Hi Giga,

I am very excited to get to work on the airplane.

There are few general changes that I am making. Here is an overview:

I have decided to simplify the design. I am going to use fixed landing gear housed in a very sleek
aerodynamic structure. I am not going to have a tilting upper wing. Instead, it will be fixed. I am going
back to just 4 total propellers.

To begin with, I am not sure, but it is probable it would be better for you if you just start over and
rebuild this airplane from the beginning. There are too many major revisions to just redo the old file
and these revisions may cause error messages unless you are careful how you set up the CAD
drawing. You will understand what I mean as you read through this message. I want you to have plenty
of time to do this. I will set CADCrowd to pay you $800 dollars.

Changes in the overall design.

After some consultation with people with engineering and aeronautical backgrounds, I believe we need
to make some significant changes.

Wing configuration and airfoil considerations:

You know what the concept looks like. I loved your first version, and as much a possible I want to stick
to that design. There are, however, a few modifications we need to make in order to make it a
functioning airplane.

First of all, we need to be very careful how we render the airfoils. These airfoils are very sensitive to any
alteration and need to be exactly as specified. I want you to use the same airfoil – the NACA (1)-0115
The exact shape of the airfoil needs to be oriented so that the chord runs in a direction that is parallel to
the oncoming airstream. When you sweep the wing either forwards or backwards, you will mess up the
airfoil unless you are aware of this important issue, because, simply extruding a chord shape will place
the chord at an angle relative to the oncoming airstream (after you put in the sweep). The tendency in
CAD is to make the airfoil and then put in the sweep. Instead, you must account for the airfoil’s chord
direction and keep it parallel to the oncoming airstream and in the proper axis of the airplane. Does
that make sense?

I have not done a lot of CAD, but this is my idea about how to properly render the airfoil in CAD in order
to keep the geometry correct. This technique involves 1.) defining the leading a trailing edge of the
wing, accounting for twist, dihedral, chord length, and winglet shape. 2.) Place the wing foil shape and
define it’s length based on the boundaries of the leading edge and trailing edge set in step one. Ensure
the proper direction and orientation of the chord and airfoil. 3.) Then, blend surfaces to create the
proper wing shape. Does that make sense?

I have decided for a couple of reasons to slightly change the overall wing configuration. As mentioned, I
have decided to eliminate my idea of designing and building a top wing that is mobile and able change
it’s angle of attack relative to the airframe. This will greatly simplify the entire engineering, design, and
build process and I do not think it will significantly affect the overall performance of the aircraft.
Keeping in mind that my building technique is to use either CNC equipment to cut the shape out of foam
or to use 3D print a scaffold over which I would lay composite fabric, there are no constraints placed on
us in the design process that limit our imagination and creativity.

Keep the basic wing shape (wing sweep and shape of both wings) the same as before, but we must
move the front wing aft from the front tip of the aircraft by 40 cm and the rear/top wing aft by 60 cm
This will give the aircraft a bit of a nose. Make this nose sleek and attractive in appearance. This is
where your abilities as a CAD artist really shine.

Make the wingspan 6 meters.

Make the chord length for both wings 50 cm. Make the wings slightly tapering just as you did before.

Place a dihedral of 5 degrees on the bottom wing. Note the drawing of the front view of the wings.

The top wing also has a similar dihedral. It is more dramatic and steep near the root and then becomes
5% to mirror the bottom wing. Note that the strut section is oriented 90 degrees from the top wing.

The reason we are moving the wings aft in there orientation is to address probable weight and balance
issues that other consultants have raised.
Here is another look:

Just as before, use generous fillets to make the wing roots tie in nicely to the fuselage on both the top
and bottom wings.

At the aileron section of the lower wing, the aileron needs to be 5 feet long and consist of the rear 20%
of the chord. For construction purposes there needs to be a tube that passes into the rear section of
this airfoil from the body of the lower wing and directly into the fuselage where it will be directly
controlled by the pilot. This tube needs to be centered so that rotating the aileron sections does not
close the geometry of the space between the wing and the airleron. (see the attached drawing) Inside
the wing and in the fuselage, and distal to the wing, the rotating tube that controls the ailerons will be
housed and supported by a polymer bearing surface that is about ¼ inch thick.
Angle of Attack of wings and twist.

Note from the diagrame that the bottom wing has an angle of attack that is identical with the horizontal
axis of the airplane.

The Top wing has an angle that twists downward at we move towards the wingtip. Note that at the root
(the centerline of the airframe) the twist is 3 degrees. The wing twists so that angle of attack is 0.5
degrees at the wingtip.

These design elements (twist and dihedral) will improve the stability and stall characteristics of the
aircraft.

Propeller placement:

This airplane will use “distributed electric propulsion” to improve air flow over the wings. This
effectively reduces the Reynolds number at which the wing operates and imparts more lift vs. drag.
Recent breakthroughs in technology in work done by NASA have shown great benefit to this strategy. I
have decided for the sake of cost and simplicity to go back to only four propellers. After investigating
the state of the art, it appears that these props should be mounted with their axis of spinning at the
lower edge of the wings, not the upper edge (as in the “concept” version). These propellers will need to
be 120 cm in diameter. Orient the propellers so that they are in front of the upper wing. Make them
horizontally and vertically in line, and position them equidistant apart. See the attached drawing and
note that the outboard propellers are sitting at a few centimeters below the top wing line. Make the
nacelles about 450 mm in diameter. Locate the nacelles so that they are hanging below the chord line.
(see the picture of the NASA Maxwell) Ensure that the nacelles/propellers are all oriented along the
horizontal axis of the aircraft and not simply the horizontal axis of the wing. Place all four

The winglet cruise motors need something like the winglet motors on the NASA Maxwell project to
decrease drag.
Winglets/struts:

Outboard/Distal to the aileron sections, (The winglet of the lower wing) the wingfoil shape of the lower
wing needs to again be changed to a different airfoil. We will be using this:
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850004555/downloads/19850004555.pdf
I want you to carry this airfoil through the winglet/strut up to the vertical section of the strut.

The upward sweeping geometry of the winglet needs to be more gradual compared to the concept
version. Copy the upwards sweep of this airplane using the above winglet wingfoil:

In our airplane, however, the upper wing will not extend beyond the winglets as above. Instead, the
winglets will turn vertical and then 90 degrees to the top wing beginning about ½ the way up towards
the upper wing. The top the winglets will enlarge to house and support the larger cruising motor, the
housing for the cruising motors need to 450 mm in diameter.

Weight and Balance:

I think battery technology is nearing the place where electric airplanes are viable. I think our design will
work, but in order to get it to the place where it is an actual airplane, we will have to do some
engineering. I have sought feedback from several people with engineering background and many have
expressed concerns about weight and balance in our design and this is the reason for moving the wings
aft.

The problem we are facing is that there is not yet a battery ready for our airplane. It is close, however,
as technology is moving rapidly in this area. I think I am going to end up using a Lithium Sulfur battery as
the energy density is much higher (3X) than the standard Lithium ion battery.

So here is my best guess for what the size and weight of the battery: I am guessing it will weigh about
250 kg and that it will require about 160,000 cubic cm. I think these measurements will get us close and
will allow us to see if we have weight and balance issues as some have suggested. This battery
compartment will need to be situated in the bottom of the aircraft and in the nose. This compartment
can be up to 45 cm deep at the nose of the airplane and may extend into the center of the cockpit
between the legs of the pilot (if necessary) and the passenger who will be sitting on seats that look like
motorcycle seats.

From the nose of the aircraft, the battery compartment will be ventilated through triangular shaped
inlet vents on the front of the aircraft that look something like the pits on a pit viper snake. Technically
this is called a NACA inlet and they look like this:
But from an aesthetic standpoint, here is some inspiration:

There will have to be a channel for airflow to escape from this battery compartment as well. We will
send it to the cockpit.

The pilot who, (figure 85 kg), will be seated 50 cm in front of the calculated center of lift. To estimate
the center of lift of a biplane, it is the average of the center of lift for the two wings.
So, after placing the wings, you will need to figure out the center of lift for each wing and the combined
center of lift taking the average. For the purpose of our airplane, figure the CL of each individual wing to
be 33% behind the leading edge.

When you locate the center of lift for the airplane - this is where you will put the seat for
passenger. You will then be able to locate the pilot's seat as being 50 cm in front of the passenger. At
that point, the Pilot needs 150 cm of height from the bottom of floor to the roof of canopy at that
spot. He will also need 90 cm of width at that point. Orient the canopy centered around that point.
Does that make sense? From the looks of your PDF drawings, we will need to make the canopy taller
but a bit narrower. I think.

In order to accommodate these dimensions , it is very likely that you will need to increase the depth of
the canopy at where the pilot will be sitting. It is likely that you will also need to increase the vertical
distance between the two wings.
The final tail section will be a swept V-wing. See the attached drawing:

There will not be a double-jointed tail. There is only one hinge position. Fashion the hinge so that there
is a tight 5mm space between the moving tail surface and the tail.

Fuselage shape:

There are some drag issues with the current (the concept version) fuselage shape. We need to not taper
the fuselage until it gets behind the trailing edge of the top wing. (if it tapers early it creates a low
pressure underneath the top wing and this would be detrimental to lift.) So, looking at the widest point
of all dimensions of the fuselage at the lower wing, carry that measurement straight back to the point
exactly below the top wing and then start the taper.

Also, as above, we will likely need to narrow the cockpit overall

For this version I want you to make the fuselage hollow and Make the walls 40mm thick.
For weight and balance calculations, assume the entire fuselage of the airplane) are made with a
fiberglass/resin skin on the inside and outside that is 2 mm thick. Underneath that is a foam layer
(density use 2 kg per 0.028 cubic meter) that is 40mm thick, followed by another 2 mm thick layer of
fiberglass/resin – thus forming a composite sandwich that is very rigid and strong. For the wings, and
for the purpose weight and balance, figure the wings the same way.
Make each of the 3 landing gears weigh 5 kg
Figure the wing motors weighing 5 kg each. The props, and hubs weighing 4 kg (it is an adjustable pitch
prop).

You can estimate the weight of the canopy (polycarbonate material) and the propellers (composite
material).

Canopy:

I want you to design a canopy that will be the entry point of the aircraft and hinged at the front. It will
be framed with composite material. It should have a latch of some sort on the top of the window. It will
seal with rubber gasket like material like a car door. Does that make sense? There are companies that
can fabricate the canopy for us according to your design.

I will need weight a balance calculation with drawing showing the location with pilot, battery, gear, and
propellers installed.

I would like to know the surface area of the entire airplane. (wetted area)

For fun, take inspiration from a shark for the paint and color. Make is a metallic gray-silver color on top,
and white on bottom. Break up the line between the two colors similar to a shark.

For the purposes of stimulating your creativity, I have included the following inspirational images: