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College of Btte Genpsy Module 1

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Republic of the Philippines

MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE


San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL TEACHER


EDUCATION
1ST SEMESTER, S.Y. 2020 – 2021
PRELIM COVERAGE

Module in
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY WITH DRUG ABUSE AND
PREVENTION

MODULE NO.: __1________

LESSON 1

NAME OF STUDENT: ___________________________________________________


YEAR / SECTION: ______________________________________________________
DATE RECEIVED: ______________________________________________________

INSTRUCTOR: MARIA LUANNE M. JALI-JALI


Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

I. OVERVIEW

Why It Matters: Psychological Foundations

Figure 1. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit “background”: modification of work by
Nattachai Noogure; credit “top left”: modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit “top middle-left”: modification of work
by Peter Shanks; credit “top middle-right”: modification of work by “devinf”/Flickr; credit “top right”: modification of
work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit “bottom left”: modification of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit “bottom
middle-left”: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit “bottom middle-right”: modification of work by Staffan
Scherz; credit “bottom right”: modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team)
Clive Wearing is an accomplished musician who lost his ability to form new memories when he
became sick at the age of 46. While he can remember how to play the piano perfectly, he
cannot remember what he ate for breakfast just an hour ago (Sacks, 2007). James Wannerton
experiences a taste sensation that is associated with the sound of words. His former girlfriend’s
name tastes like rhubarb (Mundasad, 2013). John Nash is a brilliant mathematician and Nobel
Prize winner. However, while he was a professor at MIT, he would tell people that the New York
Times contained coded messages from extraterrestrial beings that were intended for him. He
also began to hear voices and became suspicious of the people around him. Soon thereafter,
Nash was diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted to a state-run mental institution
(O’Connor & Robertson, 2002). Nash was the subject of the 2001 movie A Beautiful Mind. Why
did these people have these experiences? How does the human brain work? And what is the
connection between the brain’s internal processes and people’s external behaviors? This
course will introduce you to various ways that the field of psychology has explored these
questions.

This module will introduce you to what psychology is and what psychologists do. You’ll learn the
basic history of the discipline and about the major domains and subdivisions that exist within
modern psychology. Lastly, you’ll consider what it means to study psychology and what career
options are available for those who do.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

- The student will be able to:

 Know the basis concepts and theories of Psychology.


 Define Psychology and its fields.
 Understand the relations of psychology with other sciences.
 Summarize the history of psychology, focusing on the major schools of thought.

III. GUIDE QUESTIONS / ACTIVITIES

Page 2 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

IV. LESSON PROPER

A. DISCUSSION

LESSON 1:

The History of Psychology


What you’ll learn to do: describe the evolution of psychology and the major pioneers in
the field

Figure 1. Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek philosophers examined a wide range of topics relating to what we now consider
psychology.
Many cultures throughout history have speculated on the nature of the mind, heart, soul, spirit,
and brain. Philosophical interest in behavior and the mind dates back to the ancient civilizations
of Egypt, Greece, China, and India, but psychology as a discipline didn’t develop until the mid-
1800s, when it evolved from the study of philosophy and began in German and American labs.
This section will teach you more about the major founding psychologists and their contributions
to the development of psychology.

B. What is Psychology?

In Greek mythology, Psyche was a mortal woman whose beauty was so great that it rivaled that
of the goddess Aphrodite. Aphrodite became so jealous of Psyche that she sent her son, Eros,
to make Psyche fall in love with the ugliest man in the world. However, Eros accidentally pricked
himself with the tip of his arrow and fell madly in love with Psyche himself. He took Psyche to
his palace and showered her with gifts, yet she could never see his face. While visiting Psyche,
her sisters roused suspicion in Psyche about her mysterious lover, and eventually, Psyche
betrayed Eros’ wishes to remain unseen to her. Because of this betrayal, Eros abandoned
Psyche. When Psyche appealed to Aphrodite to reunite her with Eros, Aphrodite gave her a
series of impossible tasks to complete. Psyche managed to complete all of these trials;
ultimately, her perseverance paid off as she was reunited with Eros and was ultimately
transformed into a goddess herself (Ashliman, 2001; Greek Myths & Greek Mythology, 2014).

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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

Figure 2. Antonio Canova’s sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche.


Psyche comes to represent the human soul’s triumph over the misfortunes of life in the pursuit
of true happiness (Bulfinch, 1855); in fact, the Greek word psyche means soul, and it is often
represented as a butterfly. The word psychology was coined at a time when the concepts of
soul and mind were not as clearly distinguished (Green, 2001). The root –ology denotes
scientific study of, and psychology refers to the scientific study of the mind. Since science
studies only observable phenomena and the mind is not directly observable, we expand this
definition to the scientific study of mind and behavior.
The scientific study of any aspect of the world uses the scientific method to acquire knowledge.
To apply the scientific method, a researcher with a question about how or why something
happens will propose a tentative explanation, called a hypothesis, to explain the phenomenon.
A hypothesis is not just any explanation; it should fit into the context of a scientific theory. A
scientific theory is a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural
world that is consistently supported by evidence over time. A theory is the best understanding
that we have of that part of the natural world. Armed with the hypothesis, the researcher then
makes observations or, better still, carries out an experiment to test the validity of the
hypothesis. That test and its results are then published so that others can check the results or
build on them. It is necessary that any explanation in science be testable, which means that the
phenomenon must be perceivable and measurable. For example, that a bird sings because it is
happy is not a testable hypothesis, since we have no way to measure the happiness of a bird.
We must ask a different question, perhaps about the brain state of the bird, since this can be
measured.

In general, science deals only with matter and energy, that is, those things that can be
measured, and it cannot arrive at knowledge about values and morality. This is one reason why
our scientific understanding of the mind is so limited, since thoughts, at least as we experience
them, are neither matter nor energy. The scientific method is also a form of empiricism. An
empirical method for acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including
experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous
authorities.
It was not until the late 1800s that psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline.
Before this time, the workings of the mind were considered under the auspices of philosophy.
Given that any behavior is, at its roots, biological, some areas of psychology take on aspects of
a natural science like biology. No biological organism exists in isolation, and our behavior is
influenced by our interactions with others. Therefore, psychology is also a social science.

Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century,
compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone
interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior
to the 19th century. Two men, working in the 19th century, are generally credited as being the
founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline that was distinct from philosophy.
Their names were Wilhelm Wundt and William James.

A. Wundt and Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to
as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was
published in 1873. Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, and

Page 4 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how
those components combined to result in our conscious experience. Wundt used introspection
(he called it “internal perception”), a process by which someone examines their own conscious
experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature
that a scientist observed. Wundt’s version of introspection used only very specific experimental
conditions in which an external stimulus was designed to produce a scientifically observable
(repeatable) experience of the mind (Danziger, 1980). The first stringent requirement was the
use of “trained” or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction.
The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same
experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the
inner reaction. These experimental requirements were put in place to eliminate “interpretation”
in the reporting of internal experiences and to counter the argument that there is no way to know
that an individual is observing their mind or consciousness accurately, since it cannot be seen
by any other person. This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was
known as structuralism. Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at
Leipzig in 1879. In this laboratory, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on, for
example, reaction times. A subject, sometimes in a room isolated from the scientist, would
receive a stimulus such as a light, image, or sound. The subject’s reaction to the stimulus would
be to push a button, and an apparatus would record the time to reaction. Wundt could measure
reaction time to one-thousandth of a second (Nicolas & Ferrand, 1999).

Figure 3. (a) Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological
research. (b) This photo shows him seated and surrounded by fellow researchers and equipment in his laboratory in Germany.
However, despite his efforts to train individuals in the process of introspection, this process remained highly subjective, and there
was very little agreement between individuals. As a result, structuralism fell out of favor with the passing of Wundt’s student, Edward
Titchener, in 1927 (Gordon, 1995).

A. James and Functionalism

William James (1842–1910) was the first American psychologist who espoused a different
perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of
evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s
characteristics. Key to that theory is the idea that natural selection leads to organisms that are
adapted to their environment, including their behavior. Adaptation means that a trait of an
organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual, because it has been
naturally selected. As James saw it, psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior
in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism.
Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
Functionalism has a second, more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in
the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of
structuralism. Like Wundt, James believed that introspection could serve as one means by
which someone might study mental activities, but James also relied on more objective
measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete
products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology (Gordon, 1995).

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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

A. Psychoanalytic Theory

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was Sigmund
Freud. Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering
from “hysteria” and neurosis. Hysteria was an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of
women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional
disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause. Freud theorized that many of his
patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind. In Freud’s view, the unconscious mind
was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness. Gaining access to the
unconscious, then, was crucial to the successful resolution of the patient’s problems. According
to Freud, the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis, by examinations of
the first words that came to people’s minds, and through seemingly innocent slips of the tongue.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early
childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several
decades (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Psychoanalytical theory is often used interchangeably with
psychodynamic theory, but psychodynamic theory generally applies to a broader field of study
based on Freud’s theories as well as those of his followers.

Figure 6. Freud’s theory of the unconscious Freud believed that we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s activity, and that
most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious. The information in our unconscious affects our behavior, although we are
unaware of it.
1. The Id, Ego, and Superego

Freud’s structural model of personality divides the personality into three parts—the id, the ego,
and the superego. The id is the unconscious part that is the cauldron of raw drives, such as for
sex or aggression. The ego, which has conscious and unconscious elements, is the rational and
reasonable part of personality. Its role is to maintain contact with the outside world to keep the
individual in touch with society, and to do this it mediates between the conflicting tendencies of
the id and the superego. The superego is a person’s conscience, which develops early in life
and is learned from parents, teachers, and others. Like the ego, the superego has conscious
and unconscious elements. When all three parts of the personality are in dynamic equilibrium,
the individual is thought to be mentally healthy. However, if the ego is unable to mediate
between the id and the superego, an imbalance is believed to occur in the form of psychological
distress.

2. Psychosexual Theory of Development


Freud’s theories also placed a great deal of emphasis on sexual development. Freud believed
that each of us must pass through a series of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper
nurturing during a particular stage, we may become stuck or fixated in that stage. Freud’s
psychosexual model of development includes five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital. According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of
the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of these five stages. Psychologists today dispute
that Freud’s psychosexual stages provide a legitimate explanation for how personality develops,
but what we can take away from Freud’s theory is that personality is shaped, in some part, by
experiences we have in childhood.

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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

Freud’s ideas were influential, and you will learn more about them when you study lifespan
development, personality, and therapy. For instance, many therapists believe strongly in the
unconscious and the impact of early childhood experiences on the rest of a person’s life. The
method of psychoanalysis, which involves the patient talking about their experiences and
selves, while not invented by Freud, was certainly popularized by him and is still used today.
Many of Freud’s other ideas, however, are controversial.

A. Gestalt Psychology (Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler)

Figure 7. When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your
perception can vary dramatically.
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
were three German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century
to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United
States to various Gestalt principles. The word Gestalt roughly translates to “whole;” a major
emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be
broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what
the individual responds to in perception. For example, a song may be made up of individual
notes played by different instruments, but the real nature of the song is perceived in the
combinations of these notes as they form the melody, rhythm, and harmony. In many ways, this
particular perspective would have directly contradicted Wundt’s ideas of structuralism (Thorne &
Henley, 2005).

Figure 8. The “invisible” triangle you see here is an example of gestalt perception.

Unfortunately, in moving to the United States, these men were forced to abandon much of their
work and were unable to continue to conduct research on a large scale. These factors along
with the rise of behaviorism (described next) in the United States prevented principles of Gestalt
psychology from being as influential in the United States as they had been in their native
Germany (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Despite these issues, several Gestalt principles are still very
influential today. Considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of
individually measured parts became an important foundation in humanistic theory late in the
century. The ideas of Gestalt have continued to influence research on sensation and perception.
Structuralism, Freud, and the Gestalt psychologists were all concerned in one way or another
with describing and understanding inner experience. But other researchers had concerns that

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Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

inner experience could be a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry and chose instead to
exclusively study behavior, the objectively observable outcome of mental processes.

II. FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Each field of psychology represents a specific area of study focused on a particular topic.
Oftentimes, psychologists specialize in one of these areas as a career. The following are just
some of the major branches of psychology. For many of these specialty areas, working in that
specific area requires additional graduate study in that particular field

Abnormal psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Mental health professionals help assess, diagnose, and treat a wide variety of psychological
disorders including anxiety and depression. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and
psychotherapists often work directly in this field.
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based on the idea
that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. People often utilize behavioral strategies
such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning to teach or modify behaviors. For
example, a teacher might use a system of rewards in order to teach students to behave during
class. When students are good, they receive gold stars which can then be turned in for some
sort of special privilege.

Biopsychology is a branch of psychology is focused on how the brain, neurons, and nervous
system influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Biopsychology is also sometimes referred to as
physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, or  psychobiology.

Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment
of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric disorders.

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on internal mental states.

Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal
behavior. The study of animal behavior can lead to a deeper and broader understanding of
human  psychology. This area has its roots in the work of researchers such as Charles Darwin
and Georges Romanes and has grown into a highly multidisciplinary subject. Psychologists
often contribute to this field, as do biologists, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists, and many
others.

Counseling psychology is one of the largest individual subfields in psychology. It is centered


on treating clients experiencing mental distress and a wide variety of psychological symptoms.
The Society of Counseling Psychology describes the field as an area that can improve
interpersonal functioning throughout life by improving social and emotional health as well as
addressing concerns about health, work, family, marriage, and more.

Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors


influence human behavior.

Developmental psychology focuses on how people change and grow throughout the entire
lifespan. Developmental psychologists often study things such as  physical growth, intellectual
development, emotional changes, social growth, and perceptual changes that occur over the
course of the lifespan.

Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching


psychology, educational issues, and student concerns. Educational psychologists often study
how students learn or work directly with students, parents, teachers, and administrators to
improve student outcomes. They might study how different variables influence individual student
outcomes. They also study topics such as learning disabilities, giftedness, the instructional
process, and individual differences.

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Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to


research the brain and behavior.

Forensic psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and the
law. Those who work in this field of psychology apply psychological principles to legal issues.
This may involve studying criminal behavior and treatments or working directly in the court
system.

Health psychology is a specialty area that focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior and
social factors influence health and illness.

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch that applies psychological principles to


research on workplace issues such as productivity and behavior.

Personality psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the thought
patterns, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique. Classic theories of
personality include Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality and Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. Personality psychologists might study how different factors such as
genetics, parenting, and social experiences influence how personality develops and changes.

School psychology is a field that involves working in schools to help kids deal with academic,
emotional, and social issues.

Social psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse topics
including group behavior, social interactions, leadership, nonverbal communication, and social
influences on decision-making.

Sports psychology is the study of how psychology influences sports, athletic performance,
exercise, and physical activity.

III. Relationship between Psychology and Other Sciences

a) (i) Psychology and Physical Sciences:


Psychology is a science of experience of an individual. But experience presupposes the duality
of subject and object, both of which are real. Psychology deals with mental processes such as
knowing, feeling and willing, and in order to account for them adequately it must study the
nature of physical stimuli in relation to knowing and willing.

But there is a difference between psychology and physical sciences in the treatment of physical
objects. Physical sciences investigate the nature of physical stimuli apart from their relation to
an individual. But psychology studies the nature of the interaction between an individual with
physical stimuli.

Psychological science is not concerned with the nature of physical stimuli in themselves apart
from their relation to an individual. It is primarily concerned with behavior of an individual, and
indirectly concerned with external stimuli.
Physical sciences investigate the nature of physical phenomena, and so they help psychology
to explain the experience and behavior of the individual, which are reactions to the physical and
social stimuli.
b) (ii) Psychology and Biology:
Psychology is a science of the experience and behavior. However experience cannot be
adequately explained without the concomitant physiological processes. The environment acts
on the mind through the sense-organs; and the mind reacts to the environment through the
muscles. The sense-organs and muscles are organs of the body. So mental processes are
closely related to bodily processes.
In fact, mental processes are regarded by many psychologists as functions of life. They are
devices for better adaptation of the psycho-physical organism to the environment. Many modern
psychologists treat psychology from the biological point of view.

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They hold that consciousness emerges when the innate reactions fail to adapt the organism to
the environment, and that higher mental processes are evolved in order to adjust the organism
more and more effectively to the complex environment.
The relation between psychological science and biological science is very close. Experience
and behavior of an individual can be explained in terms of some of the basic concepts of
biological science. E. R. Hess has shown that there are close correlations between psychic and
neuronal processes in human personality.
In his view, it is quite probable that there are connections between “psychic performances
and the organization of the brain.” 
The subjective experience of an individual is closely related to the cerebral structure and the
properties of its structural elements. There is a close correlation between the organization of the
brain and arrangements of the contents of consciousness. It is obvious, then, that the relation
between psychological and biological sciences is very great.

c) (iii) Psychology and Physiology:


Psychology is a science of experience. Experiences of an individual are intimately connected
with physiological processes, especially of the nervous system. Hence, psychology studies
these physiological processes in order to adequately account for mental processes.
It does not study those physiological processes which are not related to mental processes,
because it is primarily concerned with mental processes and behavior.
Psychology is not to be confounded with physiology. Psychology deals with experiences, viz.,
knowing, feeling and willing. These are connected with physiological processes which are,
therefore, studied by psychology. Psychology also deals with behavior which is an expression of
experience.

Behavior is bodily reaction of an individual to the physical and social environment. Hence,
psychology studies the nature of the different kinds of behavior. It does not study the nature of
all kinds of physiological processes. Physiology, on the other hand, studies the nature of all
kinds of physiological processes—the functions of all organs of the body.
The Behaviorists seek to reduce psychology to physiology which is a biological science. They
do away with the concept of mind or consciousness. Psychology deals with behavior which is a
reaction of the whole organism to the stimulus, and not of a part of it. But physiology studies the
reactions of the different parts or organs of the body.
The relation between psychological science and physiology is so intonate that a very important
discipline has developed during the last quarter of a century known as ‘physiological
psychology’.
Physiological psychology has developed with great strides by adopting the concepts and
techniques from other allied disciplines like neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology,
pharmacology, cellular physiology, and biochemistry. Researches in the field of physiological
psychology have thrown valuable light on the nature of human personality and telic behavior.

d) (iv)  Psychology and Logic:


Psychology is wider in scope than Logic because it deals with all kinds of mental processes,
viz., knowing, feeling and willing. But Logic deals with thinking only, which is a kind of knowing.
It does not deal with feeling and willing.
But Logic is not identical with the psychology of thinking, because psychology is a positive
science, while Logic is a normative science. Psychology tells us how we actually think while
Logic- tells us how we ought to think in order to arrive at truth.
There are some differences between Psychology and Logic. Psychology is concerned with the
study of mental processes, e.g., conception, judgement, and reasoning, while Logic is
concerned with mental products, e.g., concepts, judgements and inferences.
Psychology deals with the process of reasoning or mental exploration of data whereas Logic
deals with the result of mental exploration or finding a new relationship among the data.
Psychology deals with concrete mental processes, viz., conception, judgement and reasoning
as attended with feeling and willing, while Logic deals with the abstract mental products, viz.,
concepts, judgements and inferences divorced from feeling and willing.
Logic, as a normative science, is based on Psychology which is a positive science. In order to
know how we ought to reason, we should know how we do reason. We should know the nature
of reasoning before we can investigate the conditions of its validity.

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Psychology deals with the actual process of reasoning. Logic deals with the validity of reasoning
and the conditions of its validity. Nevertheless, the laws of logic are conditioned by the laws
according to which the human personality thinks. All types of logical thinking are limited by the
limitations of the human mind.
During recent years, the relation between psychological science and logic is very close. Many
contemporary psychologists make extensive use of some of the concepts of symbolic logic or
mathematical logic. During the empirical phase of the development of psychological science it
has been more concerned with experiments.
However, recently it has been making use of the concepts and techniques of symbolic logic for
theoretical systematization of psychological science. It is further expected with the systematiza-
tion of the theory of psychological science it would make more extensive use of symbolic logic.

e) (v) Psychology and Philosophy:


Philosophy has two parts epistemology and ontology. Psychology is related to epistemology.
Psychology enquires into the nature of knowing, feeling, and willing. It deals with knowing as a
fact, and the nature and development of knowledge of an individual mind.
It is concerned with the validity of knowledge. Psychology assumes the possibility of knowledge
and merely traces its growth and development in an individual mind.
But Epistemology enquires into the conditions under which knowledge is possible and deals
with the validity of knowledge.
It seeks to answer the following questions:
(1) Is knowledge of reality possible?
(2) Does knowledge represent reality?
(3) What is the source of true knowledge? Is it experience or reason or both?
(4) What are the conditions of valid knowledge?
(5) What is the range, extent, or limit of knowledge?
Thus Psychology is the basis of Epistemology. It enquires into the nature of knowing as a fact.
Epistemology, on the other hand, enquires into the validity of knowledge. In order to enquire into
the validity of knowledge, we should know how we actually know.
Locke tried to solve the problems of epistemology by the psychological analysis of the process
of knowing. But Kant tried to solve them by the critical method and tried to find out the a priori
conditions of knowledge, which are its presuppositions.
Psychology is related to Ontology or Metaphysics. Psychology deals with knowing as a fact.
Epistemology enquires into the conditions of the validity of knowledge. Metaphysics or Ontology
enquires into the ultimate nature of the reality that is known.
Metaphysics or Ontology deals with the ultimate nature of the self, the external world, and God.
Psychology is not concerned with God at all. It assumes the reality of the mind and the external
world, and the mind’s capacity to know the world. Metaphysics proves the reality of the self, the
world, and the knowledge of the world by the self. Metaphysics tests the validity of the
fundamental assumptions of psychology.
Psychology originated from philosophy like every other science. However, as psychology
developed as an autonomous science, it got itself separated from philosophy. Recently it has
discovered that there are certain theoretical problems in psychological science which are of
speculative nature.
These speculative problems of psychological science fall within the range of philosophy.
Philosophical psychology deals with those problems in psychological science which have
philosophical overtones.

f) (vi) Psychology and Sociology:


Psychology deals with the behavior pattern of an individual in relation to the environment which
is physical as well as social. The external world or light, sound, taste, smell, heat, cold, etc.,
constitute the physical environment. Parents, relatives, friends, enemies, playmates,
companions and all the people with whom an individual comes into contact and interacts
constitute his social environment.
The individual mind grows and develops through interaction with the society. He develops his
personality through social intercourse. There is constant interaction between the individual and
the society.

Page 11 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

Sociology deals with the nature, origin, and development of society. It investigates into
manners, customs and institutions of a society in all its stages of development from the savage
to the civilized state. Hence, psychology is intimately related to sociology.
Sociology is primarily concerned with the study of the interrelationships between human
personalities in social groups. It is concerned with the study of the bonds which inter-relate
individuals in society. The nature of inter-personal relationships has become quite intelligible
through investigations in the field of psychology.
It is obvious, then, that there is considerable overlapping between the provinces of psychology
and sociology. However, in spite of the fact that there is close relation between psychology and
sociology there are certain points of difference between the two.
Psychology is primarily concerned with the experience and behavior of an individual. Sociology,
on the other hand, is concerned with the role that an individual plays in society.
Social psychology deals with the collective behaviour. It investigates the peculiar characteristics
of the individuals which they acquire as members of groups. It studies the behavior of the crowd
and the mob. It studies the psychological principles of social organization. It is the meeting
ground of psychology and sociology.
Psychology, sociology and social psychology are the various branches of social science.
Psychology and sociology are concerned with the study of behavior of individuals in social
setting. They study behavior from different points of view.

g) (vii) Psychology and Education:


Psychology is the science of the behavior of the individual in relation to the environment.
Education is the science of unfolding the powers, of the pupil and molding his character and
behavior in such a manner that he becomes a useful and well-adjusted member of the
community.
Education is the process of developing the powers of the individual harmoniously and adjusting
him to the social environment by modifying his behavior. Therefore, educational psychology
applies the general principles of psychology to the practical needs of education. It gives a
psychological foundation to education and makes it sound.
Education implies two agents—viz., the teacher and the pupil. The teacher should know the
mind of the pupil. Otherwise, he cannot impart appropriate education to him. There are special
characteristics of the child mind which differ according to different stages of its development.
A teacher should utilize the principles of psychology to develop the child’s powers of
observation, attention, memory, imagination, thinking, emotion, volition, and character.
Psychology helps an educationist by telling him of the innate endowment of the child, of the
laws of his mental development, of the effect of the environment on his mind. It helps an
educationist by telling him how one person acts on another, how the group life influences the
individual, and how the corporate life of a school molds the personality of a child.
It helps an educationist by telling him how knowledge systems are built up, and how new
knowledge is received and assimilated into the system of knowledge already formed.
During recent years psychological techniques are employed for evoking creative behavior.
Jackson and Messick maintain that human invention results from the interaction between the
creative person, his product of creativity, and the responses of the environment to it.
Psychological principles have been very successfully applied to educational designs. “Man has
himself created the human civilization through his educational designs.” It is evident,
then, that the relation between psychology and education is very close.

Education is a normative science. It lays down the end of education. Psychology cannot help
the science of education in defining its end. But it can point out the means of realizing the end of
education. It studies mental processes, e.g., motives, emotions, and sentiments of the child, the
adolescent and the adult.
Therefore, I can help the education of the child, the adolescent and the adult. It studies the
behavior of the individual and the group. Therefore, it can help the science of education which
seeks to stimulate the intellectual growth of a learner.

Page 12 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

V. EVALUATION

I. Identification Test: Read the sentences carefully. Identify and choose the answer on the
box. Write the answer on the blank. (15 points)
a. Psyche b. Psychology c. Sports Psychology d. psychoanalytic theory
e. cognitive psychology f. Sigmund Freud g. ego h. oral stage i. clinical psychology
j. school psychology k. functionalism l. introspection m. personality psychology n. id
o. abnormal psychology p. experimental psychology q. gestalt psychology

__________________1. It is the study of the mind.


__________________2. It means soul.
__________________3. It is the study of how psychology influences sports, athletic
performance, exercise, and physical activity.
_________________4. It focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early
childhood experiences
__________________5. It is the branch of psychology that focuses on internal mental states.
__________________6. It is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and
treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric disorders.
__________________7. It is called the reality principle.
__________________8. It is a field of psychology that involves working in schools to help kids
deal with academic, emotional, and social issues.
__________________9. It focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its
environment.
__________________10. A process by which someone examines their own conscious
experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature
that a scientist observed
__________________11. It is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the
thought  patterns, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique.
__________________12. It is the unconscious part that is the cauldron of raw drives, such as
for sex or aggression.
__________________13. It is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
__________________14. It is the branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to
research the brain and behavior.
__________________15. It deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be
broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what
the individual responds to in perception

II. Modified True or False (10 points)


 Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it’s FALSE, underline the word that makes it
wrong and put the correct answer.
__________________1. According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on
a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of these five stages.
__________________2. Structuralism, Wundt, and the Gestalt psychologists were all
concerned in one way or another with describing and understanding inner experience.
__________________3. Freud believed that each of us must pass through a series of stages
during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturing during a particular stage, we may become
stuck or fixated in that stage.
__________________4. Educational Psychology is one of the largest individual subfields in
psychology. It is centered on treating clients experiencing mental distress and a wide variety of
psychological symptoms.
__________________5. Developmental psychology focuses on how people change and grow
throughout the entire lifespan.

III. Essay: Explain and elaborate the question listed below. (5 points)

1. Discuss the relationship of Psychology with other sciences ?

Page 13 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

RUBRIC (Analytic Rubric)


Score Content Organization Development Use of Language
5 Answer is appropriate to Clear sense of order. Develops each Uses technical or
the question. Content is Begins with a thesis or point with mat scientific
factually correct. topic sentence. specific details. terminology
Supporting points are Answers question appropriately and
presented in a logical completely. correctly. No
progression. major
grammatical or
spelling errors.
4 Answer is appropriate to May lack a thesis Each point Accurate word
the question. Content may sentence but presented supported with choice. No more
have one or two factual a logical progression. some details and than 2 major
errors. evidence. All errors and a few
important points minor errors.
included.
3 Content relates peripherally Logic of argument is Sparse details or Ordinary word
to the question; contains minimally perceivable. evidence. choice: use of
significant factual errors. Points presented in a Question only harsh/ disturbing
seemingly random partially terminology
fashion, but all support answered. avoided. Some
argument. serious errors (but
they don’t impair
communication).
2 Content unrelated to Lacks clear Statements are Limited
question. organizational plan. unsupported by vocabulary: errors
Reader is confused. any detail or impair
explanation. communication.
Repetitious,
incoherent,
illogical
development.

VI. REFERENCES
Gaerlan, Josefina E. et al. General Psychology. Rex Incorporated,
Quezon City. 1994

Kahayon, Alicia B. General Psychology. Navotas Press, National Book-


store, Inc. 1995

Sanchez, Custodia A., Psychology Applied to Business and Industry.


Adruana Printing Press.1987

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/reading-behaviorism/

PREPARED BY: REVIEWED BY: APPROVED BY:

MARIA LUANNE M. JALI-JALI LESTER C. VIEJO GILBERT CABALZA


Instructor OIC-BTTE Coordinator VP AA

MARIEL AYNA YI-TING CALIMAG


School Director

Page 14 of 15
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249

Answer sheet:
1. Psychology
2. psyche
3. sports psychology
4. psychoanalytic theory
5. cognitive psychology
6. clinical psychology
7. Ego
8. School psychology
9. functionalism
10. introspection
11. personality psychology
12. ID
13. Abnormal psychology
14. Experimental psychology
15. Gestalt psychology

Modified True or False


1. True
2. False – wundt - Freud
3. True
4. False – educational psychology – Counseling psychology
5. True

Page 15 of 15

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