Group 5 Reporting
Group 5 Reporting
In this lesson, you will learn how the different forces of attraction bring about the
bulk properties exhibited by substances. This lesson will help you understand why
a certain substance behaves differently from other substances.
What’s In
This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about the types of
intermolecular forces present in each substance.
6
Directions:
1. Use a clean sheet of paper to answer this part.
Intermolecular
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
Forces Present
1) CH3OH
2) O3
3) CH3NH2
4) I2
5) HF
7
What’s New
Activity 1:
Factors affecting the strength of intermolecular forces among molecules
Refer to the pairs of substances to answer the questions that follow.
a. NaCl (sodium chloride) and CH4 (methane)
b. CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) and CHCl3 (trichloromethane or chloroform)
c. NH3 (ammonia) and CH3F (methyl fluoride)
d. PCL5 (phosphorus pentachloride) and PBr5 (phosphorus pentabromide)
e. C5H12 (pentane) and C5H12 (isopentane)
f. F2 (Fluorine) and Br2 (Bromine)
Activity 2:
1. Refer to the chart below on physical properties of matter. Answer the
questions and relate the intermolecular forces present among the
species to explain the different properties exhibited by the substances.
Fluorine (F2) 38 53 85
8
What is It
Activity 1:
The properties of substances as viewed on the macroscopic level can be
explained by the types of intermolecular forces present between and among
substances. These bulk properties can be predicted through an analysis of
the interplay of intermolecular forces in each substance.
Ion-dipole Strongest
H-bonding
Dipole-dipole
Dipole-induced dipole
9
Properties of substances affected by intermolecular forces
• Surface Tension
This is the amount of energy required to stretch the surface area of liquids
(e.g., 1 cm2). Liquids with high intermolecular forces tend to have high
surface tensions. When water is dropped on a waxy surface, it tends to form
a round bead to minimize the surface area that it occupies.
Water molecules exhibit cohesion while the attraction between water and the
sides of the glass tube is adhesion. If adhesion is stronger than cohesion,
the liquid is pulled upward.
10
• Viscosity
Glycerol
Water
11
• Boiling Point and Melting Point
Source: https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpress.html
12
This condition is also true for melting point. The ease with which bond
breaks affects the melting points of substances. The greater intermolecular
forces there are among molecules the higher is their melting point.
The strength of dispersion forces also depends on the size of the substance
or the number of electrons in the substances. The ease with which the
electron distribution is distorted explains the amount of dispersion forces
that a substance exhibits. The distortion of the electron distribution is
known as polarizability.
The greater the polarizability of the electron distribution the greater are the
dispersion forces. When the dispersion forces are high, the boiling and
melting points are also high.
Br2 and F2 are both diatomic gases. They are also both nonpolar, but Br2 is a
bigger molecule than F2. The polarizability of Br2 is greater than F2 so it has
greater dispersion forces. This explains why Br2 has a higher boiling point
than F2. Greater amount of energy is needed to overcome the big dispersion
forces in Br2 than in F2.
• Solubility
The rule “Like dissolves like” applies to solubility. This means that the kind
of substances being dissolved should exhibit the same properties or should
be compatible for them to form solutions. The polarity of molecules is an
important factor for substances to dissolve in certain molecules. Highly
polar molecules will dissolve substances that have dipoles. The negatively-
charged particles will be attracted to the positively-charged particles of the
involved substances. This attraction will subsist in the solutions.
13
Nonpolar substances, on the other hand will also dissolve nonpolar
substances. Intermolecular forces, such as dispersion forces, will prevail to
maintain the dissolution of substances.
14
Pentane (C5H12) and isopentane (C5H12) both contain the same number of C
and H atoms in the formula. However, their molecular structures are
different. Below are the LEDS of the two substances.
Pentane has an extended structure while isopentane has a compact
structure. Extended structures have more opportunities for interactions
than compact structures. Extended molecules have stronger intermolecular
forces than the compact structures. As such the boiling point of pentane is
higher than that of isopentane. It is also true for their melting points. Both
molecules are nonpolar so they are not soluble in water.
Pentane
Isopentane
15