter having chutes 13 mm (1/2 in.) wide will be satisfactory
when the entire sample will pass a 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) Sieve.

Mechanical Splitter
Mechanical Splitter
• METHOD B - QUARTERING
Apparatus:
1. Straightedge scoop,
2. Shovel or trowel
3. Broom or brush
Shovel Straightedge scoop
& broom brush

Flattening Dividing

Quartered Sample
Requirements for Submission of Soils and Soil Aggregates

Material / Tests Minimum Testing Minimum Quantity

Required Requirements of Sample
Soil & Soil Q- 1 (s) per 1500
Aggregates cu.m.

a. Classification 20 kg.

b. Routinary 50 kg.

c. Compaction &
CBR 50 kg.
 TESTS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
SOILS AND SOIL AGGREGATES ( ITEM NOS. 102, 200, 201,
202 & 300
I. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

Significance:

Moisture content is the ratio of the weight / mass of water in the soil to
the weight /mass of water in the dry soil after it has been dried to a
constant weight / mass at a temperature of 110 deg. Centigrade.

Size of sample ranges from 25g – 1000g depending on the maximum

grain size of soil material which is subjected to test.
 Balance

moisture can balance

laboratory oven
II. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS

Significance :

Grain size distribution is widely used in the classification and

identification of soils. It is an important criteria in the classification
of highway subgrade materials. It is also related to permeability and
capillarity of cohesionless soils.

Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size

distribution in soils by sieve, hydrometer, or a combined analysis.
The method which should be used depends on the size of the soil.
Particle Size Analysis of Soil
 DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT
Significance:

The liquid limit gives a certain measure of the shearing resistance of a soil
when mixed with water.
It is a measure of the potential cohesion which in turn depend upon the
Total size of the contact areas, or the fineness and shape of the grains.

Required Soil Sample: Material passing 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve

weighing 100 g
Required no. of determinations
Ranges of blows : Four (4) determinations & from 15 to 35
blows
Required amount of water to
be added during mixing : One (1) to three (3) ml increments

Balance Apparatus required for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g

Liquid Limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to
25 blows
Divide in two segments

Liquid Limit Test

DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX
Significance :
The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to control the
characteristics of soil which are to be incorporated in roadways.

The Plastic Limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the
soil can be readily molded without breaking or crumbling.

Plasticity Index indicates compressibility of a soil and also related to

permeability; the higher the P.I. The lower the permeability;
and vice-versa
Required Soil Sample: Material passing 0.425 mm ( No. 40 ) sieve
weighing 20 g

Required Balance Apparatus for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g

Plastic Limit is expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the

oven-dried weight / mass of the crumbled soil thread.
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit
Plastic Limit Test
COMPACTION TEST / MOISTURE RELATION TEST OF SOIL

Significance:

Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition

of water as lubricant. It results in reduction of pore spaces and increase
density by rearrangement of particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes
more stable and impermeable which are desirable characteristics of
foundation.

The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of utmost

significance. A properly compacted fill will not settle very much even after
the loads are imposed.

Compaction also makes the fill impervious, thus it reduces the detrimental
effects of infiltrating surface water. Maximum stability is attained by
compaction.
Standard Methods Use for Determining the Moisture Density
Relation of Soil
AASHTO T 99 Method C AASHTO T 180 Method D

Soil Material Passing 19.0 mm ( ¾ in. ) Passing 19.0 mm ( ¾ in. )

Size of Mold 102 mm ( 4 in. ) 152 mm ( 6 in. )

Volume of Mold 0.000943 m3 0.002125 m3

Rammer 2.5 kg. ( 5.5 lb. ) 4.54 kg. ( 10.0 lb. )

Height of Drop 305 mm ( 12 in. ) 457 mm ( 18 in. )

No. of Layers in Molding 3 layers 5 layers

No. of Blows per Layers 25 blows 56 blows

Temperature of Test Sample 60 deg. Cent.,ma . 60 deg. Cent., max.

 The purpose of the laboratory compaction test is to determine
the right amount of mixing water in compacting a soil fill, in order
to obtain the maximum density under the applied energy. It also
serves as reference in checking in-place densities of fills under
construction.

 In the test, the soil is compacted at a number of moisture contents

ranging from slightly dry to wet, by a specified amount of energy
applied in a specified manner. The dry density and moisture content
are determined, then plot is made of dry densities against the
corresponding moisture contents and a smooth curve is drawn
through the points.

 The highest point on the curve indicates the Maximum Dry Density
( MDD ) and the corresponding moisture content is called Optimum
Moisture Content ( OMC ).
Max.
Density
Higher/Lower
Compactive Effort

Optimum
Moisture
Content

MOISTURE CONTENT

Soil Compaction Curve

COMPACTION TEST / MOISTURE RELATION TEST OF SOIL
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN – PLACE BY THE
SAND - CONE METHOD ( FDT )
Significance:

 Field density test is widely used as a control test to ensure adequate

compaction of in-placed embankment, subbase, base and gravel surface
courses in a road construction.
 The test is conducted in every fill and compacted layer of soil and the
results is used in the acceptance and determination of “pay quantity”
of in-placed materials
 Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit volume. It is a very
significant engineering property of soils as strength is dependent upon
density.
Required Size of Sand for Use
in Density Apparatus : Passing 2.0 mm ( No. 10 ) sieve and
Retained on 0.075 mm ( No. 200 ) sieve

Required Balance Apparatus for use : Sensitive to 0.1 g with 10 kg.

capacity
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN – PLACE BY THE
SAND - CONE METHOD ( FDT )
 ABRASION TEST
Significance:
Abrasion test evaluates the structural strength of granular aggregates
on soil. It gives an indication of quality as determined by resistance
to impact and wear.
The test also determines the hardness property of course aggregates.
Hard aggregates gives low crushing value; the lower the value of percent
wear on aggregates shows a hard/good quality of soil aggregate materials.

Percentage of wear is express the difference between the original

weight of material coarser than 1.70 mm sieve as a percentage of the
original weight of test sample.
Test Sample : Aggregates shall be dried to a constant weight / mass at
110 deg. centigrade plus-minus 5 deg. centigrade
A total weight / mass of 5,000 grams are required for all
four (4) Grading Test Sample
Abrasive Charge : consist of cast-iron spheres or steel spheres
approximately 46.8 mm in diameter and each weighing
between 390 and
Grading and Weight of Test Sample for Abrasion Test

Sieve SIze Grading & Weight of Test Sample, g

Passing Retained A B C D

37.5 mm 25 mm 1250+25 - - -
25 mm 19 mm 1250+25 - - -
19 mm 12.5 mm 1250+10 2500+10 - -
12.5 mm 9.5 mm 1250+10 2500+10 - -
9.5 mm 6.3 mm - - 2500+10 -
6.3 mm 4.75 mm - - 2500+10 -

4.75 mm 2.36 mm - - - 5000+10

Number of Spheres 12 11 8 6

Weight of Charge, g 5000+25 4584+25 3330+20 2500+10

Abrasion Test
 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST ( CBR )
Significance:
The most common method of assessing strength and stiffness of both
subgrade and pavement materials.

The test involves measuring the resistance of soil to penetration by a

cylindrical piston, expressed as a percentage fraction of a standard
resistance which was originally measured in tests on a good quality
crushed rock.
The CBR depends not only on the nature of the material but to a large
extent on its moisture content and its state of compaction.

Loading Device : compression type apparatus capable of applying a

uniformly increasing load up to 44.5 N at a rate of
1.3 mm per min.
Test Sample : Soil sample weighing approximately 11 kgs. with
material passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on
the 4.75 mm sieve
 No. of Specimens to be Compacted : Three (3) specimens molded in a
cylindrical mold of 152.4 mm dia. with 10, 30,and
60 blows per layer for compacting specimens 1,2,
and 3, respectively.

Soaking Time of Molded Specimens : 96 hours ( 4 ) days

Rate of Loading required during Penetration Test : 1.3 mm per minute

CBR is generally selected at 2.54 mm penetration. If the ratio at 5.08 mm

penetration is greater, the test result shall be rerun. If the check test gives a
similar result, the ratio at 5.08 mm penetration shall be used.

The CBR Value of the soil material shall be obtained at the maximum dry
density ( MDD ) as determined by AASTHO T 180, Method D.
SOAKING TIME
96 hours ( 4 days )

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST ( CBR )

ITEM 310 - BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT LAID
 ITEM 310 - BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE
COURSE, HOT LAID
 This is Item shall consist of constructing a bituminous concrete surface
course composed of aggregates, mineral filler, and bituminous materials
mixed in a central plant , constructed and laid hot on the prepared base.
Materials Requirements :
Composition and Quality of Bituminous Mixture
( Job Mix Formula )

• Each job-mix formula shall propose definite single values for :

1. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve size

2. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.
3. The temperature of the mixture delivered on the road

4. The kind and percentage of additive to be used

5. The kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used
 Standard Tolerances for the Job - Mix Formula

Passing No. 4 and larger sieves + 7 percent

Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieves ( inclusive ) + 4 percent

Passing No. 200 sieve + 2 percent

Bituminous Material + 0.4 percent

Temperature of Mixture + 10 deg. Centigrade

 The mixture shall have a minimum compressive strength of 1.4 Mpa

( 200 psi )

 The mixture shall have a mass percent air voids with the range of 3 to 5

 The mixture shall also have an index of Retain Strength of not less than
70 when tested by AASTHO T 165

 The proportion of bituminous material, on the basis of total dry aggregate

shall be from 5.0 to 8.0 mass percent

 Hydrated lime shall be added to the mixture during the mixing operation
in the amount of one-half to one ( 0.5 to 1.0 ) mass percent by dry
aggregate basis.
Minimum Testing Requirement:

A. Aggregates

Tests:

For every 75 m3 / 200 t or fraction thereof:

1 – G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests

For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof :
1 – Q, Quality Test for: ( Grading, Plasticity,
Abrasion, Stripping and Bulk Specific Gravity )
1 – F, Fractured Face
B. Bituminous Materials
Quantity: 5.0 to 8.0 mass % of total aggregate
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for each 40 T or fraction
thereof
C. Mix

Tests: For every 75 m3 / 130 T or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

1 – Ext., Extraction

1 – Sty., Stability

1 – C, Laboratory Compaction

D. Hydrated Lime

Tests: For every 100 t or fraction thereof:

1 – Q, Quality Test
E. Mineral Filler

Tests: For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests

( LL, PL, PI )

F. Compacted Pavement

Tests: For each full day’s operation:

D & T ( Density and Thickness Tests ) - at least one (1)

but not more than three (3) samples shall be taken for
each full day’s operation. Samples shall be neatly cut by
saw or core drill with at least 150 mm x 150 mm or 100 mm
diameter full depth.
 Acceptance, Sampling and Testing

 Samples shall be cut at full depth of the finished pavement for testing
by sawing or core drilling. Sawed and cored samples shall be squared
at least 150 mm x 150 mm or cored at 100 mm diameter, respectively.

 At least one, but not more than three (3) samples shall be taken for each
full day’s operation.

 If no core samples were taken during the day’s operation, core samples
shall be taken from the completed pavement for every 100 lm. per lane.
No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt
pavement unless core test for thickness density determination is
conducted.
 The compacted pavement shall have a density equal to, or greater than 97
mass percent of the density of a laboratory specimen. The asphalt
pavement represented by the cores shall not accepted if the deficiency in
density is more than 2 %.

 The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerances of (-) 5 mm.

Thickness in excess of the specified thickness shall not be considered in
the payment of asphalt pavement.

 The asphalt pavement represented by the individual core shall not be

accepted if the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm.
Averaging of the density and thickness of asphalt cores is not permitted.

 If the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm, additional layer
may be permitted in order to meet the designed thickness, however, the
minimum additional asphalt overlay thickness should be dependent on the
minimum capacity of asphalt paver but it should not be less than 50 mm
( 2 inches ).
 TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURES

I. DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN

FROM BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES

II. IMMERSION – COMPRESSION TEST ( COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH )

III. DETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED

BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN
FROM BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES

Significance:

The test can be used for quantitative determination of bitumen in hot-paving

mixtures and pavement samples for specification acceptance, service
evaluation, control and research.

Main Apparatus : Extraction Apparatus – an apparatus in which the bowl

may be revolved at controlled variable speeds up to
3600 rpm.

Test Sample : 850 grams to 1000 grams of bituminous mix

 CENTIFUGE EXTRACTOR APPARATUS
Used for extraction of bitumen content on bituminous mixture
IMMERSION – COMPRESSION TEST ( COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH )

Significance :
The compressive strength of specimens prepared and tested by this test
along with the density and voids properties are used for laboratory mix
design of bituminous mixtures.
The test also may contribute to the overall mixture characterization and also
one factor in determining the suitability of the mixture for use under given
loading conditions.
Test Sample : weigh at least 2000 grams to 2060 grams of sample
Molding temperature of Sample :
 124 plus-minus 3 deg. centigrade for hot mixtures containing asphalt
 104 plus-minus 3 deg. Centigrade for mixtures containing road tar

Required Loading for Compressing the Specimen :

Initial Load : 1.0 Mpa ( 150 psi )

Entire Molding Load : 20.7 Mpa ( 3000 psi ) applied for 120 seconds
 Period of Curing of Specimens after Compression :
Specimens shall be oven cured 24 hours at 60 deg. Centigrade

Standard Rate of Loading of Testing Machine during Compression :

A uniform rate of vertical deformations of 1.3 mm ( 0.05 in. )
per minute per 25 mm ( 1 in. ) of height.

For a specimens with 100 mm ( 4 in. ) in height, use a rate of

5.1 mm per minute ( 0.2 in / min. )

Calculation :

Maximum vertical load during deformation

Compressive Strength = _______________________________________
Original cross-sectional area of the test specimen

 Not less than three (3) specimens shall be prepared for each asphalt
increment and the average of the three shall be reported as the
compressive strength.
IMMERSION – COMPRESSION TEST ( COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH )
 DETERMINATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
COMPACTED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Significance :

Bulk Specific Gravity of the compacted bituminous mixture is determine

either from the laboratory-molded specimens or from bituminous pavement
by core drilled specimens.

The test may be used in calculating the unit weight of the bituminous
mixture and as basis for payment for the density specifications of the
completed asphalt pavement.
Test Specimens :
• The diameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or the lengths
of the sides of sawed specimens, be at least equal to four times the
maximum size of aggregate.

• The thickness of specimens be at least one and one-half times the

maximum size of aggregate
Hot Bituminous Mixture

Asphalt Core Samples

ITEM 311 - PORTLAND CEMENT C0NCRETE PAVEMENT

This item consist of pavement of Portland Cement Concrete, with or without

reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with
specification and in conformity with lines and grades, thickness and
typical cross-section of the plans.

Materials Requirements:
1. Portland Cement
Only Type I Portland Cement shall be used unless otherwise provided for
in the Special Provisions.

Different brands or the same brands from different mills shall not be mixed
nor shall they be used alternately unless the mix is approved by the
Engineer.

The use of Portland Pozzolan Cement Type IP meeting the requirements

of AASTHO M 240 / ASTM C 695 shall be allowed, provided that the trial
mixes shall be done and that the mixes meet the concrete strength requirements.
Minimum Testing Requirement:

Cement

Tests : For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof:

1 – Q, Quality Test

Sampling: 10 kilograms or 1 bag of cement to be

taken on delivered 2000 bags of
cement in the project site
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works And Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Re port No. : 8-77-06

14 Augus t 2006
Date
TEST REPORT ON PORTLAND CEMENT

Proje ct : Const.of Water Supply/Spring development @Taysan Bats./San Jose Bats.

: and Brgy. Talisay, Lipa City
Sample ide ntification : Q-405-01
Quantity re pre s e nte d : 2000 bags
Sample d at : Jobsite
M anufacture d by : Fortune Cement Corp.
B rand : Fortune Portland Cement
Supplie d by : Nermar Lumber and Hardware Corp.
Spe c's Ite m No. : ASTM C-150
Sample d by : P.B.Suarez-Prec.Inst.Tech.II Bats.4th DEO 7-07-06
: (Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date )
Submitte d by : B.B.Villanueva-Engr.II -do- 7-07-06
: (Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date re ce ive d)
Lab. No. : 1976-06 (Paid under OR # 2596013)
TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS
M agne s ium Oxide (M gO), % 6.0 Max. 1.66
Sulfur Trioxide (SO 3), % 3.0 Max. 2.37
Los s on Ignition, % 3.0 Max. 3.50*
Ins oluble Re s idue , % 0.75 Max. 0.90*
Air Conte nt of M ortar, % 12.0 Max. -
Fine ne s s : Amount Pas s ing
No. 0.075 mm Sie ve , % - 98
Autoclave Expans ion, % 0.8 Max. 0.03
Time of Se tting : Gilmore Te s t
Initial s e t, min. 60 Min. 134
Final s e t, min. 600 Max. 254
Compre s s ive Stre ngth, Avg. mortar
cube s , M pa:
3 days 12.0 Min. 20.5
7 days 19.0 Min. 21.7
28 days 28.0 Min. -
Spe cific Gravity - 3.12
Strength of mortar samples tested at 3 days and 7 days can be considered for acceptance,
provided that the strength of sample at 7 days is not less than 23.46 MPA w/c is 85%
of the compressive strength requirement for 28 days (27.6 MPA) D.O. No.57
REMARKS: * Sample fails to meet Loss on Ignition & Insoluble residue requirement.
2. Fine Aggregate
• material passing the 0.075 mm ( No. 200 sieve ) shall not contain
more than (3) mass percent by washing nor more than (1) mass
percent each of clay lumps or shale.

• when subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness

test, the weighted loss, shall not exceed 10 mass percent

• if subjected to the calorimetric test for organic impurities and a color

darker than the standard is produced, it shall be rejected.

* when tested for the effect of organic impurities of strength of mortar,

the fine aggregate may be used if the relative strength at 7 and 28
days is not less than 95 mass percent
 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) 100

4.75 mm ( No. 4 ) 95 - 100

2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) -

1.18 mm ( No. 16 ) 45 - 80

0.600 mm ( No. 30 ) -

0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30

0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10

3. Coarse Aggregate

• contain not more than one (1) mass percent of material passing the 0.074
mm ( No. 200 sieve ) by washing nor more than 0.25 mass percent of clay
lumps, nor more than 3.5 mass percent of soft fragments.

• if subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the
weighted loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent.

• shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40 when tested to Los
Abrasion machine.
 Grading Requirement For Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading

mm U.S. Std. A B C

75 3 in. 100 - -

63 2 – ½ in. 90 – 100 100 100

50 2 in. - 90 – 100 95 - 100

37. 5 1 – ½ in. 25 – 60 35 – 70 -
25 1 in. - 0 – 15 35 – 70
19 ¾ in. 0 – 10 - -

12.5 ½ in. 0–5 0–5 10 – 30

4.75 No. 4 - - 0–5

Minimum Testing Requirement:
Fine Aggregates
For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:

For a source not yet tested, or failed in previous quality test:

1 – Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation ( Wash ) Bulk

Specific Gravity, Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness,
Organic Content, Unit Weight, % Clay Lumps and Shale.

For a source previously tested and passed quality test:

1 – Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific

Gravity, Absorption and Mortar Test
Course Aggregate
For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:

For a source previously tested and passed quality tests:

1 – Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity,

Absorption, Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight

For a source previously tested and passed quality test:

1 – Q, Quality Test for : Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity,

Absorption and Abrasion
Sampling from the Stockpiles
 Design a sampling plan when a sample is to be obtain from the
stockpile of delivered soil aggregate material. The sampling plan
shall define the number of samples necessary to represent lots
and sub lots of specific sizes.
 Sampling of soil aggregates in a big stockpile shall be done by
taking sample from the bottom, middle and top of the stockpile.

.Concrete Aggregates

Sample Required for a Quality Test

Coarse Aggregates _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 kgs.

Fine Aggregates _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 kgs.

Sampling from a Stockpile
4. Reinforcing Steel

• tie bars shall be deformed bars that are to bent and re-straightened
during construction and shall conform to the requirements of AASTHO M 31
or M42, Grade 280 (40)

• dowel bars shall be plain round bars where one-half of the length shall
be painted with one coat of approved lead or tar paint and shall conform to
the requirements of AASTHO M 31 or M42, Grade 280 (40)

• sleeves for dowel bars shall be metal of approved design to cover

50 mm ( 2 inches ) of the dowel with a closed end, and with suitable
stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least 25 mm (1 inch ) from the end
of the dowel.
 AASHTO M 31 ( 2003 )
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEFORMED AND PLAIN STEEL BARS
FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS:

GRADE Tensile Strenght , MPa, min. Yield Stenght , Mpa, min.

280 ( 40 ) 420 280

420 ( 60 ) 620 420
520 ( 75 ) 690 520

ELONGATION REQUREMENTS:

BAR DESIGNATION No. / mm GRADE 280 ( 40 ) GRADE 420 (60 ) GRADE 520 (75)
No. 3 ( 10 ) 11 9 -

No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 ) 12 9 -
No. 6 ( 19 ) 12 9 7

No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 ) - 8 7
No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 ) - 7 6
No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 ) - 7 6
 Bending Requirement No cracking on outside bent

Variation in Mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass

Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 10,000 kgs. or fraction thereof for each size

1 – Q, Quality Test, (Yield, Tensile Strength, Elongation, Mass

Variation and Phosphorous Content)

Sample Required for a Quality Test : 1 meter long taken at the

job site representing delivered 10,000 kgs.
5. Water
• when used in mixing , curing or other designated application
it shall be reasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali,
grass or other substances injurious to the finished product.

• water which is drinkable and known of potable quality may

be used without test.

• water will be tested in accordance with and shall meet the

requirements of Item 714, Water.
6. Joint Fillers
• poured joint fillers shall be mixed asphalt or rubber filler conforming
to the requirements of AASTHO M 173.

• preformed fillers for joints shall conform to the requirements of

AASTHO M 33 ( ASTM D 994 ), AASTHO M 153, AASTHO M 213,
AASTHO M 220, as specified in the plans and shall be furnished in a
single piece for the depth and width required for the joint.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

Poured Joint Filler

Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test on each type of ingredient for

each shipment

Sample Required for a Quality Test :

Joint Filler ( Pre-mold ) : For every shipment 1 ( 400 mm x 400 mm )

Poured joint fillers : For every 200 drums - submit 5 liters
7. Concrete
Strength Requirements :
• flexural strength @ 14 days of 3.8 Mpa ( 550 psi ), when
tested by the third point method or 4.5 Mpa ( 650 psi ), when
tested by mid-point method

• compressive strength of 24.1 Mpa ( 3500 psi ) for cores taken

and tested in accordance with AASTHO T 24

Sampling of Fresh Concrete

Sampling of fresh concrete in obtaining a representative sample
for determination and verification of the desired properties shall
needs the use of every precaution that will assist in obtaining
samples that are truly representative of the nature and condition
of the batched concrete mixture.
Poor sampling procedures employed in obtaining the representative
samples will greatly affect the result of tests on various properties of
the concrete and will lead to the rejection of the batched mix which is
costly and waste of time.

Required Elapsed Time Between Obtaining the 1st & Final

portions of the Composite Samples : 15 minutes, maximum

Required Time for Slump and Air Content Tests : Start tests within
5 min. after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.
Required Time for Molding Specimens for Strength Tests : Start
molding within 15 min. after fabricating the composite sample.

Size of Sample for Strength Tests : 28 liters ( 1 cu. ft. ), min.

Sampling from Stationary Mixers

Sample the concrete at two or more regularly spaced intervals

during discharged of middle portion of the batch. Do not obtain
samples from the very first or last portion of the batch discharge.
TESTS ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIX
I. DETERMINATION OF SLUMP OF PORTLAND CEMENT
AND CONCRETE
Significance :
This test determines the workability of fresh concrete mix during pouring
of the structure. It also has a relation to the water-cement ratio that affect
the designed strength of concrete.

Standard Size of Slump Mold : In the form of lateral surface of the

frustum of a cone with a base measuring 203 mm ( 8 in. )
in diameter, the top with 102 mm ( 4 in. ) in diameter and
height of 305 mm ( 12 in. )

Molding of Specimen : Fill the mold in three (3) layers, each layers
approximately one third the volume of the mold and rod
with 25 strokes by using 16 mm dia. tamping rod.

Calculation :
Slump = 305 mm - millimeter of height after subsidence

Record the slump in terms of millimeters to the nearest 6 mm

( ¼ in. ) of subsidence of the specimen during the test.
Consistency of the mixture should be check frequently by Slump Test
Measurement of Concrete Slump
II. MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE FLEXURAL TESTS
SPECIMENS

Significance :

This method provides standard requirements for making, curing,

protecting and transporting concrete test specimens under field
conditions.
Standard Size of Molds for Concrete Specimens :
Beam Molds : Rectangular in shape having 152 mm x 152 mm
x 533 mm ( 6 in. x 6 in. x 21 in. )

Molding of Concrete Specimens for Beam

No. of Layers No. of Strokes/Layer Diameter of Rod

Beam 2 equal one (1) for each 2 in.2 16 mm ( 5/8 in. )

( 13 cm2 ) top surface area
Molding of Concrete Specimens for Beam
 III. DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Significance :
The results of this test may be used as basis for quality control of concrete
proportioning, mixing and placing operations; determination of compliance
with specification.
Rate of Loading of Flexural Beam Tester :

Between 861 kPa and 1207 kPa ( 125 psi and 175 psi ) per minute
Calculation :
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the middle third of the
span length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula :
PL
R = ______
Bd 2
2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of
the span length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate
the modulus of rupture by the formula :

3 Pa
R = ________
Bd 2
3. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of cases 1 and 2,
discard the results of the test.

4. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third
of the span length by more than 5 percent of the span length, discard
the result of the test.

where: R = modulus of rupture, kPa, ( or psi )

P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine,
N ( or LBf )
L = span length, mm ( or in. )
a = average distance between line of fracture and the nearest
support on the tension surface of the beam, mm., ( or in. )
b = average width of specimen, mm, ( or in. )
d = average depth of specimen, mm, ( or in. )
DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
 Acceptance of Concrete

• the strength level of the concrete will be considered satisfactory

if the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive strength test
results equals or exceed the specified strength and no individual
strength test result is deficient by more than 15 % of the specified
strength.

• Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above criteria may

be rejected unless the contractor can provide evidence, by means of
core tests, that the quality of concrete represented by failed test is
acceptable in place.

• Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered

adequate if the average strength of the cores is equal to at least 85%
of and if no single core is less than 75% of the specified strength.
 CORE DRILLING ON COMPLETED ASPHALT AND CONCRETE
PAVEMENT AND TESTS ON DRILLED CORES

Significance :
Core drilling on the completed asphalt and concrete pavements is conducted
to determine the compliance of both pavement construction with design
specifications.

It is especially important in determining the in-place thickness, the strength

and density of the completed structures whichever is desired as basis for the
acceptance and payment of the completed works.

Requirements for Obtaining of Cores in the Completed Pavement

Asphalt Pavement Concrete Pavement

Thickness determination One-core for every Five-cores for every

100 lm / lane km /lane

Diameter of core, mm 100 mm ( 4 in. ) 100 mm ( 4 in. )

 Asphalt Pavement Concrete Pavement

Strength Determination - three-cores representing area

of concrete with strength
deficiency in control specimens

Diameter of core - 150 mm ( 6 in. )

Density of Compacted one-core per -

Pavement 100 lm / lane

No. of measurement for

determining the average four ( 4 ) nine (9)
thickness of core
 1

8 2

3
7
9

6 4

MEASUREMENT OF DRILLED CONCRETE CORE FOR THICKNESS

DETERMINATION
 CORING FOR STRENGTH DETERMINATION

OBTAINING OF CORE SPECIMENS:

When the strength test results of concrete beam or
cylinder samples are not acceptable, at least three
representative core shall be taken from each member or area of
concrete in-place considered deficient.

EVALUATION OF CORE SAMPLES:

Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be
considered adequate if the average strength of the cores is
equal to at least 85% of, and if no single core is less than 75%
of, the specified strength
ILLUSTRATION 1:
Three (3) cores taken from a pavement section poured on a single
day were tested for strength compliance. The results are:

Core ID Strength, Mpa (psi)

1 18.59 (2695)
2 21.49 (3115)
3 19.32 (2800)

EVALUATION:
The required strength is 24.1 Mpa (3500 psi)
a. The average strength of the three cores is 19.80 Mpa (2870
psi), which is less than 85% of the required strength.
b. Concrete in the area represented by the cores is considered
inadequate.
ILLUSTRATION 2:
Three (3) cores taken from another section were
tested for strength determination. The results are:

Core ID Strength, Mpa (psi)

1 23.32 (3378)
2 15.94 (2310
3 24.79 (3593)

EVALUATION:
a. The required strength is 24.1 Mpa (3500 psi)
b. The strength of Core No. 2 is less than 75% of
the required strength.
c. Concrete in the area represented by the cores is
considered inadequate.
 ITEM DESCRIPTION:

• This item shall consist of furnishing, placing and finishing

concrete in all structures except pavements in accordance with
this Specification and conforming to the lines, grades and
dimensions shown on the plans.
• Concrete shall consist of a mixture of portland cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture, when specified and
water in proportions specified or approved by the Engineer.
Materials Requirements:
1. Portland Cement
- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Minimum Testing and Sampling Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

2. Fine Aggregate
Materials Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Minimum Testing and Sampling Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

3. Coarse Aggregate
Materials Requirements:
- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
except on Grading Requirements (See Table)

Minimum Testing and Sampling Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Class
Standard Alternative Class A Class B Class C Class P
Seal
63.0 2 – 1/2 in - 100
50.0 2 in 100 95 - 100
37.5 1-1/2 in 95–100 - 100
25.0 1 in - 35-70 100 95-100
19.0 34 in 35-70 - 100 95 - 100 -
12.5 1/2 in - 10-30 90-100 - 25-60
9.5 3/8 in 10-30 - 40-70 20-55 -
4.75 No. 4 0-5 0-5 0-15 0-10 0-10
Reinforcing Steel
• it shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 31
(ASTM A 615) – Deformed Billet – Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement

• bar reinforcement for concrete structures, except No. 2 bars

shall be deformed in accordance with AASTHO M 42, M 31 and
M 53 for Nos. 3 through 11.

• specification requires the use of structural or intermediate

grades of steel with suitable chemical composition, tensile and
bending properties.
 AASHTO M 31 ( 2003 )
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEFORMED AND PLAIN STEEL BARS
FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS:

GRADE Tensile Strenght , MPa, min. Yield Stenght , Mpa, min.

280 ( 40 ) 420 280

420 ( 60 ) 620 420
520 ( 75 ) 690 520

ELONGATION REQUREMENTS:

BAR DESIGNATION No. / mm GRADE 280 ( 40 ) GRADE 420 (60 ) GRADE 520 (75)
No. 3 ( 10 ) 11 9 -

No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 ) 12 9 -
No. 6 ( 19 ) 12 9 7

No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 ) - 8 7
No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 ) - 7 6
No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 ) - 7 6
 Bending Requirement No cracking on outside bent

Variation in Mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass

Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

For every 10,000 kgs. or fraction thereof for each size

1 – Q, Quality Test, (Yield, Tensile Strength, Elongation, Mass

Variation and Phosphorous Content)

Sample Required for a Quality Test : 1 meter long taken at the

job site representing delivered 10,000 kgs.
5. Water
Materials Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Minimum Testing and Sampling Requirements:

- Same as in Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

6. Concrete
- Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction, at a central point
of by a combination of central point and truck mixing or by a
combination of central point and truck agitating.

- consistency of the mixture shall be checked frequently by means of

the slump test.
 Classes and Uses of Structural Concrete

Class A - All superstructures and heavily reinforced substructures

such as slabs, beams, girders, columns, arch ribs, box
culverts, reinforced abutments, retaining walls and
reinforced footings.

Class B - Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding, and

gravity walls, unreinforced or with only a small reinforcement

Class C - Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C. piles and

cribbing and for filler grid floors.

Class P - Prestressed concrete structures and members

Seal - Concrete deposited in water

 Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in
Structures
Min. Compressive
Designated Strength of Concrete
Min. Cement Max. Consistency
Class of Size of Coarse Cylinder Specimens @
Content per m3 Water/Cement Range in Slump Aggregate
Concrete
kg (bag**) Ratio kg/kg Mm (inch) 28 days
Std. Mm (inch)
MN/m2 (psi)
A 360 0.53 50 – 100 37.5 – 4.75 20.7
(9 bags) (2 – 4) (1-1/2 – No. 4) (3,000)
B 320 0.58 50 – 100 5.0 – 4.75 16.5
(8 bags) (2 – 4) (2” – No. 4) (2,400)
C 380 0.55 50 – 100 12.5 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (2 – 4) (1/2” – No. 4*) (3,000)
P 440 0.49 100 max 19.0 – 4.75 37.7
(11 bags) (4 max.) (3/4” – No. 4*) (5,000)
Seal 380 0.58 100 – 200 25 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (4 – 8) (1” – No. 4*) (3,000)

* The measured cement content shall be within plus or minus and mass
percent of the design cement content
** Based of 40 kg/bag
Sampling and testing of Structural Concrete

• As work progresses, at least one (1) sample consisting of

three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens; 150 mm x 300
mm (6 x 12 inches), shall be taken from each 75 cubic
meters of each class of concrete or fraction thereof placed
each day.
• the cylinder shall be prepared, cured and tested at the
specified date.
 MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE TESTS
SPECIMENS

Significance :
This method provides standard requirements for making, curing, protecting
and transporting concrete test specimens under field conditions.

Standard Size of Molds for Concrete Specimens :

Cylinder Molds : Right Circular Cylinder in shape having 152 mm ( 6 in. )

in diameter and 305 mm ( 12 in. ) in height

Molding of Concrete Specimens for Cylinder and Beam

No. of Layers No. of Strokes/Layer Diameter of Rod

Cylinder 3 equal 25 16 mm ( 5/8 in. )

Molding of Concrete Specimens for Cylinder
 IV. DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS

Significance :

The results of this test may be used as basis for quality control of concrete
proportioning, mixing and placing operations; determination of compliance
with specification.

Rate of Loading of Compression Machine : At a constant rate within the

range of 0.14 to 0.34 Mpa per second ( 20 to 50 psi
per second ).

Calculation :

Calculate the Compressive Strength of the specimen by dividing the

maximum load carried by the specimen during the test by the average
cross-sectional area and express the result to the nearest 69 kPa (10 psi ).
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS
 Acceptance of Structural Concrete

• the strength level of the concrete will be considered

satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three (3)
consecutive strength test results equals or exceed the
specified strength and no individual strength test result
is deficient by more than 15 % of the specified strength.
GROUTED RIPRAP
Item 505 - RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP
 A structure which is built of stone only or stone, cement, fine aggregates
and water, with or without filter backing which is commonly used in slope
protection works, drainage canals and other places as called for in the
plans, and constructed on the prepared foundation bed in accordance with
the lines and grades, sections and dimensions shown on the plans.

Materials Requirements

Stones – consists of rock as nearly rectangular in section as is

practical, except that riprap of Class A may consist of round
natural stones. The stones shall be sound, tough, durable,
dense, resistant to the action of air and water, and suitable
in all respects for the purpose intended.

- Sound pieces of concrete obtained from the removal of

bridges, culverts and other structures may be substituted
for stone with the approval of the Engineer.
Classes of Stones Intended for Riprap

Class A - Stones ranging from a minimum of 15 kg to a maximum of

25 kg., with at least 50 percent of the stones weighing more
than 20 kg.

Class B - Stones ranging from a minimum of 30 kg to a maximum of

70 kg. with at least 50 percent of the stones weighing more
than 50 kg.

Class C - Stones ranging from a minimum of 60 kg to a maximum of

100 kg with at least 50 percent of the stones weighing more
than 80 kg.

Class D - Stones ranging from a minimum of 100 kg to a maximum of

200 kg with at least 50 percent of the stones weighing more
than 150 kg.
 Mortar

• shall consists of sand, cement and water conforming to the

requirements under Item 405 – Structural Concrete.

• shall be mixed in the proportion of one part cement to three parts

sand by volume and sufficient water to obtain the required
consistency

• Portland Cement Type I conforming to the requirements of

AASHTO M 85 (ASTM C 150) shall be used.

• Use of Portland Pozzolan Type IP meeting the requirements of

AASHTO M 240 (ASTM C 595) Specifications for Blended
Hydraulic Cement shall be allowed, provided that trial mix shall be
done and that the mixes meet the strength requirement.
• Fine aggregates shall conform to the requirements as specified in
Item 405, Structural Concrete and have the following grading
requirements:

Grading Requirements for Structural Concrete

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm ( 3/8 ) 100

4.75 mm ( No.4 ) 95 - 100

2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) -
1.18 mm ( No.16 ) 45 - 80

0.600 mm ( No. 30 ) -

0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30
0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10
Minimum Testing Requirement:
A. Cement

Tests : For every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof:

1 – Q, Quality Test

B. Fine Aggregates

Tests : For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test

C. Stone
Tests: Inspection Report

D. Water
Tests: 1 – Certificate from Project Engineer or
1 – Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable
STONE MASONRY
ITEM 506 - STONE MASONRY
 A structure which is built of stone, cement, fine aggregates and water,
with or without filter backing which is commonly used in minor structures,
in headwalls for culverts, in retaining walls at the toes of slopes, and at
other places as called for on the plans, and constructed on the prepared
foundation bed in accordance with the lines and grades, sections and
dimensions shown on the plans.

Materials Requirements

Stone - shall be clean, hard and durable and shall be subject to the Engineer’s
approval. Adobe stone shall not be used unless otherwise specified.

Sizes and Shapes - unless other sizes are shown on the plans, stones
have a thickness of not less than 150 mm, and
widths of not less than one and one-half times
their respective thickness and lengths of not less
than one and one half times their respective
widths.
Mortar - cement, fine aggregate and water shall conform to the respective
requirements for those materials as speciified under Item 405,
Structural Concrete, except as to the grading of fine aggregates

Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) 100
0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30
0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10

Mortar shall be composed of one part of Portland Cement and two parts of fine
aggregates by volume and sufficient water to make the mortar of such
consistency that it can be handled easily and spread with a trowel.
Minimum Testing Requirement:

A. Cement

Tests: Same as in Item 505

B. Fine Aggregates

Tests: Same as in Item 505

C. Stone

Tests: Same as in Item 505

D. Water

Tests: Same as in Item 505

ITEM 704 – MASONRY UNITS
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS ( CHB )
ASTM C-90 : LOAD BEARING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Strength Requirements:
Individual - 5.5 Mpa (800 psi) Minimum
Average - 6.9 Mpa (1000 psi) Minimum
Absorption - 240 kg/m3 Maximum

Moisture Content - 45% Maximum

ASTM C-129 : NON-LOAD BEARING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Strength Requirements:

Individual - 3.45 Mpa (500 psi) Minimum

Average - 4.14 Mpa (600 psi) Minimum
Absorption - -
Moisture Content - -
Minimum Testing Requirement:

Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 units or fraction

thereof ( Compression, Absorption and Dimension )

Samples for Testing:

Complete test (Quality test) _ _ _ _ _ _ six (6) pcs.

For Strength Test _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ three (3) pcs.

Moisture Content _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ three (3) pcs.

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Significance :
Compression test is performed on concrete masonry units such as
solid load, hollow load, and non-load bearing blocks in order to
determine its strength properties. The test is important for the
evaluation of compressive strength as a basis of acceptance.
Test Sample : 3 – full-size units taken from each lot of 10,000 units
or fraction thereof

Thickness of Steel Plates as Bearing Block : 12.7 mm; min.

Calculation :
Maximum Load, newtons ( or pound-force )
Compressive Strength = _________________________________________
Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2

Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2 = is the total area of a
section perpendicular to the direction of the load,
including areas within cells.

Report the results to the nearest 69 Kpa ( 10 psi ) separately for each
unit and as average for the three units.
Compression test of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
 DETERMINATION OF ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT
OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Significance
Absorption and moisture content tests of concrete masonry units are
performed so as to determine the actual percentage of water and the
absorption characteristic of the concrete when subjected in a saturated
condition. The values of this are necessary in the evaluation relative to
its permissible value of acceptance.

Apparatus
1. Oven with temperature control up to 115 ºC
2. Balance sensitive within 0.5 % of the weight

3. Container for saturating samples

Test Specimen

1. Three (3) full size units shall be used and taken from six (6) units
selected from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.
 Calculation

1. Calculate the absorption by the following formulas:

Absorption, kg / m3 = ( Wet Weight – Dry Weight ) x 100

( Wet Weight – Suspended Immerse Wt.)

Absorption, % = (Wet Weight – Dry Weight ) x 100

Dry Weight

2. Calculate the moisture content of the units at time of sampling, expressed

as percentage of the total absorption, by dividing the difference between
the average weight as sampled and the average dry weight by the difference
the average dry weight, multiplied by 100, or

Moisture Content, % = ( Weight as sampled – dry weight ) x 100

( Weight as sampled – dry weight )
Weighing and soaking of CHB specimen for Absorption test
Absorption test of Concrete Hollow
Block (CHB)
 BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Report No.:

(Date)
T REPORT ON CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
t :
Construction of 2 Storey RGR Type Sch. Bldg. At Dona Ma. Platon Laurel, Aya, Talisay, Bats.
f Unit :
Concrete Hollow Blocks (Non Load Bearing) 4" thick
ity represented :
10,000 pcs.
ed at :
Stockpile at jobsite
al source :
Allied
ed by :
REVERE Construction & Supply
ed use :
for walling
Item No. :
ASTM C-129 ( Non- Load Bearing )
ed by :
N. Magnaye Revere Cons't. & Supply 06-08-06
F. Opena,Lab. Tech. II DPWH-Bats. 3rd DEO 06-08-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
tted by : Ma. B. M. Marquez - do - 6-16-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date received)
o. : 1720- 06 ( Paid under OR No. 2595342 )
AM PLE I.D. TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS

DMP-9 Dimension Measurement, mm

Width
1 - 96
2 - 96
3 - 98
Length
1 - 400
2 - 408
3 - 410
Height
1 - 195
2 - 190
3 - 195
Compressive Strength, MN/m 2
Individual Unit
1 3.45 Min. 1.89
2 3.45 Min. 1.98
3 3.45 Min. 1.88

Average of three(3) units 4.14 Min. 1.92

Water Absorption,kg/m 3 (Avg. of 3 units) - 128
Moisture Content, %(Avg .of 3 units) - 19
ARKS : Sample fails to meets specification requirements.
Che cke d by:
e d by :

T. Urmaza
A. Emperador CLARITA C. FLORES
J. Tagalo Engine e r V
J. Bergonio ATTESTED:

e s s e d by :
 ITEM 712 - STRUCTURAL METAL
STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STRUCTURAL STEEL
ASTM A 36 M – 96

This specification covers carbon steel shapes, plates and bars of

structural quality for use in riveted, bolted, or welded construction
of bridges and buildings and for general structural purposes.

Strength Requirements:

Plates, Shapes and Bars

Tensile Strength : 400 – 550 Mpa

Yield Point : 250 Mpa, min. ( For plates over 8 in (200mm)

in thickness min. yield point of 220 Mpa is
required.

*For wide flange shapes over 634 kg/m, the 550 Mpa max. tensile strength
does not apply and a min. elongation of 19% in 50 mm gage length
applies.
Elongation Requirements:

Type of Material Elongation in 50 mm, Elongation in 200 mm,

min. % min. %
Plates and Bars 23 20

Shapes 21 20

• Elongation not required to be determined for floor plate

Minimum Testing Requirement:

1 – Q, Quality Test or Mill Certificate for each type of materials used

1 - Inspection Report for each type and shipment of metal used

 TEST ON METALLIC MATERIALS ( STRUCTURAL STEEL )

Metallic materials are subjected to different tests in order to obtain

quantitative measurements of their mechanical properties.
Tests and its Significance :
Tension Test : Provide information on the strength and ductility of
material and are useful in comparisons of materials,
quality control and design under certain circumstances.

Ductility Test : is evaluated by the tension test, by determination

of the percent elongation and sometimes the percent
reduction in area.
Hardness Test : is determined by measuring the resistance to indention
by the use of hardened steel ball or diamond conical
penetrator. Brinell Hardness and Rockwell Hardness
are the two tests commonly performed in determining
the hardness of metallic materials.

Impact Test : is to determined the resistance to failure due to brittleness

by a suddenly applied load. It is also a control test on all
metallic materials.
 Figure 1 Rectangular Tension Test Specimen

Figure 2 Standard 0.500 in. (12.5mm) Round Tension Test Specimen

w/2 in. (50mm) Gage Length
 Standard Specimen
Plate – Type Sheet – Type

mm mm

G 200 + 0.25 50 + 0.10

W 40 + 3 12.5 + 0.25

T Thickness of Material

R 13 13

L 450 200

A 225 60

B 75 50

C 50 20
 GALVANIZED ROOFING SHEETS

Minimum Testing Requirement:

1 Sample per 1,000 sheets delivered on site _ _ _ 1 sheet

Tests:

- Thickness (base metal)

- Zinc Coating ( Triple and Single Spot Tests)

- Coating Bend Test

 TEST ON GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS AND COILS (ZINC COATING)
Significance :
The test provides a standard method for determining the weight of coating
for comparison with specification requirements.
A coating of zinc on iron or steel materials provides protection against
corrosion.
Test Specimen : Cut from each sheet three specimens, one from the center
and the other two from diagonally opposite corners,
adjacent to and within the boundary formed by lines not
less than 50 mm from sides and 100 mm from ends.

Size of Specimen : 60 mm + 0.25 mm or

64.52 mm + 0.25 mm
Calculation :

C = (______________
M1 - M2 ) G K
where : C = mass of coating, g/m2 of sheet
M2 M1 = original mass of specimen, g
M2 = mass of stripped sheet, g
G = thickness of stripped sheet, mm
K = a constant equal to 7850 g/m2,mm
Specimens for Zinc Coating test of galvanized metal
PAINTS
 TESTS ON PAINTS

Paints is a mixture of a finely divided insoluble solid called the pigment

and a liquid portion called vehicle which dries upon exposure to air or
heat and forms a tough coating when spread in thin layer.

There are different types of paints differing from one another in

Composition and properties, namely : Exterior House Paints, Interior
Flat Paints, Metal Protective Paints, Traffic Paints, Roof Paints and
Chemical Resistant Paints.

Testing of paints are conducted in order to determine its physical and

chemical characteristics and to check whether the materials meet the
necessary conditions and requirements for which they are intended for.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS

1. Latex Paint - intended for use on concrete or other masonry surfaces loss

Gloss/Semi-Gloss Latex - paints that are made from emulsions of polymer

in water as binder with suitable pigment which has sheen, shine
or luster.

Flat Latex Paint - a paint made from emulsions of polymer in water as

binder with suitable pigment which is substantially free
from gloss ( lusterless finish ).

2. Enamel Paint - intended for use on wood surfaces, a special type

of paint made with varnish as the vehicle.

Gloss/Semi-Gloss Enamel - for interior use, a paint made from alkyd

resin as binder with suitable pigment which has sheen,
shine or luster.
Flat Wall Paint - intended for interior use, a paint made from alkyd
resin as binder with suitable pigment which is
substantially free from gloss.
3. Red Lead Oxide Paint - is metal primers, for exterior and interior use.
Use as a prime or shop coat of for maintenance coats
which are place on bridges, similar structural steel and other
ferrous metal surfaces.
Read Lead - a bright orange –red tetroxide used as primary constituents
of anti-corrosive primers for iron and steel.

Red Oxide - a pigment mainly of ferric oxide

4. Aluminum Paint - a paint primarily intended for use on steel structures.

5. Reflectorized Traffic Paint

- For zone marking, traffic lanes and parking spaces it should be

rapid drying, resistant to abrasion & weather conditions and should
possess improve visibility at night.

- Pavement marking materials that can be applied uniformly by means

of a standard application and when properly applied will
provide a retro-directive reflective marking for concrete & asphalt
highway surfaces.
 TESTS ON PAINTS
FOR LATEX, ENAMEL, RED LEAD, RED OXIDE AND ALUMINUM

I. Physical Tests:
1. Density/Specific Gravity ( ASTM D 1475 )

2. Drying Time ( ASTM D 1640 )

3. Total Solids ( Non – Volatile Matter ) - ( ASTM 1644/ ISO 1515 )

4. Extraction of Pigment ( ASTM D 2371 )
5. Course Particles ( ASTM D 185 ) , for Red Lead

II. Chemical Tests:

For White Paint - % Titanium Dioxide ( % TiO2 )

For Red Lead - % True Red Lead ( % Pb3O4 )

% Iron Oxide ( % Fe2O3 )
For Red Oxide - % Iron Oxide ( % Fe2O3 )
 THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC PAINT MATERIAL
Thermoplastic Traffic Paint Marking - a highly filled total solids highway
marking system that when heated to a molten state can be
extruded or sprayed onto a road surface and when cooled
forms a solid durable delineator.

Composition : The material is a homogeneous mixtures of resins, fillers,

pigments and reflective spheres. These materials are
combined by heating to obtain a product with the desired
properties suitable for traffic line striping.

Pigment - titanium dioxide (for white) and lead chromate colorants

(for yellow)
Binder (Resin/Fillers) - the organic components of thermoplastic
traffic marking as a unit.

Glass Spheres - the inorganic components of thermoplastic

traffic marking not including the pigments or glass
spheres, reflective spheres/reflective media
SPECIFICATIONS:
AASHTO M249 – Standard Specification for White and Yellow Reflective
Thermoplastic Striping Materials (Solid Form)

DPWH Standard Specifications 2004:

Item 612 – Reflective Thermoplastic Stripping Materials (Solid Form)

SAMPLING

A minimum weight of 10 kgs. of Reflectorized Thermoplastic

Material shall be taken for every 100 bags. or fraction thereof.

Minimum Testing Requirement:

1 – Q, One (1) 20-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof or

1 – Q, One (1) 4-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof