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Quantum Numbers Notes

Quantum numbers provide complete information about electrons in an atom, including location, energy, orbital type, and orbital shape and orientation. There are four quantum numbers: 1) The principal quantum number (n) indicates the electron shell and average distance from the nucleus. Higher n means higher energy and distance. 2) The azimuthal quantum number (l) indicates the subshell type within a shell (s, p, d, f etc.) and properties like shape. 3) The magnetic quantum number (m) determines the number and orientations of orbitals within a subshell. 4) The spin quantum number indicates the electron's spin as either clockwise or counterclockwise.

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181 views

Quantum Numbers Notes

Quantum numbers provide complete information about electrons in an atom, including location, energy, orbital type, and orbital shape and orientation. There are four quantum numbers: 1) The principal quantum number (n) indicates the electron shell and average distance from the nucleus. Higher n means higher energy and distance. 2) The azimuthal quantum number (l) indicates the subshell type within a shell (s, p, d, f etc.) and properties like shape. 3) The magnetic quantum number (m) determines the number and orientations of orbitals within a subshell. 4) The spin quantum number indicates the electron's spin as either clockwise or counterclockwise.

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kumarjharohit345
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Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help of which we can
get complete information about all the electrons in an atom i.e. location, energy, type of
orbital occupied, shape and orientation of that orbital etc.
The three quantum numbers called as Principal, Azimuthal and Magnetic quantum number
are derived from Schrodinger wave equation. The fourth quantum number i.e. the Spin
quantum number was proposed later on.
1) Principal Quantum Number (n):
It tells about the shell to which an electron belongs. n = 1,2,3,4,5..... And so on.
This number helps to explain the main lines of the spectrum on the basis of electronic
jumps between these shells.
(a) It gives the average distance of the electron from the nucleus. Larger the value of n,
larger is the distance from the nucleus.
(b) It completely determines the energy in hydrogen atom or hydrogen like species. The
energy of H-atom or H-like species depends only on the value of n.
Order of energy: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5....... and so on.
For multi-electron species, energy depends on both principal and azimuthal quantum
number.
The maximum number of electrons present in any shell = 2n2
2) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) :
Also known as Orbital Angular momentum or Subsidiary quantum number.Within the
same shell, there are number of sub-shells, so number of electronic jumps increases and
this explains the presence of fine lines in the spectrum. This quantum number tells about :
(a) The number of subshells present in a shell.
(b) Angular momentum of an electron present in subshell.
(c) Shapes of various subshells present within the same shell.
(d) Relative energies of various subshells.
Value of l varies from 0 to n – 1
For 1st shell (n = 1): l = 0
For 2nd shell (n = 2): l = 0, 1
For 3rd shell (n = 3): l = 0, 1, 2

For 4th shell (n = 4): l = 0, 1, 2, 3

Value of l Designation of
sub shell
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
4 g

The notations s,p,d,f represent the initial letters of the word sharp, principal, diffused and
fundamental. In continuation l = 4 is called g subshell and l = 5 is called h subshell and so
on.
Principal shell Subshells
1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell)
2nd shell l = 0,1 (s & p subshell)
3rd shell l = 0,1,2 (s, p & d subshell)
4th shell l = 0,1,2,3 (s, p, d & f subshell)

(3) Magnetic Quantum Number (m):


The magnetic quantum number determines the number of preferred orientations of the
electrons present in a sub shell. Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, thus
magnetic quantum number determines the number of orbitals present in any sub shell.
Value of m ranges from – l to +l including zero.
Sub-shell Orbitals (m) Number of orbitals
s-sub shell (l=0) m=0 1
p-sub shell (l=1) m = -1, 0, 1 3
d-sub shell (l=2) m = –2, –1, 0, 1 ,2 5
f-sub shell (l=3) m = –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7

The total possible values of m in a given subshell = 2l + 1


Total no. of orbitals in a given shell = n2
4) Spin Quantum Number(s):
The electron in an atom not only moves around the nucleus but also spins about its own
axis. Since the electron in an orbital can spin either in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.
1 1
Thus s can have only two values + 2 or - 2 .

This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic properties of substances.


AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies.
In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and enter
into higher energy orbitals only when the lower energy orbitals are filled.
Unlike H-atom where energy of orbitals depend only on n, energy of orbitals of multi-
electron orbitals depend on both n and l. Their order of energy can be determined using
(n+l) rule.
According to this rule, lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital, lower is its energy. If two
different types of orbitals have the same value of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n has
lower energy.
The sequence in which various subshell are filled is the following.

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s.

PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

According to this principle: “no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all the

quantum numbers.
HUND'S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY

While filing the orbitals of same energy (i.e. orbitals of same subshell) pairing of electron

start only when each orbital have got 1 electron that too with same spin or parallel spin.

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