Sources of Stem Cells

STEM CELL AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
Prepared By- Anshika Arora
Registration No- RA2211003030233
Subject- Computational Biology
Submitted to- Mrs Parool Jain
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About stem cell

 Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows,
and replace specialised cells that are damaged or lost.
They have two unique properties that enable them to
do this:
1. They can divide over and over again to produce
new cells.
2. As they divide, they can change into the other
types of cell that make up the body.
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Sources of Stem Cells

Stem Cells originate from different parts
of the body. Adult stem cells can be found
in specific tissues in the human body.
Matured cells are specialized to conduct
various functions. Generally, these cells
can develop the kind of cells found in
tissues where they reside.
Embryonic Stem Cells are derived from 5-
day-old blastocysts that develop into
embryos and are pluripotent in nature.
These cells can develop any type of cell
and tissue in the body. These cells have
the potential to regenerate all the cells
and tissues that have been lost because
of any kind of injury or disease.
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Types
of
Stem cells are of the following different types:

stem
Embryonic Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells

 cell
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
Embryonic Stem Cells

The fertilized egg begins to divide immediately. All the cells in
the young embryo are totipotent cells. These cells form a
hollow structure within a few days. Cells in one region group
together to form the inner cell mass. This contains pluripotent
cells that make up the developing foetus.
The embryonic stem cells can be further classified as:
 Totipotent Stem Cells: These can differentiate into all

possible types of stem cells.
 Pluripotent Stem Cells: These are the cells from an early
embryo and can differentiate into any cell type.
 Multipotent Stem Cells: These differentiate into a closely
related cell type. E.g., the hematopoietic stem cells
differentiate into red blood cells and white blood cells.
 Oligopotent Stem Cells: Adult lymphoid or myeloid cells
are oligopotent. They can differentiate into a few different
types of cells.
 Unipotent Stem Cells: They can produce cells only of their
own type. Since they have the ability to renew themselves,
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they are known as unipotent stem cells. E.g., Muscle stem

cells.
Adult Stem Cells

These stem cells are obtained from developed organs and
tissues. They can repair and replace the damaged tissues in the
region where they are located. For eg., hematopoietic stem
cells are found in the bone marrow. These stem cells are used
in bone marrow transplants to treat specific types of cancers.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

These cells have been tested and arranged by converting
tissue-specific cells into embryonic cells in the lab. These cells
are accepted as an important tool to learn about the normal
development, onset and progression of the disease and are
also helpful in testing various drugs. These stem cells share the
same characteristics as embryonic cells do. They also have the
potential to give rise to all the different types of cells in the
human body.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells

These cells are mainly formed from the connective tissues
surrounding other tissues and organs, known as the stroma.
These mesenchymal stem cells are accurately called stromal
cells. The first mesenchymal stem cells were found in the bone
marrow that is capable of developing bones, fat cells, and
cartilage.
There are different mesenchymal stem cells that are used to
treat various diseases as they have been developed from
different tissues of the human body. The characteristics of
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mesenchymal stem cells depend on the organ from where they

originate.
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APPLICATIONS
OF STEM CELL
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Cancer
The only stem cells now used to treat disease are
hematopoietic stem cells. These are the blood
cell-forming adult stem cells found in bone
marrow. Every type of blood cell in the bone
marrow starts as a stem cell. Stem cells are
immature cells that are able to make other blood
cells that mature and function as needed.
These cells are used in procedures such as bone
marrow transplants. These help people with
cancer make new blood cells after their own
hematopoietic stem cells have been killed by
radiation therapy and chemotherapy. They may
also be used to treat people with conditions such
as Fanconi anemia. This is a blood disorder that
causes the body's bone marrow to fail.
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Tissue Regeneration
This is the most important application of
stem cells. The stem cells can be used to
grow a specific type of tissue or organ.
This can be helpful in kidney and liver
transplants. The doctors have already
used the stem cells from beneath the
epidermis to develop skin tissue that can
repair severe burns or other injuries by
tissue grafting.
Treatment of Cardiovascular
Disease
A team of researchers have developed blood
vessels in mice using human stem cells.
Within two weeks of implantation, the blood
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vessels formed their network and were as

efficient as the natural vessels.
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Treatment of Brain
Diseases
Stem cells can also treat diseases such as
Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s.
These can help to replenish the damaged
brain cells. Researchers have tried to
differentiate embryonic stem cells into
these types of cells and make it possible
to treat diseases.
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Treatment of Corneal
Regeneration
tissue stem cells taken from an area of the
eye called the limbus can be used to
repair damage to the cornea – the
transparent layer at the front of the eye. If
the cornea is severely damaged, for
example by a chemical burn, limbal stem
cells can be taken from the patient,
multiplied in the lab and transplanted
back onto the patient’s damaged eye(s) to
restore sight. However, this can only help
patients who have some undamaged
limbal stem cells remaining in one of their
eyes.
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Sources of Stem Cells

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Sources of Stem Cells

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STEM CELL AND ITS

About stem cell

Sources of Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

 Totipotent Stem Cells: These can differentiate into all

they are known as unipotent stem cells. E.g., Muscle stem

Adult Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

mesenchymal stem cells depend on the organ from where they

vessels formed their network and were as

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