ii P H YS I C S

and the importance of the physical quantities. Students will understand the relation between physics and other

Objectives

types of motion, to understand the basic concepts

about motion and to form a mathematical model for
the simplest form of motion; the uniform motion.

Other aspects of this booklet, the students will be aware Students should be able to use the mentioned concepts

linear path, escalators and trains on a linear railway.

solutions to these cases.

Objectives Objectives
1. Students make inference that the concept of motion
properties of matter; interpret the mass versus volume
is relative.
2. Students classify the motion of objects which are
encountered in daily life.

other.

daily life. about these concepts.

associated with each other in uniform linear motion.

description of motion that includes these quantities is called dynamics.

Objectives

history of science.

balanced forces.

P H YS I C S 1
2 P H YS I C S
 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

The field of physics attempts to make sense of the Universe at all scales, from the impossibly small particles
to the very large structures within which we exist. Quarks, photons and protons (among many others) are
articulated by Quantum Mechanics . At the other extreme, Einstein’s General Relativity provides a framework
for understanding our cosmos on the largest possible scale and accounts for the large-scale gravitational
effects of all matter on space and time. From quarks to quasars, physics address an enormous variety of
objects and phenomena, many of which provoke physical questions.

Importance of physics in our daily life

In our daily life we hardly find a device in which laws of physics are not involved.

Pulleys are used to lift heavy loads.

Electricity is used to get light,heat and mechanical energy that drives fans and electric motors.
Means of transportation such as car and aeroplanes,domestic appliances such as air
conditioner,refrigerators,vacuum cleaners,washing machines and microwave oven etc.
The means of communication such as radio,TV,telephone and computer are the result of applications of
physics.These devices have made our lives much easier and faster and more comfortable than the past.
Computer is the invention of physics.

What is Physics?
The goal of physics is to provide an understanding of the physical world by developing theories based on
experiments. A physical theory, usually expressed mathematically, describes how a given physical system
works. The theory makes certain predictions about the physical system which can then be checked by
observations and experiments. If the predictions turn out to correspond closely to what is actually observed,
then the theory stands, although it remains provisional. No theory to date has given a complete description
of all physical phenomena, even within a given sub-discipline of physics. Every theory is a work in progress.

Physics as a word comes from “physica-physis” meaning nature. Physics has shown us much
About the structure of Matter.
About the nature of Energy.
About the nature of Space and Time.

E nergy Matter

interaction

P H YS I C S 3
The field of physics is usually divided into classical physics which includes mechanics, electromagnetism,
thermodynamics, optics and modern physics which includes the topics of atomic and nuclear physics ,
solid state physics, high energy and plasma physics .There are more and more branches like quantum
mechanics , relativity , astrophysics etc..

Thermodynamics

Solid - state
physics Electromagnetism

Optics BRANCHES
Atomic physics
OF PHYSICS

Mechanics Nuclear physics

High energy
and
plasma
physics

4 P H YS I C S
 It deals with the motion of objects(at low
Mechanics speed) in macroscopic world.Energy and
friction are very important in this discipline
which crosses physical science and
engineering.

Electromagnetism is a two-way link between

Electromagnetism electricity and magnetism. An electric
current creates a magnetic field, and a
magnetic field, when it changes, creates a
voltage. The discovery of this link led to the
invention of the transformer, electric motor, and generator. It also, after more
than 50 years of further work, explained what light is and led to the invention
of radio.

Thermodynamics is the study of how heat

Thermodynamics relates to work and energy. This branch
incorporates principles of chemistry
and physics to explain phenomena
such as radiation, temperature and energy dispersion in both microscopic
and macroscopic terms. Four main laws exist in thermodynamics.
Refrigerators,engines,melting points ,boiling points of matter are the study
area of thermodynamics..

The nuclear physics

Nuclear physics deals with the nucleus
as a system consisting
of a nucleons (protons
and neutrons). A knowledge of atomic and nuclear physics
is essential to nuclear engineers, who deal with nuclear
reactors.Nuclear physics tries to understand how the
Sun generates the energy we need for life on Earth, what
happens in stars when they die. This branch of physics also includes a variety of other areas of exploration
into magnetic resonance imaging, material engineering, geology (radio carbon dating) and medicine.

P H YS I C S 5
 Optical sciences is the study of the properties
Optics and behavior of light along with the
interactions of light, matter and energy. As
an electromagnetic wave, light is currently
classified by scientists by its wave length frequency in visible, ultraviolet and
infrared spectrums. Lenses ,mirrors ,reflections,refractions ,prisms ,colours
are the study area of optics.

Atomic Physics is the branch of science

Atomic physics that deals with the structure of the electron
cloud within atoms. It regards the nucleus of
the atom as a point charge of certain mass,
without making any assumptions about its structure, which is the subject of
Nuclear Physics.

High energy physics is a branch that

High energy and
deals with the fundamental nature of
plasma physics
the universe which utilizes particle
physics to explain the origin of rare
events and anomalies that can be found in space and throughout the
universe. Phenomena such as solar fusion, black holes and gamma
ray bursts are investigated by physicists in this field to determine how
interactions between particles can cause the release of high amounts of
energy.At high energies matter becomes plasma and plasmas are very different to the other states of matter.

It is the study of rigid matter,or solids.

Solid state physics Solid state physics studies how the large-
scale properties of solid materials result
from their atomic scale properties. It
also has direct applications , for example in the technology of transistors
, semiconductors and computers,

6 P H YS I C S
 E x am p le: Write the branches of physics.

Research the Research the

nature of light electrical charge
and its motion

Research heat and

temperature

Research the Research the attraction

super - conductivity and repelsion forces in
nucleus

Research the magnets

and magnetic fields

Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIMct-xKSN0&N-
R=1&feature=endscreen

P H YS I C S 7