Course Title: Complex Analysis

Course Code: B18PC5071

Unit-I: Complex Analysis – 1 6 Hrs

Recapitulation of Complex numbers, the complex plane, conjugate, and modulus of a

complex number. Polar form, Euler’s formula. Hyperbolic functions -simple problems.
___________________________________________________________________________

❖ Introduction
Let us consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 . The solution of this equation is

−b  b2 − 4ac
given by the formula x = which is meaningful only when b 2 − 4ac  0 .
2a
Because the square of a real number is always positive, and it cannot be negative. If it is
negative, then the solution for the equation extends the real number system to a new kind of
number system that allows the square root of negative numbers. The square root of – 1 is
denoted by the symbol i, called the imaginary unit, which was first introduced in mathematics
by the famous Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler in 1748. Thus, for any two real numbers
a and b, we can form a new number a + ib is called a complex number. The set of all
complex numbers denoted by C and the nomenclature of a complex number was introduced
by a German mathematician C.F. Gauss.
❖ Complex number
The number of the form z = x + iy , where x, y  R & i = −1 , known as imaginary unit, is
called a complex number
The numbers x and y are called respectively real and imaginary parts of complex number z.
i.e if z = x + iy then Re ( z ) = x and Im ( z ) = y .

❖ Purely Real and Purely Imaginary Complex Number

A complex number z is a purely real if its imaginary part is 0. i.e., Im ( z ) = 0 . And purely
imaginary if its real part is 0 i.e., Re ( z ) = 0.

❖ Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, if a1 = a2 and b1 = b2 i.e.,
Re ( z1 ) = Re ( z2 ) and Im ( z1 ) = Im ( z2 ) .

❖ Algebra of Complex Numbers

1. Addition of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = ( x1 + iy1 ) and z2 = ( x2 + iy2 ) be any two complex numbers, then their sum defined
as z1 + z2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) + ( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) .
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

2. Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = ( x1 + iy1 ) and z2 = ( x2 + iy2 ) be any two complex numbers, then their difference is
defined as z1 − z2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) - ( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) .

3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = ( x1 + iy1 ) and z2 = ( x2 + iy2 ) be any two complex numbers, then their multiplication
is defined as z1 = z1 z2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 x2 – y1 y2 ) + i ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) .

4. Division of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = ( x1 + iy1 ) and z2 = ( x2 + iy2 ) be any two complex numbers, then their division is
defined as
z1 x1 + iy1 x1 + iy1 x2 − iy2
= = 
z2 x2 + iy2 x2 + iy2 x2 − iy2
z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( y1 x2 − x1 y2 )
= , where z2  0 and i 2 = -1
z2 x2 + y2
2 2

❖ Conjugate of a Complex Number

If z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is denoted by z and defined as

z = x – iy
❖ Properties of Conjugate

()
i) z = z ii ) z + z = 2 Re( z )
iii ) z − z = 2i Im( z ) iv) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
v) z1 − z2 = z1 − z2 vi ) z1 z2 = z1 z2
z  z
vii ) 1  = 1 , z2  0
 z2  z2
________________________________________________________________________

Problems
1. If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 4 – 5i find z1 + z2 .
Solution:
Given : z1 = 2 + 3i & z2 = 4 – 5i
z1 + z2 = ( 2 + 3i ) + ( 4 – 5i )
= 2 + 3i + 4 – 5i
= ( 2 + 4 ) + ( 3i – 5i )
 z1 + z2 = 6 – 2i
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

2. If z1 = 3 – 4i and z2 = – 2 + 3i find the value of 2 z1 – 3z2 .

Solution:
Given : z1 = 3 – 4i and z2 = – 2 + 3i
2 z1 – 3 z2 = 2 ( 3 – 4i ) – 3 ( – 2 + 3i )
= 6 – 8i + 6 – 9i
 2 z1 – 3 z2 = 12 –17i
3. Express: (3 + 2i) (4 + 2i) in a + ib form.
Solution:
( 3 + 2i ) ( 4 + 2i ) = 12 + 6i + 8i + 4i2
= 12 + 14i – 4
= 8 + 14i = a + ib form.
1
4. Find the real and imaginary parts of
3 + 2i
Solution:
1 1 3 − 2i
Let z = = 
3 + 2i 3 + 2i 3 − 2i
3 − 2i 3 − 2i 3 − 2i
z= 2 = = , i 2 = −1
32 − ( 2i ) 9 − 4i 2 9 + 4
3 − 2i 3 2i
z= = −
13 13 13
3 −2
 Re ( z ) = , Im ( z ) =
13 13
1
5. Find the conjugate of .
1+ i
1 1 1− i
Solution: Let z = = 
1+ i 1+ i 1− i
1− i 1− i 1− i
z= 2 2 = = , i 2 = −1
1 −i 1+1 2
1 i
z= −
2 2
1 i
 Conjugate of z = z = + .
2 2
4 + 5i
6. Find the real and imaginary parts of .
3 − 2i
Solution:
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

4 + 5i 4 + 5i 3 + 2i
Let z = = 
3 − 2i 3 − 2i 3 + 2i

z=
( 4 + 5i )( 3 + 2i ) = 12 + 15i + 8i + 10i 2
32 − ( 2i ) 9 − 4i 2
2

12 + 23i − 10
z = , i 2 = −1
9+4
2 + 23i 2 23i
z= = +
13 13 13
2 23
 Re ( z ) = , Im ( z ) =
13 13
ASSIGNMENT
1. If z1 = 3 + 5i and z2 = 10 +7i find z1  z2 .

2. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number

(1 + i )( 2 − i ) .
1 + 3i
(1 + i )
2

3. Find the conjugate of .

3−i
❖ Modulus of a Complex Number
If z = x + iy , then modulus or magnitude of z is denoted by z and is given by

z = x 2 + y 2 . It represents the distance of z from origin.

In the set of complex number C, the order relation is not defined i.e., z1  z2 or z1  z2 has no
meaning but | z1  z2 or z1  z2 | has got its meaning, since z1 and | z2 | are real
numbers.

❖ Properties of Modulus
i) z  0 ii ) If z = 0 then z = 0, i.e, Re( z ) = 0 = Im ( z )
iii ) z1 z2 = z1 z2 iv) z1 + z2  z1 + z2
z1 z
= 1 , z2  0 vi ) z z = z
2
v)
z2 z2

❖ Argument of a Complex Number

Any complex number z = x + iy can be represented geometrically by a point ( x, y ) in a
plane, called Argand plane or Gaussian plane. The angle made by the line joining point z to
the origin, with the x-axis is called argument of that complex number. It is denoted by the
symbol arg ( z ) or amp ( z ) .
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

Argument ( z ) =  = tan−1 ( y / x ) . Argument of z is not unique, general value of the

argument of z is 2n +  . But arg ( 0 ) is not defined. A purely real number is represented
by a point on x-axis. A purely imaginary number is represented by a point on y-axis. There
exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set C
of all complex numbers. The length of the line segment OP is called the modulus of z and is
denoted by |z|. i.e., length of OP = x2 + y2

❖ Principal Value of Argument

The value of the argument which lies in the interval (−  ,   or −      is called

principal value of argument.
y
( i ) If x  0 & y  0, then arg ( z ) =  =  = tan −1
x
y
( ii ) If x  0 & y  0, then arg ( z ) =  =  −  =  − tan −1
x
y
( iii ) If x  0 & y  0, then arg ( z ) =  = – ( –  ) =  −  = tan −1 −
x
y
( iv ) If x  0 & y  0, then arg ( z ) =  = −  = − tan −1
x

❖ Properties of Argument

()
i ) arg z = − arg ( z )
ii ) arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 )
z 
iii ) arg  1  = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 )
 z2 

Problems
1. Find the modulus and amplitude of 2 + 2i .
Solution:
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

Let z = 2 + 2i
Here a = 2, b = 2
Modulus : z = 22 + 22 = 8 &
b
Amplitude of z = amp ( z ) =  = tan −1  
a
2
  = tan −1   = tan −1 (1) = 450
2

1− i
2. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number
1+ i
Solution:
1− i 1− i 1− i
Let z = = 
1+ i 1+ i 1− i
(1 − i )
2
12 + i 2 − 2i −2i
z= = = , i 2 = −1
12 − i 2 1+1 2
z = −i = 0 − i (a + ib)
Here a = 0, b = −1
Modulus : z = 02 + ( −1) = 1 &
2

1
Amplitude of z = amp ( z ) =  = tan −1  
0
  = tan (  ) = 90
−1 0

The complex number – i = ( 0, – 1) lies III Quadrant.

Hence amplitude = 1800 + 900 = 2700 .
5−i
3. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number .
2 − 3i
Solution:
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

5−i 5 − i 2 + 3i
Let z = = 
2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i

z=
( 5 − i )( 2 + 3i ) = 10 − 2i + 15i − 3i 2 =
( 2 ) − ( 3i ) 4 − 9i 2
2 2

10 + 13i + 3
z= , i 2 = −1
4+9
13 + 13i 13 (1 + i )
z= = = 1 + i = (a + ib)
13 13
Here a = 1, b = 1
Modulus : z = 12 + 12 = 2 &
1
Amplitude of z = amp ( z ) =  = tan −1  
1
  = tan (1) = 45
−1 0

1 3
4. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number +i .
2 2
Solution:
1 3
Let z = +i = ( a + ib)
2 2
1 3
Here a = , b =
2 2
2
1  3
2
1 3
Modulus : z =   +   = + =1 &
2  2  4 4
 3 
b  
Amplitude of z = amp ( z ) =  = tan −1   = tan −1  2 
a  1 
 
 2 
  = tan −1 ( 3 ) = 3

 r =1 &  =
3

ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 5 − i .
4 + 3i
2. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number .
2−i
___________________________________________________________________________
❖ Polar Form
If z = x + iy is a complex number, then z can be written as z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
where, r = z ,  = arg ( z ) this is called polar form.
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

Problems:
1. Express the complex number 3 + i in the polar form.
Solution:
Let z = 3 +i
Here x = 3, y = 1.  ( )
3,1 lies in I quadrant as well as  .

( 3)
2
r = z = + 12 = 4 = 2 &

 y  1 
Amplitude of z = amp ( z ) =  = tan −1   = tan −1  
x  3

 =
6
Polar form of z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
  
Polar form of 3 + i = 2  cos + i sin 
 6 6
2. Express the complex number −1 − i in the polar form.
Solution:
Let z = − 1 − i
Here x = −1, y = −1.  ( −1, −1) lies in III quadrant as well as 

r = z = ( −1) + 12 = 2 &
2

 y  −1  
 = tan −1   = tan −1   = tan −1 (1)   =
x  −1  4

Sin ce  lies in III quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  −  = −
4
3
  =−
4
Polar form of z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
  3   3 
Polar form of − 1 − i = 2  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  4   4 
3 3
3. Express the complex number +i in the polar form.
2 2
Solution:
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

3 3
Let z = +i
2 2
3 3  3 3
Here x = , y= .   ,  lies in I quadrant as well as 
2 2  2 2 
2 2
 3  3 3 3 6 3
 r = z =   +   = + = = &
 2   2  4 4 4 2
 3
 
 = tan −1  2  = tan −1 (1)   = 
 3 4
 
 2 

Sin ce  lies in I quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  =
4

 =
4
Polar form of z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
3 3 3     
Polar form of +i =  cos   + i sin   
2 2 2  4  4 
4. Express the complex number − 2 + i 2 in the polar form.
Solution:
Let z = − 2 + i 2
( )
Here x = − 2, y = 2.  − 2, 2 lies in II quadrant as well as 

(− 2 ) + ( 2 )
2 2
r = z = = 2+ 2 = 4 =2 &

 2  
 = tan −1   = tan ( −1)   =
−1

− 2 4
 3
Sin ce  lies in II quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  −  =  − =
4 4
3
 =
4
Polar form of z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
  3   3  
Polar form of − 2 + i 2 = 2  cos   + i sin   
  4   4 

ASSIGNMENT
1. Express the complex number 2 − 2 3i in the polar form.
2. Express the complex number − 3 + i in the polar form.
___________________________________________________________________________
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

❖ Eulerian Form of a Complex Number

If z = x + iy is a complex number, then it can be written as z = rei , where
r = z ,  = arg ( z ) . This is called Eulerian form and ei = cos  + i sin 
ei + e−i ei - e −i
& e−i = cos  - i cos  . Also cos  = , sin  = .
2 2i

Problems:
1. Express the complex number 2i in the Exponential form.
Solution:
Let z = 2i
Here x = 0, y = 2.  ( 0, 2 ) lies in I quadrant as well as  .
 r = z = 02 + 22 = 2 &
 y 2 
 = tan −1   = tan −1   = tan −1 (  )   =
x 0 2

Since  lies in I quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  =
2

 =
2
Exponential form of z = rei

i
Exponential form of 2i = 2e 2

2. Express the complex number −1 + i in the Exponential form.

Solution:
Let z = −1 + i
Here x = −1, y = 1.  ( −1,1) lies in II quadrant as well as  .

r = z = ( −1) + 12 = 2 &
2

 1  
 = tan −1   = tan ( −1) = tan (1)   =
−1 −1

 −1  4

Since  lies in II quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  −  =  −
4
3
 =
2
Exponential form of z = rei
3
i
Exponential form of − 1 + i = 2e 2

3. Express the complex number 3 + 4i in the Exponential form.

Solution:
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

Let z = 3 + 4i
Here x = 3, y = 4.  ( 3, 4 ) lies in I quadrant as well as  .
 r = z = 32 + 42 = 5 &
 y 4 4
 = tan −1   = tan −1     = tan −1  
 
x  
3 3 
4
Since  lies in I quadrant, amplitude of z,  =  = tan −1  
3
4
  = tan −1  
3
 4
i tan −1  
Exponential form of z = rei  3 + 4i = 5e  3

2
4. Express the complex number in the Exponential form.
i −5
Solution:
2 2 −5 − i 2 ( −5 − i )
Let z = =  =
i − 5 −5 + i −5 − i ( −5 )2 − ( i )2
−10 − 2i −10 − 2i −5 − i −5 1
z= = = = −i
25 + 1 26 13 13 13
−5 −1  −5 −1 
Here x = , y = .   ,  lies in III quadrant as well as  .
13 13  13 13 
 −5   −1 
2 2
25 1 26
r = z =   +  = + = &
 13   13  169 169 169
 −1 
  1 1
 = tan −1  13  = tan −1     = tan −1  
 −5  5 5
 13 
1
Since  lies in III quadrant, amplitude of z , =  −  = tan −1   − 
5
1
  = tan −1   − 
5
 −1  1  
2i 26 i tan  5 − 
Exponential form of z = re  = e
i −5 169
ASSIGNMENT
3. Express the complex number 1 + i in the Exponential form.
4. Express the complex number − 3 − i in the Exponential form.
___________________________________________________________________________

❖ Hyperbolic functions
Let z be real or complex. Then
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

e z − e− z
(i) is called the hyperbolic sine of z and is denoted as sinh z
2
e z + e− z
(ii) is called the hyperbolic cosine of z and is denoted as cosh z
2
Other hyperbolic functions are defined as follows:
e z − e− z
sinh z e z − e− z
tanh z = = z 2 −z = z −z
cosh z e + e e +e
2
e + e− z
z

cosh z e z + e− z
coth z = = z 2 −z = z −z
sinh z e − e e −e
2
1 2 1 2
sech z = = z − z and cosech z = = z −z
cosh z e + e sinh z e − e
Relationship between Hyperbolic and trigonometric function

1. By definition,
e − e −
sinh  = , Substituting  = iz
2
eiz − e − iz  eiz − e −iz 
sinh ( iz ) = = i  = i sin z
2  2i 
 sinh ( iz ) = i sin z
ei − e − i
Now consider sin  = , Substituting  = iz
2i
e ( ) − e ( ) e− z − e z
− i iz
i iz
 e z − e− z 
sin ( iz ) = = = − 
2i 2i  2i 
 e z − e− z   e z − e− z 
sin ( iz ) = i 2   = i  = i sinh z
 2i   2 
 sin ( iz ) = i sinh z
In similar way other results are
2. cosh ( iz ) = cos z & cos ( iz ) = cosh z
3. tanh ( iz ) = i tan z & tan ( iz ) = i tanh z
4. cot ( iz ) = −i coth z
5. sec ( iz ) = sech z
6. cosec ( iz ) = −i cosechz

Problems:
1.Show that
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

i ) cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z = 1
ii ) sech 2 z + tanh 2 z = 1
iii ) coth 2 z − cos ech 2 z = 1
Solution:
(i) Since cos 2  + sin 2  = 1 , substituting  = iz , we get
 cos 2 ( iz ) + sin 2 ( iz ) = 1
 ( cosh z ) + ( i sinh z ) = 1
2 2

 ( cosh z ) + i 2 ( sinh z ) = 1
2 2

 cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z = 1
(ii) We have cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z = 1 , dividing both sides of the above expression by cosh 2 z , we
get
 1 − tanh 2 z = sech 2 z
 sech 2 z + tanh 2 z = 1
(iii) We have cosh 2 z − sinh 2 z = 1 , dividing both sides of the above expression by sinh 2 z , we
get
 coth 2 z − 1 = cosech 2 z
 coth 2 z − cosech 2 z = 1

2. Separate tan ( x + iy ) into real and imaginary parts.

Solution: We have
sin ( x + iy ) 2sin ( x + iy ) cos ( x − iy )
tan ( x + iy ) = = 
cos ( x + iy ) 2 cos ( x + iy ) cos ( x − iy )
Using, 2sin A cos B =sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) &
2cosA cos B =cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B )
sin ( x + iy + x − iy ) + sin ( x + iy − x + iy )
 tan ( x + iy ) =
cos ( x + iy + x − iy ) + cos ( x + iy − x + iy )
sin ( 2 x ) + sin ( 2iy )
 tan ( x + iy ) = ,
cos ( 2 x ) + cos ( 2iy )
But sin ( 2iy ) = i sinh y & cos ( 2iy ) = cosh y
sin 2 x + i sinh 2 y sin 2 x sinh 2 y
 tan ( x + iy ) = = +i
cos 2 x + cosh 2 y cos 2 x + cosh 2 y cos 2 x + cosh 2 y
Hence,

Re ( tan ( x + iy ) ) = & Im ( tan ( x + iy ) ) =

sin 2 x sinh 2 y
cos 2 x + cosh 2 y cos 2 x + cosh 2 y
3. Separate sinh ( x + iy ) into real and imaginary parts.
Solution: We have
 Course Title: Complex Analysis
Course Code: B18PC5071

1
sinh ( x + iy ) = sin i ( x + iy )  , using sin ( iz ) = i sinh z
i
 sinh ( x + iy ) =  sin ( ix + i 2 y )  = 2 sin ( ix − y )
1 i i
i i i
 sinh ( x + iy ) = −i sin ( ix − y )
Using, sin ( A − B ) =sinA cos B − cos A sin B
 sinh ( x + iy ) = −i sin ( ix ) cos y − cos ( ix ) sin y 
But sin ( ix ) = i sinh x & cos ( ix ) = cosh x
 sinh ( x + iy ) = −i i sinh x cos y − cosh x sin y  = −i 2 sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
 sinh ( x + iy ) = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
Hence,
Re ( sinh ( x + iy ) ) = sinh x cos y & Im ( sinh ( x + iy ) ) = cosh x sin y

ASSIGNMENT
1. Show that sinh 2 z = 2sinh z cosh z .
2. Separate coth ( x + iy ) into real and imaginary parts.
3. Separate sec ( x + iy ) into real and imaginary parts.
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