NCM 131 Unit I. Evolution of Nursing

Theoretical Foundations in
Nursing
First Semester SY 2022 – 2023

First Cluster (August to October 2022)
Dr. Sitti Shierwina I. Al-Jumayile

Nursing
FirstUnit I. Evolution
Semester SY 2021 of Nursing
– 2022
First Cluster (August 16 to October 15, 2021)
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Why is it important for nurses to understand the
history of nursing?
Theoretical Foundations
Well-established history that in
Nursing
support professional identity
History allows first hand information

about nursing history
First Cluster (August 16 to October 15,
To gain 2021) knowledge to
beginning
problems currently affecting the
profession.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing evolution will also provide strength to
uphold and value nursing.
Nursing
Nursing
History
History
First Cluster (August 16 to October 15, 2021) of Nursing
Theory
1. Curriculum era
Dr. Elena M. Valdez 2.
3.
Research era
Graduate era
4. Theory era
5. Theory utilization
Precolonial Regime
Nursing
First
Mysticism and Semester SY 2021
superstitions were the – 2022
two wordsFirst
during the(August
Cluster early beliefs and 15, 2021)
16 to October
practices in the Philippines.
The cause of a disease was primarily
Dr. Elenabelieved
M. Valdez
to be due to either another
person, whom which was an enemy,
or a witch or evil spirits.
Examples
superstitious belief
among Filipinos
Cure a hiccup by
Lying or sleepingin
placing a thread
wet with saliva to
with wet hair can
Nursing cause blindness
the forehead.
First Semester SYWashing

2021hands
– 2022
First Cluster (August 16 to October
after hard 15,
work2021)
can lead to
spasmodic
“Usog or hands Frog urine
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
buyag” or pasma. causes
warts.
Examples
among Filipinos
Not patting dry Nursing
the perspiration
cause case
URTI Exploding gunpowder from a bamboo cane
near the head of the person going through
the suffering would usually get rid of the bad
First Cluster (August 16 omen.
to October 15, 2021)
You should
always wipe off
sweat because Spreading salt on the entrance
you will get
pneumonia if it
Dr. Elena M. Valdez of a new home will prevent its
occupant from getting sick in
dries on your the future.
body.
Examples
among Filipinos
Nursing

First Cluster (August 16 to October 15,
If you are 2021)
not feeling well and you make
“bati” with, or greet, a baby, that baby will
get “usog”, meaning you will pass the
negative energy to the infant so it will get
You shouldn't play with punso, or
sick. To resolve this, you have to rub your
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
small mounds of land commonly
found near trees, because dwarves
saliva on the baby's forehead.
live there and they will make you sick.
Nursing
Filipinos were very cautious not
to disturb other people or in
First Semester SY 2021 enemy–with2022those practicing
“mangkukulam
First Cluster (August 16 to October 15, 2021) or
manggagaway”. Though these
Mysticism and Superstition people drives away evil spirits
and have a power to banish
Dr. Elena M. Valdez demons.
Nursing
Belief in special gods of healing, with
the priest -physician (called “word
doctors”First Semester
) as intermediary. SY used
If they 2021 – 2022
leaves or roots, they were called herb
doctors (“herbolarios”) Filipinos who
became sick were usually cared for by
the female family Dr.members
ElenaorM. Valdez
friends in
the home.
Early Care of the Sick
Nursing

The early First
Filipinos subscribed
Cluster toOctober 15, 2021)
(August 16 to
superstitious belief and practices in
relation to health and sickness. Herb men
were called “ called “herbicheros”
meaning one who Dr.practiced
Elena witchcraft.
M. Valdez
Nursing
Persons suffering from diseases without
First Semester
any identified SY 2021 – 2022
cause were believed
bewitched byCluster
First “mangkukulam
(August 16 or
manggagaway”.
Difficult childbirth and some diseases

Dr. Elena M.“pamao”
(called Valdez ) were attributed
to “nunos”. Midwives assisted in
childbirth.
Nursing
Dangerous birthing and “pamao” were
thought to come from “nunos”. While
labor was attended by “hilot or good
First Semester SY 2021
midwife. – 2022
If birth became too dangerous, this is

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
usually associated to bad omens or evil
sorcerers.
Nursing
During labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good
midwife)First Semester
was called in. If theSY
birth2021
became – 2022
difficult, witches were
First Cluster supposed
(August to be the
16 to October 15, 2021)
cause. To disperse their influence,
gunpowder were exploded from a
bamboo cane close to the head of the
sufferer. Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Precolonial Regime
(900–1521)
Nursing
The primary people of the Philippine archipelago
were the Negrito, proto-Malay, and Malay
peoples.
Health fell largely under the influence of religion
and was equivalent to gaining favor with deities.
Religious healers believed that in order to
Dr. Elena
achieve M.
health, Valdez
it was necessary for individuals to
pray and sacrifice to the gods in order to
propitiate them
Spanish colonial era
1565 to 1898
in
Nursing
These trends continued during the Spanish colonial era,
although women did not have much opportunity to be formally
educated in schools because only a limited number of Filipino
women received primary education in charitable institutions
establisheded by Spaniards.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

The Philippine education system offered distinct
and unequal opportunities for Filipinos based on
gender.
Nursing
1565 to 1898
During the Philippine revolution, Filipino women

Firstthe
also became Semester
providers of SYcare2021 – 2022
for wounded
revolutionaries.
The context of nursing has

manifested through simple
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
nutrition, wound care, and taking
care of an ill member of the family.
1565 to 1898
in
Nursing
An example of this is sexism was that education
was only for men or elite families.
Without
First Cluster (Augustan
16education, women
to October 15, 2021) were
unable to gain much knowledge or
power.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
The knowledge of caring was seen as a
task, not a job or profession.
Nursing
1565 to 1898

In 1578, male nurses(August
First Cluster were acknowledged
16 to October 15, 2021)
as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring
sick individuals in the hospital. These male
nurses were referred as practicante or
enfermero. Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Nursing
1565 to 1898
The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by
buildingFirst Semester
hospitals in differentSY
parts2021
of the–Philippines.
2022 The earliest
hospitals were:
Hospital Real de Manila (1577) – it was

established mainly to care for the
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Spanish king’s soldiers, but also
admitted Spanish civilians; founded by
Gov. Francisco de Sande.
1565 to 1898
in
Nursing
First Semester SY
San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – founded
2021 – 2022
by Brother Juan Clemente and was
administered for many years by the
Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

exclusively for patients with leprosy.
Nursing
1565 to 1898

Hospital de Indios (1586) – established by the
First Cluster
Franciscan Order by Fray(August 16 to October 15, 2021)
Juan Clemente;
service was in general supported by alms and
contributions from charitable persons. . It also
provided free medical supplies such as oils,
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
herbs, and ointments, and medical supplies to
other infirmaries and hospitals.
Nursing
1565 to 1898

Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) –
establishedFirst
in Laguna
Clusterthat caters16toto October 15, 2021)
(August
poor Filipino people. The hospital was
near a medicinal spring, founded by
Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan
Order. Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Nursing
1565 to 1898
San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) –

founded by the Brotherhood of
Misericordia and administered by the
Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios;
support was delivered from alms and
rents; rendered general health service
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
to the public. Today this hospital
became an educational foundation
dedicated to help the poor.
1565 to 1898
in
Nursing
In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain emerges
which resulted to significant amount of casualties. With this, many
women haveFirstassumed
Cluster (August
the role 16 to October
of nurses 15, 2021)
in order to assist the wounded
soldiers. The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the
development of Philippines Red Cross.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Josephine Bracken — wife of Jose Rizal, installed
a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. She
provided nursing care to the wounded night and
day.
Nursing
1565 to 1898
Rosa Sevilla de Alvero — converted their house

into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; during the
Philippine-American War that16broke out in 1899
First Cluster (August to October 15, 2021)
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo — the first wife of
Emilio Aguinaldo who organized that Filipino Red
Cross under the inspiration of Mabini.
Nursing
1565 to 1898
Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo —
second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo;
provided nursing care to Filipino
soldiersFirst
during the revolution,
Cluster (August 16President
of the Filipino Red Cross branch in
Batangas.
Melchora Aquino a.k.a. “Tandang Sora” —
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and
gave them shelter and food.
Nursing
1565 to 1898
Capitan Salome — a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija;
provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.
Agueda Kahabagan — revolutionary leader in

Laguna, also provided nursing services to her
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
troops
Nursing
1565 to 1898
Trinidad Tecson (“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) — stayed in the

hospital at Biak na Bato to care for wounded soldiers
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), known as “The Lady
With the Lamp,” was a British nurse, social reformer
and statistician best known as the founder of modern
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
nursing. Her experiences as a nurse during the
Crimean War were foundational in her views about
sanitation.
American Colonial Rule
Theoretical
1898–1946
Foundations in
Nursing
Although we had gained independence from Spain, the US began
to instill their power and conflict broke out between the Filipinos
and Americans.
The presence of Americans played a vital role in influencing the
development of nursing into a profession.
Dr.and
American nurses Elena M. Valdez
missionaries came to act as mentors for the
Filipino women.
Theoretical
1898–1946
Foundations in
Nursing
A law was formulated and established as the “First True Nursing
Law” in 1919.
In 1915, the first law had to do with the practice of nursing was
contained in RA 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310).
Laws include age requirement, nurses licensure exams, good
moral character Dr.andElena M. Valdez
fit to study.
Theoretical
1898–1946
Foundations in
Nursing
In 1919: The first true nursing Law (Act 2808) was approved.
First
Provisions Semester
included were: SY 2021 – 2022
Board of Examiners were created and composed of 3 members appointed
by the Secretary of Interior, one of whom was a doctor and two RNs.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Holding of licensure exams on the 2nd Monday of June and December of
each year.
Theoretical
1898–1946
Foundations in
Nursing
In 1920: The first board exam for nurses was conducted with 93
First
candidates andSemester
only 68 passed SYwith2021 – 2022
the highest rating of 93.5% by
Anna Dahlgren.
The theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the

College of Medicine and surgery at the PGH Library.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
1898–1946
In 1921: The Filipino Nurses Association was established now

(PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino Nurses.
The first President : Rosario Delgado

Founder : Anastacia Giron - Tupas
In 1922: The date of licensure exam was change to 2nd Monday of

April and October (Act No. 3025).
Theoretical
1898–1946
Foundations in
Nursing
In 1932: Act No. 4007 Reorganization Law. The nurses licensure
exam was under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Civil
ServiceFirst Semester
and Public SY
Instruction 2021
from – 2022
the Board of Examiner.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
1898–1946
Americans began training the first Filipino

nursing students in 1907. Nursing students in
the Philippines studied many of the same
subjects asFirst Cluster
nursing (August
students 16 to
in the October 15, 2021)
U.S.
However, it was believed that the curriculum in
the Philippines “was never a mirror-image
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
reproduction of the American nursing
curriculum” and involved more than a simple
transfer of knowledge from American nurses to
Filipino nurses.
Nursing
1898–1946
DuringFirst Semester
the American period,SY
women2021were– 2022
given theFirst Cluster (August 16 to October 15, 2021)
chance to become educated as
nurses, guided by the American nurse and
missionary mentors until nursing became a
Dr. Elena
full-pleaged profession in theM. Valdez
Philippines .
Theoretical
1898–1946 Foundations in
Nursing
This began when American missionary doctors and nurses realized that
manpower was insufficient. Thus resulted to a decision of training Filipino
nurses. First Semester SY 2021 – 2022
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo
City, 1906). Ran by Baptist Foreign Mission
Society of America. Miss Rose Nicolet, was the
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
first superintendent.
Theoretical
1898–1946 Foundations in
Nursing
Now in its present location to Jaro Road, Iloilo

City in 1929. Miss Flora Ernst, an American
First
nurse, took Cluster
charge (August
of the 16into1942.
school October
In 15, 2021)
April 1944 graduate nurses took the first
Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission
Hospital
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Theoretical
American Colonial Foundations
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1907)
The hospital was established by the
Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty
under the supervision of the Sisters of
St. Paul de Chartres located in
Intramuros. It provided general hospital
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

services. It opened its training school
for nurses in 1908, with Mother Melanie
as superintendent and Miss Chambers
as Principal.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1907)
PGH began in 1901 as a small dispensary for
Firstand
Civil officers Cluster (Augustin16
Employees toCity
the October
of 15, 2021)
Manila and later grew as a Civil Hospital.
In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for the idea of

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing with the approval of
Government officials, she first opened a dormitory for Girls enrolled at
the Philippine Normal Hall and the University of the Philippines.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director
of Health and among others, M.C. Masters opened classes in nursing
under the First
Auspices of the
Cluster Bureau
(August of October
16 to Education.
15,Admission
2021) was based
on an entrance examination.
The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing
subjects. American physician also served as lecturers.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
In 1910, the Act No. 1976 modified the organization of the school placing
it under the supervision of the Department of Health. The Civil Hospital
was abolished and General Hospital was established.
St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing
(Quezon City, 1907)
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It
began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907,
the school opened with three girls admitted.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing

(Quezon City, 1907)
These three girls
First had their
Cluster first16
(August year in
combined classes with the PGH School of
Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the
first Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first
medical director of the hospital.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
Mary Johnston Hospital and School of
Nursing (Manila, 1907)
It started as a small dispensary on Calle
– 2022
Cervantes (now Avenida).
It was called the Bethany Dispensary The nurses’ training course

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
and funded by the Methodist Mission for
the relief of suffering among women
began with three Filipino young
girls fresh from elementary as
and children. their first students.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together

with registered nurses Rose Dudley and
Gertude First Clusterorganized
Dreisbach, (August 16 toMary
the October 15, 2021)
Johnston School of Nursing.
The nurses’ training course
Dr. Elena M. Valdez began with three Filipino young
girls fresh from elementary as
their first students.
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
Philippine Christian Mission Institute

Schools of Nursing
First Cluster
The United (August
Christian 16 to Society
Missionary October 15, 2021)
of Indianapolis, Indiana- a Protestant
organization of the disciples of Christ
operated three schools of nursing.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing

(Laoag,Ilocos Norte, 1903)
2. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)
3. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911).

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Theoretical
Rule in
Nursing
1898–1946
Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila 1911).
Established by Dr. W.N. Lemon in small
houseFirst Cluster (August 16 to Manila.
on Azcarraga,Sampaloc, October 15, 2021)
In 1913, Miss Mary Chiles of Montana,
donated a large sum of money to build
the present hospital in Gastambide.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
An extension of the hospital was also donated by Miss Esperanza
Tuazon, a Filipino Philntropist.
Japanese Occupation
Theoretical
1942–1945
Foundations in
Nursing
Sixty-seven World War II nurses served time as prisoners of war.
Nurses all survived
First the long16imprisonment
Cluster (August from May 1942 to
February 1945, but after liberation, received little recognition as
military prisoners of war.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Post Colonial Rule
Nursing
After World War II, when Manuel Roxas assumed the presidency on
July 4, 1946, it also officially marked the end of US colonialism.
First
Roxas’ first Semester
attempts SYthe
to balance 2021 – 2022
Philippines’ budget included
First Cluster
the exportation (August
of Filipino 16 to October 15, 2021)
nurses.
Already trained by Americans, Filipino nurses were the perfect

Dr. Elena
candidates to assist M.other
the US and Valdez
countries in their health care
delivery system.
Nursing shortage (1960’s)
Post Colonial Regime
In 1953: Nursing
RA 877 or The Philippine Nursing Law was approved with
the following provisions.
The organization of the Board of Examinees composed of
First Semester
three nurses, SY 2021
a chairman, – 2022
two members.
Provisions regarding nursing schools and colleges,
examinations and registration of nurses.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Provisions also like no person shall practice nursing
without the certificate of registration issued by the
Board.
Post Colonial Regime
In 1958: Proclamation No. 539 datedNursing
October 17, 1958.
Designated the last week of October every year as “Nurse’s Week.
In 1966:First Semester
RA 4704 amends theSY 2021provisions;
following – 2022
First Cluster
Members of the(August
Board 16
of to October 15,increased
Examinees 2021) from three to
five members and will be appointed by the President. Should
be Master’s Degree holder, and no age qualification.
Dr.injections
IV and other ElenashallM. be
Valdez
under the supervision of a
Licensed physician, entrance was lowered to 18 years old.
Theoretical
Start Foundations
of Nursing (1911-1921) in
Nursing
Promulgation of Act No. 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310)
allowing the regulation of nursing practice transpired during this period.
However, in 1919, the First True Nursing Law was enacted through Act 2808.
During this period the Board Examiners for Nursing was also created.
The first nursing board examination was given on 1920. The first executive
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

officer of the Board Examiners for Nurses is a physicians.
Filipino graduate nurses were employed to the different hospitals in the

Philippines as well as in the US.
Theoretical
Start Foundations
Nursing
Hospitals and schools of nursing were established by to cater people who
are sick and wounded.
Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911).
Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan Ilocos Sur, 1912)
San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1913)
In 1913, through the initiative of Dr. Benito Valdez,
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
the board of inspectors and the executive board
of the hospital passed a resolution to open school
of nursing.
Theoretical
Start Foundations
Nursing
San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1913)

The school has been run by the Daughters
First since
of Charity Cluster (August
then. Sister16Taciana
Tinanes was the first Directress of the
School.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Theoretical
Start Foundations
Nursing
Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing
(Capiz, 1913)

In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign
– 2022
Mission Society sent Dr. PH Lerrigo to
Capiz for the purpose of opening a
hospital. Miss Rose Nicolet assisted him.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
The school offered a 3-year training
course for an annual fee of Php 100.00.
Miss Clara Pedroso was the first
principal
Theoretical
Start Foundations
Southern Islands Hospital School of
Nursing
Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

The hospital was established in 1911
First
under the Cluster
Bureau (AugustThe
of Health. 16 to October 15, 2021)
school
opened in 1918 with Anastacia Giron-
Tupas as the organizer. Miss Visitacion
Perez was the first principal
Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Theoretical
A Much Established Foundations
Professional Organization: in
1921 – 1931
Nursing
During this period, the precursor to the accredited professional organization
in the Philippines was created.
The FilipinoFirst
Nurses Association
Cluster (Augustwas established
16 to October 15, on2021)
October 15, and the
organization initiated the publication of Filipino Nurse Journal.
Later, this journal was changed to The Philippine Journal of Nursing.

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
Amendment of certain sections of the Act 2008 was conducted in 1922
under Act 3025 passed by the 5th Legislature.
Theoretical
A Much Established Foundations
Professional Organization: in
1921 – 1931
Nursing
This policy is entitled An Act Regulating the Practice of Nursing
Profession in the Philippine Islands, which necessitates all nurses who
are practicing the profession to register yearly.
In 1929, the organization also became a member of the International
Council of Nurses.
Through the 1930s, Philippine schools of nursing continued to adopt

Dr. Elena M. Valdez
those aspects of American professional nursing they deemed relevant
and appropriate, such as higher admission standards and the
specialization of public health nursing.
Theoretical
Public Health Foundations
Nursing Development: 1931 – 1941in
Nursing
In 1933, the nursing institution have increased their requirement. During
this period, they have implemented that to enter nursing education an
applicant must be able to complete secondary education.
First Cluster
The first collegiate (August
nursing 16 to October
graduates 15, 2021) graduated from
of the Philippines
University of the Philippines School of Public Health Nursing in 1938.
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Other Schools of Nursing
Nursing
Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
Manila Sanitarium Hospital and School of Nursing (1930)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
St. Paul School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
Silliman University School of Nursing (1947)

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

In 1991: RA 7164 or Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 introduced by
Nursing
Senator H. Alvarez redefined the scope of nursing practice which
was the use of nursing process as a scientific discipline.
The useFirst Semester

of nursing process asSY 2021 –discipline.
a scientific 2022
Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Nursing
In 2002: RA 9173 or the Nursing Act of 2002 was signed by law by
First
Pres Gloria Semester SY 2021 – 2022
Arroyo.
The Philippines is the leader in exporting nurses to meet the
demands of US and other developed countries.
Today, nursingDr.
is notElena M. Valdez
only for women but also for men.
Periods of Nursing History
I. The Intuitive Period
From the mode of nomadic life, there is already gradual
development of urban community life.
Start of scientific knowledge more complex life

increase in health problems demand for more nurses.
From the mode of nomadic life, there is already gradual

development of urban community life.
The birth of religious ideologist: Judaism (there is one God, who
wants people to do what is just and compassionate., Christianity
(Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ) and Islam (Belief
in Allah as the one and only God).
Babylonians believed in the Code of Hammurabi (first recording

on medical practice) like establishment of medical fees, specific
doctor for each disease and the right of the patient to choose
treatment between charms, medicine or surgical procedure.
Egyptians introduced the art of embalming; Hebrews believed
in the teachings of Moses; China uses pharmacologic drugs or
herbs to treat diseases; India believed “Sushuruta’s
Teachings” which is also the first recordings on nursing
practice.
In Greece, Hippocrates first to reject the idea that diseases are

caused by evil spirits. The first to apply assessment and
medical ethics. “Nurses should function as untrained slaves”.
Egyptians introduced the art of embalming; Hebrews believed
in the teachings of Moses; China uses pharmacologic drugs or
herbs to treat diseases; India believed “Sushuruta’s
Teachings” which is also the first recordings on nursing
practice.
In Greece, Hippocrates first to reject the idea that diseases are

caused by evil spirits. The first to apply assessment and
medical ethics. “Nurses should function as untrained slaves”.
II. The Apprentice Period
As nursing was not valued as an intellectual endeavor it lost much of
its economic support and social status. The nursing conditions were
at their worst and have been called the dark period of nursing.
III. The Educative Period
Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of

Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London, England
which contributed the growth of Nursing in the US.
She earned the name “The Lady with the Lamp” because
she would visit soldiers at night with a small lantern in
her hand.
Social Factors
& Conditions
of the People
Trends
Factors that influenced the Resulting
from War
development of nursing
education:
Emancipation
of Women
Increased
educational
opportunities
IV. The Contemporary Period
Historical Era in Nursing (Alligood, 2006)
Curriculum Moving nursing education from hospital-based

Era into college and universities
(1900-1940’s)
To develop specialized nursing programs/courses
What curriculum content should student nurses
study to becomes nurses?
Research Research is the path to new knowledge

Era
(1950-1970’s) Research is part of the nursing curricula in
graduate programs
What is the focus for nursing research?

Graduate Masters program in nursing emerged to meet

Education Era need for nurses with specialized education in
(1950-1970’s) nursing
Nursing Theory and Nursing Conceptual

models were included as courses in the study
of nursing
What knowledge is needed for the practice of

nursing?
Theory Outgrowth of research era

Era
(1980-1990’s) Research without theory produced isolated
information however research and theory
produced nursing science.
How do these models guide research and

practice?
Theory Nursing theory guides research, practice,

Utilization education, and administration.
(21st century)
What new theories are needed to produce
evidence of quality care?

NCM 131 Unit I. Evolution of Nursing

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Theoretical Foundations in

First Semester SY 2022 – 2023

Dr. Sitti Shierwina I. Al-Jumayile

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

History allows first hand information

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

First Semester SYWashing

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Difficult childbirth and some diseases

If birth became too dangerous, this is

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

During the Philippine revolution, Filipino women

The context of nursing has

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Hospital Real de Manila (1577) – it was

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) –

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Rosa Sevilla de Alvero — converted their house

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Agueda Kahabagan — revolutionary leader in

Trinidad Tecson (“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) — stayed in the

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

The theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the

In 1921: The Filipino Nurses Association was established now

The first President : Rosario Delgado

In 1922: The date of licensure exam was change to 2nd Monday of

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Americans began training the first Filipino

Now in its present location to Jaro Road, Iloilo

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for the idea of

The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

It was called the Bethany Dispensary The nurses’ training course

In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together

Philippine Christian Mission Institute

1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing

3. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911).

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Already trained by Americans, Filipino nurses were the perfect

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

Filipino graduate nurses were employed to the different hospitals in the

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Dr. Elena M. Valdez

First Semester SY 2021

First Semester SY 2021 – 2022

Later, this journal was changed to The Philippine Journal of Nursing.