Chapter 9 - Heat and Temperature

ISU MODULE
Title of Module
MODULE 9: CHAPTER 9 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
I. Objectives
Upon completion of this module, the students will be able to:
• Define temperature and distinguish it from thermal energy.
• Discuss the principle involved in a mercury thermometer.
• Compare the different temperature scales and solve problems involving
temperature conversion.
• Define heat and solve problems involving measurement of heat.
• Define specific heat and solve some problems involving it.
• Explain how heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.
• Apply conservation of energy to heat transfers and calculate temperature
changes.
II. Learning Content
TOPIC 1: THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

1. The volume occupied by the individual particles of a gas is negligible compared to
the volume of the gas itself.
2. The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other or on their
surroundings.
3. Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move in straight lines
until they collide with another body.
4. The collisions exhibited by gas particles are completely elastic; when two molecules
collide, total kinetic energy is conserved.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute
temperature only; this implies that all molecular motion ceases if the temperature is
reduced to absolute zero.
TOPIC 2: TEMPERATURE
Thermal energy – is a form of kinetic energy characterized by randomness of motion at
atomic and molecular levels.
- It refers to the energy contained within a system that is responsible for temperature.
*Temperature and Heat - are related but they are not the same.
Temperature – is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body.

- It is the measure of kinetic energy of a body.
● However, hot and cold – are relative terms as people have varying levels of sensitivity
to temperature.
Thermometer – is any thermal sensor that measures temperature.

● Thermal sensor – is any material that has a thermometric property or that property
which changes with temperature.
● Calibrations – lines on a thermometer
Kinds of Thermometer
1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer - It is made of a glass tube with a

bulb on one end
- The glass bulb contains a liquid (mercury or alcohol) –
▪ expands and rises up the narrow tube as the temperature increases;
▪ contracts and falls when temperature decreases
2. Thermistor digital thermometer – a thermistor is attached to a

probe that is inserted in a patient’s mouth.
● Thermistor – is a semiconductor that is sensitive to changes in temperature
- its electrical resistance varies with temperature.
3. Infrared ear thermometer – gives the most accurate approximation

of the core temperature.
- It works on the principle that infrared radiation is directly related to
the temperature of the source.
4. Infrared thermometer or Radiation thermometer – used to detect

temperature of an object’s surface temperature, which depends on the radiation
emitted from the object.
- Also known as Pyrometer or non-contact thermometer
5. Rotary thermometer – consists of a coiled bimetallic strip.
● Bimetallic strip – made up of two strips of metal (usually brass and iron)
joined together.
▪ These metals expand at different rates when heated and the heat
causes the bimetallic strip to bend.
6. Thermocouple thermometer – is an electronic thermometer which

operates under the principle of measuring changes in electrical signals.
- These are very sensitive and commonly used in industry to measure the
temperature of ovens and furnaces.
7. Liquid crystal thermometer – consists of a liquid strip of liquid

crystals that changes color with temperature. - not very accurate
but very convenient to use
- Use as a forehead fever thermometer for young children and for
measuring fish tanks.
TOPIC 3: TEMPERATURE SCALES
a. Fahrenheit Scale – was devised by Gabriel Fahrenheit, who invented the first
mercury-in-glass thermometer in 1724.
▪ Boiling point: 212 ℉
▪ Freezing point: 32 ℉
▪ The two points are separated by 180 equal calibrations
b. Celsius Scale – named after Anders Celsius

▪ Boiling point: 100℃
▪ Freezing point: 0℃
▪ The two points are separated by 100 equal calibrations - from which the old name
centigrade scale was based
c. Kelvin Scale – named after Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)

- standard SI unit of temperature
- also called the Absolute or Thermodynamic temperature scale because the minimum
temperature in this scale is set to 0 (zero)
▪ Boiling point: 373.15K
▪ Freezing point: 273.15K
Equations for converting Temperature Scales
▪ Fahrenheit to Celsius: °F = (9/5)(°C) + 32

▪ Celsius to Fahrenheit: °C = (5/9)(°F - 32)
▪ Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273. 15
▪ Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K - 273. 15
Example 1: The country's hottest temperature for 2020 was recorded in Echague town
of Isabela at a smoldering 41.2 degrees Celsius, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). How many degrees in Kelvin and
Fahrenheit is this temperature?
TOPIC 4: HEAT
Heat – is a form of energy that transfers from a body of higher temperature to another
body of lower temperature.
- It is the flow of thermal energy.
▪ Q - commonly used symbol for amount of heat
▪ Large calorie or kilogram calorie (Cal) – or dietary calorie - is still used in quantifying
food energy. - is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by
1°C.
▪ Small calorie or gram calorie (cal) – is the amount of heat needed to increase
temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C.
▪ 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
▪ James Prescott Joule established that:
▪ 1 cal = 4.184 J (Joule)
Example 2: One small serving of French fires at a popular fastfood restaurant contains
210 Cal. How many kilojoules of energy does this serving of French fires contain?
TOPIC 4: METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Transfer –is a study of heat flow within an object and from one object to another
due to differences in temperature.
● The rate of transfer is determined by the properties of materials, differences in
temperature and experimentally verified laws of nature.
Conduction – heat energy travels when

two objects at different temperatures are in
direct contact with each other.
- mainly occurs in solid objects
- During conduction, vibrating atoms or
molecules next to them.
Example:
▪ You burn your hand by touching a hot
stove.
▪ The sidewalk burns your bare feet in the
summertime.
▪ Ironing clothes
Convection – transfer of thermal energy through a fluid (liquid or gas)
- Hot fluid rises while cold fluid sinks
Example:
▪ The air near the ceiling in a room is warmer than the air near the floor.
▪ Hot air balloon rises
▪ Macaroni rising and falling in a pot of boiling water
Radiation – is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves (such as light,

microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet and x-rays)
- It transfers heat even through a vacuum or empty space.
- No physical contact is necessary
Example:
▪ Heat from the sun travels through empty space and warms the earth.
▪ Warming your hands in front of a bonfire.
▪ Feeling hot during summer.
TOPIC 5: SPECIFIC HEAT

Specific heat – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram
of a substance by one kelvin.
- Different materials need different amount of heat to change their temperature by the
same amount.
- Unit: joules per kilogram-kelvin (J/kg • K)
calorie per gram degree Celsius (cal/g • ℃
Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity – the amount of heat required to raise its
temperature by one degree - It is the product of the mass of a substance and its specific
heat.
Example 3: How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5 kg of water 10 K?

III. Teaching and Learning Activities
1. The absolute coldest anything can get is Zero Kelvin (0 K). Convert this temperature
to degree Celsius (℃) and degree Fahrenheit (℉).
2. If the specific heat of water is 4,186 J/kg∙°C, how much heat is required to increase
the temperature of 1.2 kg of water from 23 °C to 39 °C?. Hint: To get the ΔT (Change
in temperature), get the difference between final temperature (Tf) and initial
temperature (Ti). [ΔT = Tf – Ti ]
3. The recommended daily calorie intake for women is 2,000 cal and 2,500 cal for men.
Convert to joules (J) the daily calorie intake for women.
IV. References (at least 3 references preferably copyrighted within the last 5 years,
alphabetically arranged)
Padua, A. L., & Crisostomo, R. M. (2010). Practical and Expolorational Physics. Quezon City:
VIbal Publishing House, Inc.
Quiambao, R. D., & Floresta, J. C. (n.d.). Physics Worktext. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Santisteban, C. J. (n.d.). Breaking Through Physics. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

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ISU MODULE

II. Learning Content

TOPIC 1: THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

Temperature – is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body.

Thermometer – is any thermal sensor that measures temperature.

1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer - It is made of a glass tube with a

2. Thermistor digital thermometer – a thermistor is attached to a

3. Infrared ear thermometer – gives the most accurate approximation

4. Infrared thermometer or Radiation thermometer – used to detect

6. Thermocouple thermometer – is an electronic thermometer which

7. Liquid crystal thermometer – consists of a liquid strip of liquid

TOPIC 3: TEMPERATURE SCALES

b. Celsius Scale – named after Anders Celsius

c. Kelvin Scale – named after Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)

▪ Fahrenheit to Celsius: °F = (9/5)(°C) + 32

TOPIC 4: METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction – heat energy travels when

Radiation – is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves (such as light,

TOPIC 5: SPECIFIC HEAT

Example 3: How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5 kg of water 10 K?

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