Experiment 02

COE 205 Lab Manual Experiment No 2
Experiment No 2
Input and Output
Introduction:
In this experiment you will be introduced to the basic Input and Output (I/O)
operations using assembly language. You will use the DOS interrupt (INT 21H)
function calls to access the keyboard and video display. More details will also be
given on the structure of an assembly language program.
The following major points are discussed:

- Variable declaration using: DB, DW, DD
- Constant declaration using: EQU
- OFFSET operator
- INT 21H with the functions 1, 2, 8 and 9.
Objectives:
1- Demonstrate keyboard access using the DOS INT 21H function calls 01,
02 and 08.
2- Demonstrate string display using the DOS INT 21H function call 09.
3- Show the difference between keyboard read functions, with echo and
without echo.
References:
Textbook: Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 and 3.3.
I/O DOS Function Calls:

Table 2. 1 summarizes the main I/O functions. These functions are mainly used to
read a character or a string from the keyboard, which could be an input data to a
program, and display characters or strings, which could be results, or an output, of a
program:
Function Input in Output in Effect

01H AH AL Read a character with echo on the
screen.
02H, 06H AH, No output Display a character on the screen.
Character in DL Note: Interrupted by Ctrl + Break
08H AH AL Read character without echo.
09H AH No output Display a string terminated by a
‘$’ sign
0AH AH Offset in Read a string of characters from
DX the keyboard
Table 2. 1: Simple I/O DOS function calls
COE Department 9 KFUPM (2000 )

DOS Display Functions:
These are DOS functions 02 and 06 for a single character display, and 09 for a string
display.
DOS Functions 02 and 06:
Both functions are identical, except that function 02 can be interrupted by a control
break (Ctrl-Break), while function 06 cannot. To display a single character ASCII
character at the current cursor position use the following sequence of instructions:
MOV AH, 06H ;(Or: MOV AH, 02H)

MOV DL, Character Code
INT 21H
The Character Code may be the ASCII code of the character taken from the ASCII
table (See Experiment 4 Table 4.1) or the character itself written between quotes.
The following displays number 2 using its ASCII code:
MOV AH, 06H

MOV DL, 32H
INT 21H
This code also displays 2:
MOV AH, 06H

MOV DL, ‘2’
INT 21H
DOS Functions 09:
This function is used to display a string of characters ended with a ‘$’ sign. The
following code displays the string MESSAGE defined as:
MESSAGE DB ‘This is the Message to be displayed’, ‘$’

.CODE
MOV DX, OFFSET MESSAGE
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
DOS Input functions:
These include reading a single character, with or without echo, functions 01 and 08,
and reading a whole string.

Function 01H and 08H INT 21H:
To read single character and have it echoed (displayed) on the screen, use the
following code:
MOV AH, 01H

INT 21H
;AL contains now the ASCII code of the character read from the
;keyboard.
If the character is to be read without echo, such as reading a password, use the
following code:
MOV AH, 08H

INT 21H
;AL contains now the ASCII code of the character read
Reading a String:
Reading a string is accomplished by Function 0AH INT 21H. DOS function 0AH will
accept a string of text entered at the keyboard and copy that string into a memory
buffer. DOS 0AH is invoked with DS:DX pointing to an input buffer, whose size
should be at least three bytes longer than the largest input string anticipated.
Before invoking DOS function 0AH, you must set the first byte of the buffer with the
number of character spaces in the buffer. After returning from DOS function 0AH, the
second byte of the buffer will contain a value giving the number of characters actually
read form the keyboard (Table 2.2).
Buffer Actual
Length Length
Figure 2. 1: Keyboard buffer structure
Function 0AH Read from Keyboard

Entry AH = 0AH ; DX = address of keyboard input buffer
First byte of buffer contains the size of the buffer (up to 255)
Exit Second byte of buffer contains the number of characters read.
Reading operation continues until buffer full, or a carriage return
(CR = 0DH) is typed.
Table 2. 2: : Functions 0AH of DOS interrupt.

Example:
Below is an example on the use of function 0AH, when the user enters the word
“hello”.
Input:
08 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
MOV AH, 0AH

INT 21H
;Read from keyboard the word “hello”
Output:
08 05 68 65 6C 6C 6F 0D XX XX
Empty String:

Pre Lab Work:
Review the material given in experiment number 1 for the use of PWB, and
CodeView.
1. Study the attached hand out.

2. Review the material related to data representation.
3. Write the attached programs and bring them on a floppy disc to the lab.
Use the PWB or DOS editor, or even the Windows notepad, to write your
programs.
Note: Give meaningful names to your programs, so that you can differentiate
between them easily, e.g. pgm21.asm, stands for experiment 2 program 1.
Lab Work:
1- Assemble and Link program 1.

2- Type the program’s name at the prompt to run the program.
3- What does the program do? Notice how the program handles the three
different characters.
4- Assemble, Link and Run program 2

5- Replace the line: MOV DX, OFFSET MESSAGE
by: LEA DX, MESSAGE
Then repeat step 4, what do you notice?
6- Check with CodeView the effects of the instruction LEA and the OFFSET
operator?
7- Assemble, Link and Run program 3

8- After running the program, notice here the effect of the characters 0DH
and 0AH at the end of the line containing: MESSAGE. What is your
conclusion?
9- Notice also the effects of the function calls 01H, 08H.
10- Write down all your conclusions.
Lab Assignment:
Write an assembly language program that prompts you to enter a password of 3

characters in length. The password should not be echoed to the screen. The program
then displays your name and ID number on the screen.
Submit your work at the end of the lab.

; Student Name: Student ID: Section:
Title “Exp. 2 Prog. 1”

; This program displays the characters A B C, using INT 21H function 02.
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
X EQU ’B’
Y DB 43H
.STACK 200
.CODE
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AH,02 ; LOAD FUNCTION 02
MOV DL,’A’ ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

INT 21H ; CALL INTERRUPT 21H
MOV DL,X ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

MOV DL,Y ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

MOV AX,4C00H; Exit to DOS

INT 21H
END
______________________________________________________________

; This program displays a string terminated by a $ sign using INT 21H function 09H.
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
MESSAGE DB ‘This is the message to be displayed’,’$’
.STACK 200
.CODE
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV DX, OFFSET MESSAGE

MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
MOV AX, 4C00H ; Exit to DOS

INT 21H
END

; Character input with echo INT 21H, function call 01H

; Character input without echo INT 21H, function call 08H
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
MESSAGE DB ‘Enter a character: ’,’$’
MESSAGE2 DB ‘The character you typed is: ’,0DH, 0AH,’$’
.STACK 200
.CODE
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
LEA DX, MESSAGE

MOV AH,09H
INT 21H ; Display message
MOV AH,02 ; Function 02H, display character

MOV DL,AL ; Load character to be displayed
INT 21H ;
LEA DX, MESSAGE

MOV AH,09H
INT 21H
MOV AH, 08H ; Function read character without echo.

INT 21H ; Character read is returned in AL register. No echo on the display.
MOV BL,AL ;Save character read in BL register
LEA DX, MESSAGE2

MOV AH,09H ;Display MESSAGE2
INT 21H
MOV AH,02 ; Function 02H, display character

MOV DL,BL ; Load character to be displayed from BL
INT 21H
MOV AH,4CH ; Exit to DOS

INT 21H
END

Experiment 02

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COE 205 Lab Manual Experiment No 2

Input and Output

The following major points are discussed:

I/O DOS Function Calls:

Function Input in Output in Effect

Table 2. 1: Simple I/O DOS function calls

COE Department 9 KFUPM (2000 )

DOS Display Functions:

DOS Functions 02 and 06:

MOV AH, 06H ;(Or: MOV AH, 02H)

The following displays number 2 using its ASCII code:

MOV AH, 06H

This code also displays 2:

MOV AH, 06H

DOS Functions 09:

MESSAGE DB ‘This is the Message to be displayed’, ‘$’

DOS Input functions:

COE Department 10 KFUPM (2000 )

Function 01H and 08H INT 21H:

MOV AH, 01H

MOV AH, 08H

Figure 2. 1: Keyboard buffer structure

Function 0AH Read from Keyboard

Table 2. 2: : Functions 0AH of DOS interrupt.

COE Department 11 KFUPM (2000 )

MOV AH, 0AH

COE Department 12 KFUPM (2000 )

Pre Lab Work:

1. Study the attached hand out.

1- Assemble and Link program 1.

4- Assemble, Link and Run program 2

7- Assemble, Link and Run program 3

10- Write down all your conclusions.

Write an assembly language program that prompts you to enter a password of 3

Submit your work at the end of the lab.

COE Department 13 KFUPM (2000 )

; Student Name: Student ID: Section:

Title “Exp. 2 Prog. 1”

MOV AH,02 ; LOAD FUNCTION 02

MOV DL,’A’ ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

MOV DL,X ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

MOV DL,Y ; LOAD CHARACTER TO BE DISPLAYED

MOV AX,4C00H; Exit to DOS

Title “Exp. 2 Prog. 2”

MOV DX, OFFSET MESSAGE

MOV AX, 4C00H ; Exit to DOS

COE Department 14 KFUPM (2000 )

; Character input with echo INT 21H, function call 01H

Title “Exp. 2 Prog. 3”

LEA DX, MESSAGE

MOV AH,02 ; Function 02H, display character

LEA DX, MESSAGE

MOV AH, 08H ; Function read character without echo.

MOV BL,AL ;Save character read in BL register

LEA DX, MESSAGE2

MOV AH,02 ; Function 02H, display character

MOV AH,4CH ; Exit to DOS

COE Department 15 KFUPM (2000 )

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