COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION (CCJE)

MODULE IN FIRST AID AND WATER SAFETY

First Semester, SY 2022-2023

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION
FIRST AID
- “Emergency care or treatment given to an ill or injured person before regular medical aid
can be obtained.”
- Refers to the help that a sick or injured person receives until full medical treatment is
available. Being able to perform first aid is a simple skill that can have an incredibly positive impact
– from providing a casualty with reassurance to saving their life.
ROLES OF FIRST AID 1. To prevent accidents.
2. To train people to do the right thing at the
1.It is the bridge that fills the gap between the
right time.
victim and the physician.
3. To prevent added injury or danger
2.It is not intended to compete with, nor take the
4. To provide proper transportation if
place of the services of the physician.
necessary
3.It ends when the services of a physician begin.
5. To give first aid for large numbers of
4.Ensure safety of him/herself and that of
persons caught in a natural disaster
bystanders.
5.Gain access to the victim.
6.Determine any threats to patient’s life.
7.Summon advanced medical care as needed.
8.Provide needed care for the patient.
9.Assist advance personnel.
10. Record all finding and care given to the
patient.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent further injury or danger
3. To prolong life
BASIC LIFE SAVING STEPS
1. Check for blood circulation (pulse).
2. Check for breathing.
3. Check for bleeding.
4. Check for shock.

PURPOSES OF FIRST AID TRAINING

FIRST AID MEDICAL TERMS
Abrasion:
– A medical term used to refer to the damage to the skin through to scraping or wearing
away.
Airbag:
– A safety device in a vehicle that inflates rapidly when there’s an automobile collision to
protect the occupant from striking into objects that may cause injuries.
Airway:
– The respiratory tract where air passes in and out of the lungs. The nose and the mouth are
the normal entry and exit ports of the airway.
Anaphylaxis:
– An acute or serious allergic reaction to a chemical or an allergen, potentially life-
threatening. For possible serious allergic reaction/anaphylaxis cases, make sure Anaphylaxis
First Aid is administered.
Angina:
– A medical term that refers to the chest pain or discomfort that is caused by reduced blood
flow to the heart.
Antibiotics:
– Drugs or medicines that are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. This is also known
as antibacterial.
*Note: Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections.
Artery:
-A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body; contains
oxygenated blood. Arteries are part of the circulatory system and is responsible for the
delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells.
Asthma:
– A lung condition that causes difficulty in breathing due to constrictions of the small air tubes
in the lungs. It is usually triggered by allergic reaction or other hypersensitivity. There is First
Aid for Asthma Attacks that can be practiced to provide immediate care.
Automated External Defibrillator:
– A device that restores the normal rhythm of the heart by delivering a controlled electrical
shock. A sudden cardiac arrest can happen anytime so AEDs installed in workplaces are
necessary as it is an opportunity for life-saving defibrillation.
Bandage
-It is a piece of material that is used to support a dressing, splint, or an injured part of a
person’s body.
Basic Life Support (BLS):
– This is a level of medical care for victims of life-threatening injuries until a full medical care
is given to them at the hospital. It can be provided by a BLS trained person, a paramedic or
emergency medical technician.
Blood pressure:
– The pressure of the blood within the arteries. This is one of the vital signs being monitored
to indicate wellness of the body. It varies depending on activities, situation and stress. Too
low or too high levels of blood pressure is not a good sign and will require further medical
care. Normal blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120/80 mm Hg.
Blood sugar:
– Also known as blood glucose. Abnormalities in blood sugar levels can either be high blood
sugar (hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Breathing:
– The process of which air is inhaled through the mouth or nose, and then air is expelled from
the lungs due to muscle contraction and relaxation, respectively.
Bruise:
– An injury caused by an impact that damages soft tissues and underlying blood vessels.
Discoloration appears on the area of the body affected; another term for contusion. When you
get bruises, check First Aid for Bruises to help you take care and patch them up.
Burn:
– An injury that gives a feeling of discomfort caused by exposure to heat, flame, chemical
agents, radiation, or electricity. In case you get caught or find the need to help another
person who had burns, check First Aid for Burns.
Cardiac:
– Cardiac is the medical term which means relating to the heart. A sudden stop in effective
blood circulation due to the failure of the heart to contract is called a cardiac arrest. An
immediate CPR and an AED can help restore the functioning of the heart.
Cardiopulmonary:
– A medical term referring to or relating to the heart and the lungs.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):
– (AKA: Chest Compressions)/Rescue Breathing (AKA: Artificial Respiration) Also
abbreviated as CPR. A life-saving first aid procedure of chest compressions given to patients
who is in cardiac arrest. This medical process helps patient’s body pump blood when the
heart fails. To carry out this procedure, a trained person manually presses up and down the
casualty’s chest (chest compressions) and performs a series of rescue breaths by means of
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation which help restore breathing and circulation.
Chest Pain:
– A feeling of tightness, heavy pressure, or crushing pain around the chest area – between
the neck and upper abdomen. It can be a result of angina, heart attack, and other important
diseases. Chest pain is a warning to seek medical attention.
Choking:
– It is the inability to breathe because the trachea is blocked, constricted, or obstructed. This
is caused also by lack of air. It is a common cause of an accident to young children that may
lead to death.
Collision:
– Collision is an event when two or more moving bodies collide through an exertion of very
strong forces. The term often relates to vehicular accidents.
C-Spine:
– The Cervical spine is the medical term for the neck bones.

Compression:
– Also known as cerebral compression which is usually caused by a head injury. It occurs
when there is a build-up of pressure on the brain. Head injuries may lead to permanent
mental impairment, disability or even death. Head injury cases require immediate medical
attention. First aid for head injury should be administered to prevent further damage to the
brain.
Cuts:
– Cuts or laceration is a wound caused by a tear or a deep cut in the flesh or skin. It can be
minor or major depending on the different types of cut and its severity.
Cyanosis:
– Refers to the bluish discoloration near the surface of the skin usually to the hands and feet.
This occurs when there’s low oxygen level in red blood cells.
Dislocation:
– Also known as luxation. This happens when there’s an undesirable separation in the joint at
the end of the bone; usually moved out of its normal connection with another bone.
Dislocation is usually caused by sudden impact or fall.
Dressing
-It is a sterile pad or a compressed sponge that is applies directly to cover the wound.
Emergency:
– A serious or dangerous situation that requires immediate or urgent action to avoid
worsening of the scenario. A situation is considered to be an emergency if it poses an
immediate threat to life, property, health or the environment.
Emergency Code:
– Codes used by hospitals to quickly alert staff to different emergencies and relay essential
information without causing stress and panic among visitors and patients in the hospital.
Emergency Department:
– Also known as ED or ER (emergency room). It is a medical treatment facility that
accommodates emergency cases.
Epilepsy:
– A neurological condition/disorder characterized by repeated seizures or epileptic attacks. It
can be controlled through medication. Epileptic attacks happen when the normal function of
the brain is disturbed because of electrical discharge occurrence in the brain. First aid for
epileptic attacks can be done to avoid injuries and complications.
Fainting:
– It occurs when there’s a little amount of oxygen supply to the brain, a person loses its
consciousness for a short period of time.
Febrile convulsion:
– A seizure that occurs in children associated with very high temperature causing the child to
overheat.
First Aider
-Refers to a person who gives first aid.
Fracture:
– A medical term for a broken bone. Bone fractures usually require immediate hospital care.
Extra care is needed, do first aid for fractures while you wait for help (ambulance) to arrive.
Frostbite:
– A feeling of numbness or freezing of the skin or other tissues due to extremely low
temperatures. Skin turns pale at the start then turns red and cold.
Health Care Professional: (AKA: Health care provider, HCP)
– A trained person or an organization that delivers proper health care (preventive, curative or
rehabilitative) in a professional and systematic way to individual that needs health care
services.
Heart attack:
– Occurs when the flow of oxygen-carrying blood to the heart is blocked often due to fat build-
up, cholesterol or other substances. For heart attack emergencies, AED units are helpful and
may just save lives.
Hemorrhage:
– Another term for bleeding. A forceful escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel,
especially when there’s excessive discharge. Hemorrhage may be external (visible outside)
and internal (no sign of bleeding outside the body).
Hyperglycemia:
– The medical term for ‘high blood sugar’, often associated with diabetes (diabetes mellitus).
When there is an excess blood sugar (glucose) in the blood and the body fails to convert it
into energy.
Hypoglycemia:
– The medical term for ‘low blood sugar’. The most common cause is when a person is taking
Hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus) medications to lower down the blood sugar level.
Incision:
– A surgical wound, clean-cut caused by a sharp-edged object usually, made with a knife.
Injury:
– A term that refers to harm or damage to the body due to accidents, falls, hits or weapons.
Laceration:
– A medical term for deep cut or tears in the flesh or skin.
Lightheadedness:
– A common unpleasant sensation of dizziness and/or having a ‘going to faint’ feeling. It is
mostly a symptom or result of an underlying condition.
Nausea:
– Also referred as motion sickness. It is a sensation of unease and discomfort and a feeling
to vomit. It may have possible underlying causes.
Edema:
– A condition distinguished as swelling which is caused when excess fluid leaks out of the
body and build up. Swelling can usually be seen in the lower legs and ankles. Also spelled
Edema.
Overdose:
– Taking an excessive dose of drugs, whether prescribed by the doctor, legal or illegal and
over the counter drugs, which leads to a serious health condition, or worse, death.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): – The equipment that is worn to minimize exposure
to hazards. It can be clothing, goggles, helmet or anything that protects the body from hazard
at work and minimizes risk to health and safety.
Poison:
– Any substance or toxin that is harmful to the body. It can be in chemical form or gas form.
Severe cases of poisoning can be life-threatening, first aid for poisoning can be performed to
prevent/lessen the harm.
Prescription:
– A recommendation or instruction of treatment/medicine given by a doctor or medical
practitioner to treat sickness or injury.
Pulse:
– Tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat. It can be palpated in any part of the body where
an artery can be compressed against a bone. It is usually measured on the wrist or neck.
Pulse is also equivalent to the heart rate.
Puncture:
– A wound or injury that has a small entry, which is in contrast to an open cut. This is caused
by a pointed object such as nail that you accidentally stepped on which penetrated the skin.
These wound carries danger of tetanus.
Recovery Position:
– Part of first aid treatment where an unconscious, yet breathing person is placed in a
position that will ensure clear and open airways and make sure that possible vomit or fluid will
not cause them to choke. For first aid training, refer to Managed Training Services.
Seizure:
– A seizure occurs when there is an abnormal or uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. It
is used interchangeably with ‘convulsion’. Seizures usually happens to people with epileptic
conditions.
Self-aid:
- is any care given to oneself.
Shock:
– A condition where in the body is not getting enough blood flow which can be life-threatening
as the body will not be able to function properly due to lack of oxygen and nutrients supplied
to the body. First aid for shock.
Sore:
– A term that refers to something painful or aching.
Sprain:
– An injury to the tissues surrounding a joint where ligaments are either stretched or torn that
causes pain and swelling but not dislocated. Ankle sprain is the most common.
Stroke:
– Medical emergency when there is not enough oxygen or nutrients in a person’s brain
because of a blood clot or bleeding in the brain.
Tetanus:
– A bacterial disease that is characterized by spasm of voluntary muscles usually brought
through a wound or puncture by a contaminated object, such as rusty nails. Clostridium
Tetani is the bacterium that caused an infection that generally enters through the skin.
Thermometer:
– A device that is used to measure temperature.
Trauma:
– Can be a physical or emotional injury resulting from a terrible event or accident.
Unconscious:
– The part of the mind that is not aware of the surroundings and oneself. This is due to lack of
oxygen, shock, or injury.
Venom
-It is a venom secreted by some animals and injected into the body of victims through bites.
Vertigo:
– The feeling where you sense that your environment is moving or spinning. It is a form of
dizziness including a sensation of disorientation. This is usually which may go along with
nausea, vomiting, or sweating. Don’t confuse vertigo with lightheadedness or dizziness.
Vomit:
– Is an act of involuntary ejection of contents of the stomach back into the mouth and outside
the body. Other terms for vomit are emesis or throwing up.
Wound:
– An injury to living tissues usually characterized as skin cut or broken, typically open or
closed.
X-ray:
– High-energy radiation in the form of electromagnetic. X-ray is used to make images of the
internal part of the body like lungs that help to diagnose diseases and treat cancer.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER

1. Prompt and Quick:
As soon as an accident or injury takes place, the first aider should be prompt and quick, to
render help to the victim, without delay.
2. Calm and Controlled:
He should be a calm and controlled sort of man because he has to take immediate action,
without any panic.
3. Wise and Intelligent:
He should be intelligent and wise enough to decide the immediate treatment even before a
complete diagnosis, especially in case of serious injuries and severe bleeding, etc.
4. Resourceful:
He should be resourceful enough to make available his first aid material at once or get the
required things on the spot, for giving immediate relief to the victim.
5. Sweet Tempered and Sympathetic:
The first aider should use sweet and encouraging words to lessen the victim’s distress. He
should keep the victim as comfortable as possible and should be able to allay the victim’s
fears with sympathy.
6. Skillful and Tactful:
The first aider should be skillful and tactful to judge the symptoms and history of the case
without wasting any time. If need be, he should be able to muster requisite support from the
crowd.
7. Dexterous and Clever:
Should be able to help the injured without causing and/or aggravating pain, and to use the
appliances and/or procedure efficiently and effectively.
8. Confidence and Perseverance:
The first aider should have full faith in his skill to administer whatever assistance the situation
demands, even if there is no response initially. He should have perseverance and should not
give up. It may take time for the patient to respond to his handling.
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR FIRST AID:
1. Don’t panic.
The first aider must remain calm so that he or she has a clear mind during the emergency
situation.
2. To ensure the safety of the area.
In an emergency situation, the first aider must first make sure that the area is safe for him/her
and the victim. He/she should transport the victim to a safer place if necessary.

3. Check for vital functioning.

The first aider should assess and monitor pulse and breathing of the victim.

4. Check for injuries.

The first aider must conduct careful examination of the victim to prevent further injury. In
cases of multiple injuries, the first aider should know which problem to treat first.
5. Give the needed first aid urgently.
The aider must be capable of applying necessary and appropriate steps to first aiding.

6. Keep the victim lying down.

The victim should be examined in a lying position order to immobilize the body.

7. Keep the victim warm.

This would help the victim recover faster by increasing the circulation of blood throughout the
body. The victim may be provided with a jacket, a blanket or a body heat transfer by
embracing the victim.

8. Do not give to fluids to an unconscious or partly conscious person.

This must be noted by every person not only the first aider and rescuers. The water may
enter the windpipe and block the airway passage. Do not attempt to arouse an unconscious
person by shaking him because it might cause further injury.

9. Following injury, do not lift a gasping person by the belt.

This may aggravate injuries of the back or internal organs.

10. Reassure the victim.

The first aider should explain to the victim the first aid should to be done and how it will help
him/her reduce the feelings of anxiety.
11. Be reluctant to make statements. The first aider should be reluctant to give statements
to the victim and bystanders about the injuries. It is not included within the first aider’s tasks
to diagnose, evaluate and predict illnesses and injuries, but only to provide needed
immediate care.
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID CONTENTS OF FIRST AID KITS
1. Rubbing Alcohol
1. Unfavorable surroundings
2. Povidone Iodine
2. Presence of crowds
3. Cotton
3. Pressure from victim or relatives
4. Gauge Pads
5. Tongue Depressor
BASIC EQUIPMENT FOR FIRST AID
6. Penlight
1. Spine Board 7. Band Aid
2. Short Board 8. Gloves
3. Sets of splints 9. Scissors
4. Poles 10. Triangular Bandage
5. Blankets 11. Elastic Roller Bandage
12. Dressing
13. Plaster

LESSON 2: CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

This is a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing. This must be combined for
effective resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest.

Chest compression
Is a technique is used to circulate the blood of a patient whose heart is no longer beating
effectively enough to sustain life. Rescue Breathing Is a technique of breathing air into person
lungs to supply him or her with the oxygen needed to survive.

Compression only CPR

If a person is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation for an adult victim,
chest compression only-CPR should be provided rather than no attempt of CPR.

When should CPR be Terminated?

1. SPONTANEOUS signs of circulation are restored.
2. TURNED over to medical services or properly trained and authorized personnel.
3. OPERATOR is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR.
4. PHYSICIAN assumes responsibility (declares death, take over, etc.).
5. Scene becomes unsafe

DON’TS IN GIVING CPR

1. Bender
2. Bouncer
3. Rocker
4. Jerker
5. Double Crosser
6. Massager
 Follow these steps before starting CPR. (Use the phrase “doctor’s ABCD” — DRS ABCD
— to help you remember the first letter of each step.)
Follow these steps before starting CPR. (Use the phrase “doctor’s ABCD” — DRS ABCD
— to help you remember the first letter of each step.)

DRSABCD ACTION PLAN

Lette Representing What to do
r
D Danger Ensure that the patient and everyone in the area is safe. Do not put yourself or others at
risk. Remove the danger or the patient.
R Response Look for a response from the patient — loudly ask their name, squeeze their shoulder.
S Send for help If there is no response, phone triple zero (000) or ask another person to call. Do not
leave the patient.
A Airway Check their mouth and throat is clear. Remove any obvious blockages in the mouth or
nose, such as vomit, blood, food or loose teeth, then gently tilt their head back and lift
their chin.
B Breathing Check if the person is breathing abnormally or not breathing at all after 10 seconds. If
they are breathing normally, place them in the recovery position and stay with them.
C CPR If they are still not breathing normally, start CPR. Chest compressions are the most
important part of CPR. Start chest compressions as soon as possible after calling for
help.
D Defibrillation Attach an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) to the patient if one is available and
there is someone else who is able to bring it. Do not get one yourself if that would mean
leaving the patient alone.
HOW TO PERFORM CPR (ADULT)

Carry out chest compressions:

1. Place the patient on their back and kneel beside them.

2. Place the heel of your hand on the lower half of the breastbone, in the center of the person’s
chest. Place your other hand on top of the first hand and interlock your fingers.
3. Position yourself above the patient’s chest.
4. Using your body weight (not just your arms) and keeping your arms straight, press straight
down on their chest by one third of the chest depth.
5. Release the pressure. Pressing down and releasing is 1 compression.

Give mouth-to-mouth:

1. Open the person’s airway by placing one hand on the forehead or top of the head and your
other hand under the chin to tilt the head back.
2. Pinch the soft part of the nose closed with your index finger and thumb.
3. Open the person’s mouth with your thumb and fingers.
4. Take a breath and place your lips over the patient's mouth, ensuring a good seal.
5. Blow steadily into their mouth for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise.
6. Following the breath, look at the patient’s chest and watch for the chest to fall. Listen and feel
for signs that air is being expelled. Maintain the head tilt and chin lift position.
7. If their chest does not rise, check the mouth again and remove any obstructions. Make sure
the head is tilted and chin lifted to open the airway. Check that yours and the patient’s mouth
are sealed together and the nose is closed so that air cannot easily escape. Take another
breath and repeat.

Give 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths, known as “30:2”. Aim for 5 sets of 30:2 in
about 2 minutes (if only doing compressions about 100 – 120 compressions per
minute).

Keep going with 30 compressions then 2 breaths until:

 the person recovers — they start moving, breathing normally, coughing or talking — then put
them in the recovery position; or
 it is impossible for you to continue because you are exhausted; or
 the ambulance arrives and a paramedic takes over or tells you to stop

Doing CPR is very tiring so if possible, with minimal interruption, swap between doing
mouth-to-mouth and compressions so you can keep going with effective
compressions.

If you can’t give breaths, doing compressions only without stopping may still save a
life.

HOW TO PERFORM CPR (CHILDREN OVER 1 YEAR)

Use these instructions only if the child's chest is too small for you to use both hands to do
chest compressions. Otherwise, use the instructions for adult CPR above.

*Follow “doctor’s ABCD” — DRS ABCD Action Plan

To carry out chest compressions on a child:

1.Place the child on their back and kneel beside them.

2. Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of breastbone, in the center of the child’s
chest (the size of the child will determine if you do CPR with 1 hand or 2 hands).
Position yourself above the child’s chest.
3.Keeping your arm or arms straight, press straight down on their chest by one third of the
chest depth.
4.Release the pressure. Pressing down and releasing is 1 compression.

To give mouth-to-mouth to a child:

1.Open the child’s airway by placing one hand on the forehead or top of the head and your
other hand under the chin to tilt the head back.
2.Pinch the soft part of the nose closed with your index finger and thumb.
3.Open the child’s mouth with your thumb and fingers.
4.Take a breath and place your lips over the child's mouth, ensuring a good seal.
5.Blow steadily into their mouth for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise.
6.Following the breath, look at the child’s chest and watch for the chest to fall. Listen and feel
for signs that air is being expelled. Maintain the head tilt and chin lift position.
7.If their chest does not rise, check the mouth again and remove any obstructions. Make sure
the head is tilted and chin lifted to open the airway. Check that yours and the child’s mouth
are sealed together, and the nose is closed so that air cannot easily escape. Take another
breath and repeat.

Give 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths, known as “30:2”. Aim for 5 sets of 30:2 in
about 2 minutes (if only doing compressions about 100 – 120 compressions per
minute).

Keep going with 30 compressions then 2 breaths until:

-the child recovers – they start moving, breathing normally, coughing or talking — then put
them in the recovery position; or
-it is impossible for you to continue because you are exhausted; or
-the ambulance arrives and a paramedic takes over or tells you to stop
Doing CPR is very tiring so if possible, with minimal interruption, swap between doing mouth-
to-mouth and compressions so you can keep going with effective compressions. If you can’t
give breaths, doing compressions only without stopping may still save a life.

HOW TO PERFORM CPR (CHILDREN UNDER 1 YEAR/BABIES/INFANTS)

*Follow “doctor’s ABCD” — DRS ABCD Action Plan

To carry out chest compressions on a baby:

1. Lie the baby/infant on their back.

2. Place 2 fingers on the lower half of the breastbone in the middle of the chest and press
down by one-third of the depth of the chest (you may need to use one hand to do CPR
depending on the size of the infant).
3. Release the pressure. Pressing down and releasing is 1 compression.

To give mouth-to-mouth to a baby:

1. Tilt the baby/infant’s head back very slightly.

 2. Lift the baby/infant’s chin up, be careful not to rest your hands on their throat because this
will stop the air getting to their lungs from the mouth-to-mouth.
3. Take a breath and cover the baby/infant’s mouth and nose with your mouth, ensuring a
good seal.
4. Blow steadily for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise.
5. Following the breath, look at the baby/infant’s chest and watch for the chest to fall. Listen
and feel for signs that air is being expelled.
6. If their chest does not rise, check their mouth and nose again and remove any
obstructions. Make sure their head is in a neutral position to open the airway and that
there is a tight seal around the mouth and nose with no air escaping. Take another breath
and repeat.

Give 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths, known as “30:2”. Aim for 5 sets of 30:2 in
about 2 minutes (if only doing compressions about 100 – 120 compressions per
minute).

Keep going with 30 compressions to 2 breaths until:

 the baby/infant recovers — they start moving, breathing normally, coughing, crying or
responding — then put them in the recovery position (see above); or
 it is impossible for you to continue because you are exhausted; or
 the ambulance arrives and a paramedic takes over or tells you to stop

If you can’t give breaths, doing compressions only without stopping may still save a life

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Using an AED can also save someone’s life. You do not need to be trained to use an AED
since the AED will guide you with voice prompts on how to use it safely.

1. Attach the AED and follow the prompts.

2. Continue CPR until the AED is turned on and the pads attached.
3. The AED pads should be placed as instructed and should not be touching each other.
4. Make sure no-one touches the person while the shock is being delivered.
5. You can use a standard adult AED and pads on children over 8 years old. Children younger
than 8 should ideally have pediatric pads and an AED with a pediatric capability. If these
aren’t available, then use the adult AED.
6. Do not use an AED on children under 1 year of age.

CPR Sequence Guide

1. Survey the scene
2. I have my PPE’s ON -The victim has pulse but
3. I am ____trained CPR provider-can I help? breathless
4. Check for responsiveness- Hey! Hey! Hey! Are you ok?
5. The victim is unresponsive- Help!!! Activate medical assistance
6.Check for the signs of life (1001-1010) The victim is pulseless and breathless
I will do CPR (5 cycles)
7.Check for the signs of life
-The victim has pulse but breathless
-I will do rescue breathing
8.Check the sign of life
-The victim is revived
9.I will do the secondary survey
-Interview (SAMPLE)
-V/S
-Head-to-toe Assessment (DCAP-BTLS)

LESSON 3: FIRST AID FOR SELECTED SITUATIONS

TOPIC 1: SHOCK
This life-threatening condition occurs when the circulatory system (which distributes oxygen
to the body tissues and removes waste products) fails and, as a result, vital organs such as
the heart and brain are deprived of oxygen. It requires immediate emergency treatment.
Minimize the risk of shock developing by reassuring the casualty and making him
comfortable.
It is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital functions. The vital functions
are depressed when there is a loss of a significant amount of blood volume, a reduced blood
flow, or an insufficient supply of oxygen.

In addition, shock may occur when there is sufficient blood volume but the heart is unable to
pump the blood around the body. This problem can be due to severe heart disease, heart
attack or acute heart failure. Other cause of shock includes overwhelming infection, low blood
sugar (hypoglycemia), hypothermia, severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock), drug
overdose and spiral cord injury.

Causes of Shock
1. Significant loss of blood
2. Heart failure
3. Dehydration
4. Severe and painful blows to the body
Sign and symptoms of Shock
1. Sweaty but cool skin (cold and clammy) 5. Fast and shallow breathing
2. Paleness of the skin 6. Dilated pupils
3. Restlessness and nervousness 7. Rapid pulse
4. Thirstiness and dry mouth 8. Nausea or vomiting

Dangers of Shock
 1. Lead to Death
2. Predisposes body fluid
3. Lead to loss of body part

Your aims
1. To recognize the shock
2. To treat any cause of obvious shock
3. To improve the blood supply to the brain, heart and lungs
4. To arrange urgent removal to hospital

First Aid Measures for Shock

1. Control bleeding
2. Replacement of fluid
3. Control the pain
4. Prevention from heat exposure
5. Loosen the clothing
6. Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of the heart (Shock Position)
7. NOP (Nothing by mouth) to an unconscious patient

● Treat any possible cause of shock that you can detect, such as severe bleeding (serious
burn) ● Help the casualty to lie down – on a rug or blanket if there is one, as this will protect
him from cold. Raise and support his legs above the level of his heart to improve blood
supply to the vital organs. Keeping his head low may also prevent him from losing
consciousness. Stop him from making any unnecessary movements.
● Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest and waist to reduce constriction.
● Keep the casualty warm by covering his body and legs with coats or blankets.
● Monitor and record vital signs – level of response, breathing and pulse.

Caution!
● Do not allow the casualty to eat and drink because an anesthetic may be needed. If he
complains
of thirst, moisten his lips with a little water.
● Do leave the casualty unattended, unless you have to call emergency help.
● Do not warm the casualty with a hot-water bottle or any direct source of heat.
● If the casualty is in the later stages of pregnancy, help her to lie down leaning towards her
left sidre
to prevent the baby restricting blood flow back to the heart.
● If the casualty loses consciousness, open the airway and check breathing.
● Place the victim in shock position
● Keep the victim warm and comfortable
● Turn the victim’s head to one side is neck is not suspected.

TOPIC 2: DROWNING
A drowning person may be seen either struggling in the water and making ineffectual
movements, floating face down on the surface of the water, or lying motionless underwater.
Many persons sink very quickly as they lose buoyancy by swallowing water and by aspirating
it into the lungs, where it replaces the tidal air (the volume of the air normally inhaled and
exhaled). The victim sinks beneath the surface and begins to lose consciousness from
asphyxia (inability to breathe). Drowning may result from excessive deep breathing or
hyperventilation (overventilation) that cause of accidental death, occurring in swimming,
diving, and other water activities, usually in unsupervised water areas. It can also occur in the
home pools, bathtubs, washtubs and in shallow water. Effective motion ceases, and the
specific gravity of the victim’s body becomes greater than that of the water it displaces. Also,
result in death from hypothermia due to cold water, sudden cardiac arrest due to cold water,
spasm of the throat blocking the airway and /or inhalation of water and consequent airway
obstruction. Water pressure on the victim’s chest wall increases as the victim descends,
forcing air out of the lungs. The victim is unconscious but still may be revived if an attempt is
made immediately.
A casualty rescued from a drowning incident should always receive medical attention even if
he seems to have recovered at the time. Any water entering the lungs causes them to
become irritated, and the air passages may begin to swell several hours later – a condition
known as secondary drowning. The casualty may also need to be treated for hypothermia.
Your Aims
● To restore adequate breathing
● To keep the casualty warm
● To arrange urgent removal to hospital
First Aid Management
Immediately after rescue, begin after artificial respiration, treat for shock, and transport the
victim to a place where he can receive medical care. Water-accident victims who die usually
do so within 10 minutes after the accident, from lack of air or from heart failure, not directly
because of the presence of the water in the lungs or the stomach. It is not possible to pour
water out of the lungs, and no attempt should be made to do so.

Begin mouth-to-mouth respiration as quickly as possible as shallow water or while holding

onto a boat or suitable buoyant aid. The rescuer must be alert to the possibility of an
instruction in the air passages and must act immediately if one occurs. Blow into the victim’s
mouth or nose more forcefully than in other types of emergencies affecting respiration, to
force air through water in the air passages.

1. Open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin.
2. Open the mouth and check for any obstructions.
3. If there are no obstructions, Look, Feel, and Listen for breathing
● Look at the rise and fall of the chest.
● Listen for breaths with your ear close to the nose and mouth of the victim.
● Feel with your cheek for air coming from the nose or mouth.
4. If the victim is breathing, place him or her in the recovery position.
5. If the victim is not breathing, perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
6. Treat the casualty for hypothermia; replace wet clothing with dry clothes, if possible and
cover him with dry blankets or coats. If the casualty is fully conscious, give him chocolate
and/or a warm drink.

Caution!
● If the casualty is unconscious, open the airway and check breathing.
● If the casualty is not breathing give FIVE initial rescue breaths before you start chest
compressions. If you are alone, give CPR for one minute before you call for emergency help.
● Give chest compressions only if you have not had formal training in CPR or you are
unwilling or unable to give recue breaths. The ambulance dispatcher will give instructions for
chest compression-only CPR.

TOPIC 3: HEAT INJURY

Heat injury is an environmental injury when one is over exposed to extreme heat or high
temperature.
Types of Heat Injury
1. Heat Cramps happen when there is inadequate salt and electrolytes in the body.
2. Heat Exhaustion is caused by low amount of water in the body.
3. Heat Stroke is caused by failure of the body’s cooling mechanism.

Signs and Symptoms

1. Muscles Cramps in the arms, legs and 5. Dizziness
stomach 6. Headache
2. Wet, sweaty skin 7. Tingling of hands and feet
3. Extreme thirst 8. Rapid but weak respiration and pulse
4. Weakness 9. Victim may lose consciousness
First Aid Management
1. Transfer the victim to a cool or shady area.
2. Loosen tight clothing.
3. Have the victim drink slowly at least one litter of water.
4. Apply cold compress or ice bath if available
5. Evaluate the victim‘s legs in a stroke position.
6. Monitor the victim until the symptoms lessen of disappear.
7. Seek a doctor’s assistance if symptoms persist.

TOPIC 4: POISON
Poison refers to any solid, liquid or gas substance that tends to impair health or cause death
when introduced into the body or into the skin surface.
Methods of administration of Poison
1. Ingestion (by mouth)
2. Injection (skin or blood vessel)
3. Inhalation (breathed in)

First Aid Measures

1. Check for vital functioning (pulse and breathing) and administer CPR if necessary.
2. If victim is convulsing, prevent further injury.
3. If poison is unknown, corrosive, of flammable, do not induce vomiting nor activated
charcoal. 4. If poison is known and not corrosive or flammable, induce vomiting with Syrup of
Ipecac followed by 4-5 glasses of water. One the victim has vomited, give activated charcoal
if available. 5. If the poison container is present but is unknown by first aider, immediately
take the victim to the nearest medical facility, show the container to the doctor, and allow the
doctor to treat the victim.

TOPIC 5: SNAKE BITES

Snake bites is an injury caused by a poisonous snake. Venom is Poison injected into the
victim’s body through a bite of a snake. A venomous bite is often painless. Depending on the
snake, venom may cause local tissue destruction, it may spread, blocking nerve impulses,
causing heart and breathing to stop or it can cause blood clotting (coagulation) and then
internal bleeding.
Note the time of the bite, as well as the snake’s appearance to help doctors identify the
correct antivenom. Take precautions to prevent others being bitten. Notify the authorities who
will deal with the snake. The snakes are generally categorized as poisonous and non-
poisonous.

Characteristics of Poisonous Snakes 4. Rounded pupils

1. Flat and almost triangular or diamond
shaped head. Signs and Symptoms (Recognition)
2. With fangs and poison sacks 1. A pair of puncture marks – a bite may
3. Slit like pupils be
4. With sensory pit painless
5. Fang mark on the bite site 2. Severe pain, redness and swelling at
6. Thick bodies the
7. Color markings bite
3. Nausea and vomiting
Characteristics of Non-poisonous 4. Disturb vision
Snakes 5. Increase salivation and sweating
1. Oval-shaped head 6. Labored breathing; it may stop
2. No sensory pit altogether
3. No fang mark on the bite site
Your Aims 2. To arrange urgent removal from the
1. To prevent venom spreading hospital.

Preventive Measures
1. Handle freshly killed venomous snakes only with a long tool or stick. Snake can inflict fatal
bites by reflex action even after death.
2. Wear heavy boots and clothing for protection from snake bites especially in a thick forest
or grassy area.
3. Eliminate conditions under with snake thrive: brush piles of trash, rocks or logs and dense
undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much as possible is also a good prevention.

First Aid Measures

1. Identify the snake and determine if it is poisonous or non-poisonous.
2. Wash the area thoroughly with clean water.
3. Have the victim lie quietly and instruct him or her not to do unnecessary movements.
4. Do not elevate the bitten extremity. Keep it at level with the body.
5. Keep the victim comfortable and reassure him or her.
6. If the part bitten is an arm or leg, place a constricting band about 1-2 fingerbreadths above
and below the bite. If the bite is on the hand or foot, place a single band above the flow of
blood near the skin but not tight enough to interfere with circulation.
7. If swelling extends beyond the bond, move or place another bond the first one.
8. Never give the victim food, alcohol, stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
9. Remove rings, watches or other jewelry from the affected area.
10. Bring the victim to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible to administer anti-
venom if necessary. When possible, bring the snake that bit the victim.

Caution!
Do not attempt to cut or open the bite or suck out the venom. The venom may enter any
damaged or lacerated tissues in your mouth and enter your circulation. The application of
“Bato” (Special rock) may be helpful to suck the venom, although medical doctors disagree
with this due to its possible harmful effects. Some also say that the effect of that method is
only psychological and does not actually cure the snake bite.

TOPIC 6: DOG BITES

Dog bites is an injury cause by a dog. This type of injury becomes fatal if the dog that bit the
victim is infected with the rabies virus.

First Aid Measures

1. Wipe the dog’s saliva from the wound with a clean cloth. Do not be in contact with the
saliva because it may transmit the virus to you.
2. Was the injury thoroughly with soap and clean water.
3. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing if available and do not put any substance on the
wound.
4. Transport the victim to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.
5. If the dog is caught, let the veterinarian (animal doctor) assess if it has the rabies virus.
Allergic Reactions (Allergy)
Allergic reaction occurs when a person’s immune system reacts to normally harmless
substances in the environment, known as allergens. An allergy can present itself as mild
itching, swelling, wheezing or digestive condition, or can progress to full blown anaphylaxis,
or anaphylactic shock (opposite), which can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to
an offending allergen.

Common triggers include pollen, dust, nuts, shellfish, eggs, wasp and bee sting, latex and
certain medications, Skin changes can be subtle, absent or variable is up to 20 percent of
allergic reactions.

Signs and Symptoms

Features of mild allergy vary depending on the trigger and the person. There may be:
1. Red, itchy rash or raised areas of skin
2. Red, itchy eyes
3. Wheezing and/or difficulty breathing
4. Swelling of hands, feet and/or face
5. Abnormal pain, vomiting and diarrhea

Your Aims
1. To assess the severity of the allergic reaction.
2. To seek medical advice it necessary.

First Aid for an Allergic Reaction

1. Calmness and reassure the person having the reaction, as anxiety can make the
symptoms worse.
2. Try to identify the allergen and have the person avoid further contact with it.
3. If the allergic reaction is from the bee sting, scrape the sting off the skin with something
firm (such as a fingernail or plastic card). Do not use tweezers since squeezing the stinger
will release more venom.
4. Apply cold compress to the rashes and/or hives and apply anti-itch cream if available.
5. If rashes continue to develop, administer over-the-counter anti-allergy medications such as
diphenhydramine.
6. Observe the person for signs of anaphylactic shock.

TOPIC 7: ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK (ANAPHYLAXIS)

Anaphylactic shock is a sudden and severe allergic reaction that occurs within minutes of
exposure to the allergen. Immediate medical attention is needed for this type of reaction
because it can cause death in less than half an hour.
Sign and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
1. High- pitched breathing sounds (wheezing)
2. Chest tightness
3. Cough or difficulty in breathing
4. Dizziness
5. Nausea or vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Redness and swelling of the face
8. Hives and itchiness on different parts of the body
9. Unconsciousness

First aid of Anaphylaxis

1. Seek medical attention immediately
2. Calm and reassure the person having the reaction
3. Do not wait for the reaction to worsen
4. If the person has allergy medication on hand, help the person take or inject the medication.
Avoid oral medication if the person is having difficulty in breathing.

TOPIC 8: NOSE BLEEDING (EPISTAXIS)

Bleeding from the nose most commonly occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils are
ruptured, either by a blow from the nose, or as a result of sneezing, picking or blowing the
nose. Nosebleeds may also occur as a result of high blood pressure and anti-clothing
medication.

A nosebleed can be serious if the casualty loses a lot of blood. In addition, if bleeding follows
a head injury, the blood may appear thin and watery. The latter is a very serious sign
because it indicates that the skull is fractured and fluid is leaking from around the brain.
There are two types: anterior (the most common), and posterior (less common, more likely to
require medical attention).

Possible Causes of Nosebleeds Your Aims

1. Infection 1. To maintain an open airway
2. Trauma 2. To control bleeding
3. Allergic rhinitis
4. Blood- thinning medications
5. Blood diseases such as hemophilia or anemia

First aid for nosebleeds

1. Pinch all the soft parts of the nose together between the thumb and index finger, and press
firmly against the bones of the face.
2. Lean forward slightly with the head tilted forward. Leaning back or tilting the head back will
cause the blood to flow into the throat and can cause choking.
3. Hold the nose for at least five minutes. Repeat as necessary until the nose has stopped
bleeding.
4. Sit quietly, keeping the head higher than the level of the heart. Do not lay flat or put your
head between your legs.
5. Apply ice (wrapped in towel) to nose and cheeks.

TOPIC 9: HYPERVENTILATION
Hyperventilation is also known as over breathing. It is breathing in excess of what the body
needs. The normal rate of breathing is 16-20 breaths or cycles per minute. If the respiration
rate of a person is above that range and the signs and symptoms are present, the person
may be suffering from hyperventilation.

Sign and Symptoms of Hyperventilation

1. Chest pain or discomfort 5. Fast breathing
2. Dizziness 6. Muscle spasm in the hand and feet
3. Feeling of choking or suffocation 7. Weakness
4. Anxiety 8. Palpitations or rapid pulse

First aid for Hyperventilation

1. Remain calm, the first aider needs to calmly instruct the patient to breathe deep, slowly,
and normally. If the first aider panics, it might cause more anxiety to the patient.
2. Instruct the patient to perform Deep Breathing Exercise (DBE) by inhaling through the nose
and slowly breathing out through the mouth with pursed lips (like blowing a candle)
3. If the patient fails to follow the instructions, use a brown paper bag to compensate the high
amount of oxygen in the system. Cover the patient’s nose and mouth with brown bag and
allow him or her to exhale and inhale inside the bag.
4. Position the patient sitting down with knees bent towards the chest and with the head
leaning forward and touching the knees. This will promote circulation to the different parts of
the body
5. If symptoms persist after several minutes, seek medical attention

TOPIC 10: CHOCKING (AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION)

Choking is the blocking of the airway that occurs when a foreign object gets lodged in the
respiratory tract (throat and windpipe). It may be partial or complete.

To determine whether the obstruction is partial or complete, ask the patient if he or she is
choking. If he or she is able to talk then the obstruction is only partial. However, if the patient
is unable to talk, then the obstruction is complete.

First aid for partial obstruction

1. Calm the patient. Anxiety may cause him or her to move unnecessarily and it may cause
the foreign object to move further into the respiratory tract and cause a complete obstruction.
2. Instruct the patient to forcefully cough out the foreign object. Do not attempt to reach into
the throat of the patient with your finger and swipe the foreign object. This may cause the
object to be pushed down into the windpipe.
3. If coughing is ineffective assist the patient by delivering several back blows between the
shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
4. Observe for complete airway obstruction

First aid for complete obstruction

1. Perform abdominal thrusts, known as the Heimlich Maneuver, done in the following
manner:
a. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around his or her waist. Let the person
lean slightly forward.
b. Make first with one hand and grasp the fist with the other hand.
c. Position the first above the patient’s belly button (navel).
d. Press hard into the abdomen with quick, upward thrust
e. Repeat five times

2. If the Heimlich Maneuver fails after 5 thrust, apply five back blows between the shoulder
blades with the heel of your hand.
3. If the person is unconscious, call for medical help and perform CPR to dislodge the
obstruction.

TOPIC 11: WOUND

Wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body, either internal or external. Wounds
are classified as open and closed. In open wounds, the skin is broken and the underlying
tissue is exposed to outside environment. In closed wounds the skin is intact and the
underlying tissue is not directly exposed to outside world. Wounds usually result from
external physical forces. The most common causes of wounds are motor vehicle
accidents, falls and the mishandling of sharp objects, tools, machinery, and weapons.

Open Wounds range from those that bleed severely but are relatively free from danger of
infection to those that bleed little but have greater potential for becoming infected. Often the
victim has more than one type of wound.

TYPES AND CAUSES OF OPEN WOUNDS

Abrasion wounds result from scraping the skin and thereby damaging it. Bleeding in an
abrasion is usually limited to oozing of blood from ruptured small veins and capillaries.
However, there is danger of contamination and infection in abrasion wound because dirt and
bacteria may enter through the broken tissues.
Incised (Incision) wounds are cuts in the body tissues which are commonly caused by
sharp-edged objects such as knives, metal edges, broken glass, or surgical blades.
Lacerated (Laceration) wounds are jagged, irregular, or blunts breaks or tears in the soft
tissues. Bleeding may be rapid or extensive. The destruction of tissue is greater in the
lacerations than in cuts.
Puncture wounds are produced by bullets and sharp-pointed objects, such as pins, nails, or
needles. External bleeding is usually minor, but the puncturing object may penetrate deep
into the body, damage organs, and cause severe internal bleeding.
Avulsion wounds involve the forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body.
Avulsion are commonly caused by animal bites and accidents involving motor vehicles, heavy
machinery, guns, and explosives.
P- puncture,
A- abrasion,
L- laceration,
A- avulsion,
I- incision, add.

Decapitation and Amputation First Aid Management (with severe bleeding)

C - Control Bleeding
C - Cover the wound with dressing and secure with a bandage.
C - Care for shock.
C - Consult or refer to physician.

First Aid to Open Wounds

Direct pressure.
The first aider needs to directly press his/her fingers/palm on the wound with an adequate
amount of force to constrict the blood vessels and decrease bleeding. Elevation. The first
aider may elevate the injured part of the body above the heart. This would allow gravity to act
on the blood flow and prevent bleeding. Pressure on the supplying artery. The first aider may
also direct press the supplying artery that causes the excessive bleeding. This will help avoid
excessive loss of blood.

Tourniquet.
This is a device that functions to control the bleeding from a vein or an artery. This can be
done with the use of a rubber tourniquet or a bandage.
1. Place the tourniquet around the limb between the wound and the heart. It should be
placed 2-4 inches above the injury site.
2. Do not cover the tourniquet; leave it in full view.
3. Record the time of application.
4. Use padding in the application of tourniquet to maintain intactness of the skin.
5. If the limb is missing, apply dressing to the stump.
6. Fluid replacement may be done by trained medical experts. This may include giving
of intravenous fluids like plasma volume expanders or transfusing the whole blood.

Note: Use a tourniquet ONLY AS A LAST RESORT, if bleeding cannot be stopped and the
situation is life-threatening.
Dressing - any sterile cloth materials used to cover the wound. Also called compressing, is
an immediate protective cover placed over a wound to assist in the control of hemorrhage, to
absorb blood and wound secretions, to prevent additional contaminations, and to ease pain.

Uses of Dressing
1. To control bleeding
2. To cover wound and keep out dirt and bacteria which may cause infection
3. To absorb excess fluid
4. To maintain temperature around the wound
5. To apply medication

Rules in Applying Dressing

1. Apply dressing directly over the wound.
2. Avoid contamination of the dressing.
3. Use the tail of the dressing as a bandage whenever possible
4. If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots where they are easy to see. Never tie
knots over the wound.
5. If dressing is applied, it should not be disturbed or replace unless hemorrhage recurs or
dressing exposes the wound.

Bandaging is the application of bandages of various kinds, usually triangular or roller

bandages. A bandage is a trip of woven material used to hold a wound dressing or splint in
place. It helps to immobilize, support or protect an injured part of the body. Occasionally,
large pieces of cloth are used as bandages, slings, and binders. A bandage must be clean
but it doesn’t need to be sterile.

Causes and Symptoms of Closed Wounds

Closed Wounds are usually caused by direct blunt trauma sustained when falling down or in
motor vehicle accidents. Even with the skin intact, the damage can reach down to the
underlying muscle, internal organs and bones. Crush wounds can sometimes be caused by
heavy falling objects, such as might happen in a car.

Types and Cause of Closed Wounds

1. Petechiae are pinpoint-sized, red or purple spots on the skin resulting from small
hemorrhages of the capillaries (smallest blood vessels) in the skin layer.

2. Contusions are a common type of sports injury, where a direct blunt trauma can damage
the small blood vessels and capillaries, muscles and underlying tissues, as well as the
internal organs and, in some cases, bone. Contusions present as a painful bruise with the
reddish discoloration that spreads over the injured area of the skin.

3. Hematomas include any injury that damages the small blood vessels and capillaries
resulting in blood collecting and pooling in a limited space. Hematomas typically present as a
painful, spongey rubbery lump-like lesion. It can be small or large, deep inside the body or
just under the skin; depending on the severity and site of the trauma.

4. Strain is an overstretching of a muscle instead of an actual tearing.

5. Sprain is the partial or complete disruption in the continuity of a muscular or ligamentous

support of a joint.

First Aid Management for Closed Wounds

1. Cold Compress. Initially, an ice pack should be placed on the injured area to reduced
swelling and possible internal bleeding.
2. Immobilization. For sprains, refrain from moving or massaging the joints to avoid further
injury. Put bandage on the injured joint with a splint to keep it immobilized.

I - Ice Application
S – Splinting
Objectives: Do no further harm / less body contact

P- protect the injured part 5 Cardinal Signs

R- rest 1. Tumor – Swelling
I- Ice application 2. Rubor – Redness
C- compression 3. Calor – Warmth to touch
E- elevation 4. Dolor – Pain
S- splinting 5. Function laesa – Loss of functioning

TOPIC 12: BURN

Burns- an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This
results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of radiation.

Burns are caused most commonly by carelessness with matches and cigarettes; scald from
hot liquid; defective heating, cooking, and electrical equipment; use of open fires that
produced flame burns, especially when flammable clothing is worn; unsafe practices in the
home in the use of flammable liquids for starting fires and for cleaning and scrubbing wax off
floor; immersion in overheated.

Factors to determine the seriousness of burns:

1. The Depth
 Superficial (First-degree) burns
 Partial-thickness (Second-degree) burns
 Full-thickness (Third-degree) burns
2. The extent to the affected body surface area.
3. Location of the burns.
4. Victim’s age and medical

Types of Burn Injuries

1. Thermal Burns
2. Chemical Burns
 3. Electrical Burns

First Aid management for thermal burns

1. 1st and 2nd degree burns
– Relieve pain by immersing in cold water. If cold water is unavailable, use any cold
drinks you have to reduce the burned skin temperature
– Cover the burn with a dry, non-stick sterile dressing or clean cloth

2. 3rd degree thermal burns

– Cover the burn with a dry, non-stick sterile dressing or a clean cloth
– Treat the patient for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the patient warm by
covering with a dry clean sheet or blanket

Care for electrical burns

1. Unplug, disconnect, or turn off power. If that is impossible, call the power company or ask
for help
2. Check the ABC. Provide CPR if necessary
3. If the victim fell, check for spinal injury
4. Treat the victim for shock
5. Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn centers

Mnemonics
P- power supply (unplug/switch off)
A- assess for ABC (airway, breathing, circulation)
S- spine control
S- shock care
S- seek for medical assistance
Multiple injuries to the skeletal system – including the bone, joints, and ligaments – and to the
adjacent soft tissues are common in all types of major accidents. A break or a crack in a bone
is called a fracture. A dislocation is an injury to the capsule and ligaments of a joint that results
in displacement on a bone end at a joint. The association of a dislocation with a fracture is
called a fracture dislocation. A sprain is an injury to a joint ligament or in a muscle tendon In
the region of a joint: it involves the partial tearing or stretching of these structure, injuries to
blood vessel, and contusions of the surrounding soft tissues without dislocation or fracture. A
strain is an injury to muscle that results from over stretching; it may associate with a sprain or
fracture

TOPIC 13: FRACTURE

Fracture is a break or crack in a bone. Considerable force is needed to break a bone., unless it
is diseased or old. However, bone that are still growing are supple and may split, bend or crack
like at wig. A bone may break at the point where a heavy blow is received. Fractures may also
result from a twist or a wrench (indirect force). The most common cause of fractures are motor
vehicle accidents, falls, and accidents related to recreational sports and activities. Some
fractures result from very slight injuries, particularly in older people, because of brittle or
abnormal bones. There are two kinds of fracture: open and closed.

Closed (or simple) are those not related to open wounds on the surface of the body, although
there may be laceration over or near a fracture site. The skin is not broken, although the bone
ends may damage nearby tissues and blood vessels. Internal bleeding is a risk.
Open (or compound) fracture is those associated directly with open wounds. An open fracture
may result from external violence or may be produced by injury from within, as broken ends of
a bone protrude through the skin at time of the accident or later through motion or mishandling
of the fractured bone. So, bone is exposed at the surface where it breaks the skin. The
casualty may suffer bleeding and shock. Infection is a risk.

Signs and Symptoms

1. Deformity 5. Presence of protruding bone (open
2. Tenderness on the affected area fracture)
3. Swelling 6. Inability to the move the injured part.
4. Pain 7. Bleeding (open fracture)
8. Dislocation on the affected area

Your Aim
● To prevent blood loss, movement and infection at the injury site
● To arrange removal to hospital, with comfortable support during transport.

First Aid Measures of Fracture

1. Immobilize fracture by applying a splint secured by a bandage.
2. Apply cold compress to reduce pain and swelling.
3. Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an open wound.
4. Apply the treatment for shock.
5. Give a pain reliever if pain is severe.
6. Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
7. Place the patient on a stretch and secure the injured part enough to keep it from moving
while he is transported.
8. Bring the patient to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.
Treating an Open Fracture
1. Cover the wound with sterile dressing or large, clean, non- fluffy pad. Apply pressure around
the injury to control bleeding, be careful not to press on a protruding bone.
2. Careful place a sterile wound dressing or more clean padding over and around the dressing.
3. Secure the dressing and padding with a bandage. Bandage firmly, but not so lightly that it
impairs the circulation beyond the bandage.
4. Immobilize the injured part as for closed fracture and arrange to transport the casualty to
hospital.
5. Treat the casualty for shock if necessary. Do not raise the injured leg. Monitor and record
vital signs – level of response, breathing and pulse while waiting for help to arrive. Check the
circulation beyond the bandage every ten minutes. If the circulation is impaired, loosen the
bandages.

Treating a Closed Fracture

1. Advice the casualty to keep still. Support the joints above and below the injured area with
your hands, or ask a helper to do this, until it is immobilized with a sling or bandages.
2. Place padding around the injury for extra support. Take or send the casualty to hospital; an
arm maybe transported by car: or call Red Cross/ Health Center Office for emergency help for
a leg injury.
3. For firmer support and/or if removal to hospital is likely to be delayed, secure the injured part
to an unaffected part of the body. For upper limb fractures, immobilize the arm with a sling. For
lower limb fractures, move the uninjured leg to the injured one and secure with broad –fold
bandages. Always tie the knots on the uninjured sides.
4. Treat for shock if necessary. Do not raise an injured leg. Elevate an uninjured limb if shock
is present. Monitor and record vital signs while waiting for help. Check the circulation beyond a
sling or bandage every ten minutes. If the circulation is impaired, loosen the bandages.

Caution!
● Do not move the casualty until the injured part is secured and supported, unless he/she is in
immediate danger.
● Do not allow the casualty to eat or drink because anesthetic may be needed.
● Do not press directly on a protruding bone end. Page | 33 P.E. 3 First Aid and Water Safety
Open Fracture Closed Fracture

TOPIC 14: DISLOCATION AND BROKEN BONES

Joint dislocation is the displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint. It can be
caused by a strong force wrenching the bone into an abnormal position, or by violent muscle
contraction. This very painful injury most often affects the shoulder, knee, jaw or joints in the
thumbs or fingers. Dislocation may be associated with torn ligaments or with damage to the
synovial membrane that lines the joint capsule. Joint dislocation can have serious
consequences. If vertebrae are dislocated, the spinal cord can be damaged. Dislocation of the
shoulder or hip may damage the large nerves that supply the limbs and result in paralysis. A
dislocation of any joint may also fracture the bone involved. It is difficult to distinguish a
dislocation from a closed fracture. If you are in doubt, treat the injury as a fracture.

Signs and Symptoms (Recognition)

There may be:
1. “Sickening”, severe pain
2. Inability to move the pain
3. Swelling and bruising around the affected joint
4. Shortening, bending or deformity of the area.

Your Aims
1. To prevent movement in the injury site.
2. To arrange removal to hospital, with comfortable support during the transport.

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

1. If, for example, the casualty has a dislocated shoulder, advice the casualty to keep still. Help
him to support the injured arm in the position he finds most comfortable.
2. Immobilize the injured arm with a sling or use padding and/or broad-fold bandages for a leg
injury, whichever is most comfortable.
3. For extra support for an injured arm, secure the limb to the chest by trying a broad-fold
bandage right around the chest and the sling.
4. Arrange to take or send the casualty to hospital. Treat for shock if necessary. Monitor and
record vital signs while waiting for help to arrive.
5. Check the circulation beyond the bandages every ten minutes.

Caution!
1. Do not try to replace a dislocated bone into its socket as this may cause further injury.
2. Do not move the casualty until the injured part is secured and supported, unless the victim is
in immediate danger.
3. For a hand or arm injury remove bracelets, rings and watches in case of swelling.
4. Do not allow the casualty to eat or drink because an anesthetic may be needed.

Broken Bones is a break or disruption in bone tissue. A bone may be completely fractured or
partially fractured in any number of ways (Crosswise, lengthwise, in multiple pieces).

Signs and Symptoms (Recognition)

1. Distortion, swelling and bruising, at the injury site.
2. Pain and difficulty in moving the injured part.

There may be:

1. Bending, twisting or shortening of a limb
2. A wound, possibly with bone ends protruding.

First Aid Management

1. Support Injured Part – help the casualty to support the affected part at the joints above and
below the injury, in the most comfortable position.
2. Protect Injury with Padding – place padding, such as towels or cushions, around the
affected part, and support it in a comfortable position.
3. Support with Slings or Bandages – for extra support or if help is delayed, secure the
injured part to uninjured part of the body. For upper body injuries, use a sling; for lower limb
injuries, use broad- and narrow-fold bandages. Tie knots on the uninjured side.

4. Take or Send Casualty to Hospital – a casualty with arm injury could be taken by car if not
in shock; a leg injury should go by ambulance, so call for emergency help. Treat for shock.
Monitor and record the casualty’s level of response, breathing and pulse, until help arrives.
TOPIC 15: MUSCLE CRAMP OR SPASM
This condition is a sudden painful tightening of a muscle. Cramp commonly occurs during
sleep. It can also develop after strenuous exercise, due to a build-up of chemical waste
products in the muscles, or to excessive loss of salts and fluids from the body through
sweating or dehydration. Cramp can often be relieved by stretching and massaging the
affected muscles.

Your Aim
1. To prevent spasm and pain.

First Aid Management

1. Have the victim stretch out he affected muscle to counteract the cramp.
2. Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
3. Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.
4. Get medical help if cramps persist.

Cramp in the Foot

Help the casualty stand with his weight on the front of his foot; you can rest the foot on your
knee to stretch the affected muscles. Once the spasm has passed, massage the affected part
of the foot with your fingers.

Cramp in the in-calf Muscles

Help the casualty straighten his knee, and support his foot. Flex his foot upward towards his
shin to stretch the calf muscles, then massage the affected area on the back of the calf.

Cramp in the front of the thigh

Help the casualty to lie down. Raise the leg and bend the knee to stretch the muscles.
Massage the affected muscles once the spasm has passed.

Cramp in the back of the thigh

Help the casualty to lie down. Raise the leg and straighten the knee to stretch the muscles.
Massage the area one the spasm has passed.

TOPIC 16: STRAINS AND SPRAINS

The Softer structures around the bones and joints – Ligaments, muscles, and tendons – can
be injured in many ways. Injuries to these tissues are commonly called strains and sprains.
They occur when the tissues are overstretched and partially or completely torn (raptured) by
violent or sudden movements. For this reason, Strains and sprains are frequently associated
with sporting activities.
Strains and Sprains should be treated initially by the “RICE” procedure:
R – Rest the injured part
I – Apply Ice pack or a cold pad
C – Provide Comfortable support
E – Elevate the injured part

This procedure may be sufficient to relieve the symptoms, but if you are in any doubt as to the
severity of the injury, treat it as a fracture.
Muscle Strain or Pulled Muscle (Muscle and Tendon Injury)
Is the sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during exertion. The muscles and tendons may
be strained, raptured or bruised. A strain occurs when the muscle is overstretched; it may be
partially torn, often the junction between the muscle and the tendon that joins it to a bone.

Sprain (Ligament Injury)

One common form of ligament injury is a sprain. This is the tearing of a ligament at or near the
joint. It is often due to a sudden or unexpected wrenching motion that pulls the bones in the
joint too far apart and tear the surrounding tissues.

Signs and symptoms (Recognition)

There may be:
1. Pain and tenderness
2. Difficulty in moving the injured part, especially if it is a joint
3. Swelling and bruising in the area

Your Aims
1. To reduce swelling and pain
2. To obtain medical help if necessary

First Aid Management

1. Help the casualty to sit or lie down. Support the injured part in a comfortable position,
preferably raised.
2. Cool the area by applying a cold compress, such as ice pack or cold pad to the injury. This
help to reduce swelling, bruising and pain.
3. Apply comfortable support to the injured part. Leave the cold compress in place or wrap a
layer of soft padding, such as cotton wool around the area. Secure it with the support bandage
that extend to the next joint; for an ankle injury, the bandage should extend from the base of
the toes to the knees.
4. Support the injured part in a raised position to help minimize bruising and swelling in the
area. Check the circulation beyond the bandages every ten minutes. If the circulation in
impaired, loosen the bandages.
5. If the pain is severe, or the casualty is unable to use the injured part, arrange to take or send
him to the hospital. Otherwise, advice the casualty to rest the injury and to seek medical advice
if necessary.

Common Causes of Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries

• Vehicular accidents.
• Motorbike accidents.
• Mishandling of tools & equipment.
• Falls
• Sports

Your Aims and Objectives

• To assess the casualty’s condition quickly and calmly.
• To steady and support the injured part of the body.
• To minimize shock.
• To call for emergency help if you suspect a serious injury.
• To comfort and reassure the casualty.
• To be aware or your own needs.
LESSON 4:
TOPIC 1: BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
Bandages hold dressings or gauzes in place (over the site of injury), Stop blood loss (due to the
pressure of the bandage and gauze) to prevent infections. Rescuers and First Aiders must be
trained on bandaging techniques. The Triangular Bandage is most recommended bandage
because it can be used in many ways.
Definition of terms
1. Dressing is a sterile pad, a compressed sponge or any other materials that is clean and directly
apply to cover the wound.
2. Bandage is a strip of material such as gauze used to protect, immobilize, compress, or support
the wound or injured body part.
3. Splint is a first aid device used for immobilization, usually made of wood.
4. Sling is a device used to support or immobilize and injured part of the body; usually a piece of
cloth.
5. Triangular Bandage is piece of cloth material that can be utilized in an emergency; particularly, it
is the most readily available since you can convert any clothing material into a triangular bandage
in the event on an emergency.
6. Roller / Elastic Bandage is a stretchable bandage used to create localized pressure onto an
injured part of the body. It may be used to control bleeding or to immobilize the injured part.
7. Cravat is a basic first aid item that can be used as both a bandage and a sling. It is also a folded
triangular bandage.

Parts of a Triangular Bandage a. Head () Top of head

1. Apex refers to the opposite of base of a b. Face /back of head
triangular bandage. c. Chest/ back of the chest
2. Base refers to the opposite of apex of a d. Arm sling/underarm sling
triangular bandage. e. Hand/foot
3. Ends are the two end points of the
triangular bandage other the apex. 2. Cravat Phase. This phase includes
4. Sides refers to the two sides of the narrow, semi-wide and wide cravat phases of
triangular bandage in between the apex and the triangular bandage depending on the
the two sides. affected body part of the victim.
Purpose Broad Phase
1. To hold the dressing in place 1. Abdominal binder
2. To tie the splints 2. Knee straight
3. To immobilize the injured part 3. Knee bent
Principles Semi Broad
S- speed 1. Shoulder/hip
C- careful handling 2. Arm/forearm
A- accuracy 3. Elbow straight/bent
N- neatness 4. Thigh/leg
Phases of a Triangular Bandage
1. Open Phase. With a triangular bandage in Narrow Cravat
an open phase, it can be applied to the
following parts or situations:
1. Forehead
2. Eyes
3. Ear/check/jaw
4. Palm pressure
5. Palm bandage
6. Foot, sprai
 TOPIC 2: SPLINTING

Splinting is a technique of immobilizing the injured part. It is a thin piece of wood or other rigid
material used to immobilized a fractured or to maintain any part of the body in a fixed position.

Principles
1. Splint as you found it
2. Splint above and below the injured part
3. Splint snugly
4. Splint as necessary
5. Check for pulse, motor and sensory

LESSON 5: WATER AND SAFETY SURVIVAL

TOPIC 1: BENEFITS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

Swimming Benefits
Most people enjoy being around water, so you should know how to swim for varied reasons.
Swimming is the perfect example of a sport, leisure pursuit, and fitness activity rolled into one and
open to all, including those with disabilities. Anyone can find something beneficial to mind and body
in a water environment.

1. HEALTH. Swimming is considered the best form of exercise. One may wish to swim simply for fun
or regard swimming as competitive sport. Either way, it is a healthy form of activity in which every
part of the body is exercised.
2. FITNESS. Through active participation for both normal and handicapped persons, physical fitness
can be improved. It improves stamina and coordination; it exercises more muscle group than any
other sport; it gets your heart and lungs working more efficiently; it provides natural buoyancy while
you exercise, minimizing strain on the body.
3. SAFETY. It is absolutely essential that one should learn to swim so that in an emergency, one can
reach the shore or keep afloat in the water until help arrives.
4. RECREATION. Swimming is a pastime that can be enjoyed all the year round. It opens the door to
many recreational aquatic activities, including a change of pace from daily life, which offers
enjoyment and relaxation –a need in today’s tense and routine life.
5. SOCIAL. Swimming is one of the most popular family sports and provides a means of increasing
family ties and getting along with others.

Definition of Terms
1. Swimming is a form of exercise that involves strokes and movements that allow a person to
move on or under the surface of the water.
2. Water Safety refers to the knowledge and ability of an individual about normal aquatic situations
and how to avoid or manage dangerous situations.
3. Drowning simply means the suffocation in the water.
4. Wave is a surge traveling on the surface of the water from small ripples to huge ocean waves,
usually cause by the wind.
5. Current is the flowing movement of a large volume of water.
6. Hazard is something with a potential to cause harm.
7. Aerobic exercise means long duration exercise that requires continuous supply of oxygen. For
example—aerobic exercise in the water means working against water’s natural resistance.
8. Anaerobic exercise refers to any form of exercise that requires less oxygen. For example—short
swim sprints.
9. Action in swimming, is a movement of the limbs. 10. Breathing means moving air into and out of
the lungs.
11. Catch /Catch point is the movement when the hand starts to exert pressure on the water during
an arm stroke.
12. Crawl is a stroke which is used in freestyle racing.
13. Drill is practice exercise to improve specific aspects of techniques.
14. Flutter kick is alternative vertical kick used in front crawl and backstroke.
15. Glide means streamlined, arrow-like position as the body moves thru water with no leg action.
16. Freestyle is the common term for front crawl stroke.
17. Oxygen deficit means a temporary shortage of oxygen in the body created by exertion. With
practice, your body will learn to cope with less oxygen when you are swimming.
18. Kick is that part of a stroke performed by the legs and feet
19. Kicking is training drill in which only the legs are used
20. Pull is that part of the stroke performed by the arms
21. Pulling is the training drill in which only the arms are used
22. Recovery means movements which return the limb to the position from which they started Push
is the part of the arm action after the pull and before recovery
23. Stroke is the method of propulsion thru the water
24. Sculling refers to small inwards and outwards movements with the hands and arms
25. Dry land exercises are the exercises and various strength programs swimmers do out of the
water. Warm-up exercise are the practices and \"loosing\" up sessions a swimmer does before
swimming.

TOPIC 2: SWIMMING ATTIRE, FACILITIES, ACCESSORIES AND EQUIPMENT

Swimming Attire
Swimmers should wear suits that do not interfere with their movements. Suits of light material are
preferred because they fit comfortably. Caps to prevent hair from bothering the eyes and to keep the
natural oil of the scalp out of the water are required for swimming in the pool.

Facilities, Accessories and Equipment

Swimming areas should have minimum equipment for safety nearby. There should be bamboo
poles, ropes, shallow water markers, and ring buoys. If swimming is done in the sea, there should
be a boat nearby.
TOPIC 3: HEALTH RULES, SAFETY MEASURES AND GUIDELINES IN THE USE
OF SWIMMING POOL
Health Rules
To prevent infection and contamination while swimming in a pool, the following health tips must be
applied:
1. Have a clean bill of health from a physician.
2. Take a good shower before and after entering the swimming pool.
3. Empty bladder before entering the pool.
4. Take a footbath before entering the pool.
5. Do not swim when you have infectious diseases, like colds, sore eyes, athlete’s foot, or open
wounds.
6. Spit in the gutter at the sides of the pool and not in the water.
7. Do not eat in the pool.
8. Do not use the pool during menstrual period for hygienic reasons.

Safety Measures and guidelines

To prevent or minimize injuries or accidents, the following safety tips must be taken into
consideration:
1. Do not engage in rough play, pushing, or running in the pool.
2. Do not swim alone in deep portion of the pool or without the knowledge of the instructor, buddy, or
the presence of lifeguard.
3. Wear caps when needed to keep the hair out of the eyes and permit swimming without
annoyance or handicap.
4. Warm-up before swimming.
5. Do not swim when under the influence or liquor drugs.
6. follow rules and regulations implemented by the pool management.

TOPIC 4: FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE WATER

STEPS IN GETTING COMFORTABLE IN THE WATER
1. LET GO OF YOUR FEAR. A lot of people put off learning how to swim because they are afraid of
drowning. While drowning do occur, most of them could have been prevented with a few simple
safety measures. Follow this guideline whenever you’re swimming, and your odds drowning will
decrease dramatically:
A. Never swim alone. Always go swimming with buddy who is trained swimmer, if not,
several other people.
B. Don’t start out swimming in moving water. If you’re learning to swim in an ocean or
river., you’ll need to be more aware of the motion of the water. If you must learn to swim this
way, try to make sure you’re with someone who knows what s/he is doing, and be sure to
read the steps about getting out of a riptide or a rushing river.
C. Stay within a depth you can handle. When you’re first learning how to swim, don’t
venture into water that’s too deep for you to stand in. That way, if something goes amiss, you
can simply stand up and breath.
 D. Never swim during inclement weather conditions. Swimming in a light rain shower
should be fine, but if you see and hear a storm approaching, get out of the water immediately.
This rule is to be followed regardless of how well you can swim.
E. Don’t swim in water that’s too cold. Moving your limbs to paddle can become suddenly
difficult if you’re in frigid water.

2. GET USED TO FLOATING. When you’re in the water, hold on the side of the pool or a dock, and
let your legs float out behind you - they should lift easily if you let them. Practice doing this on your
stomach and on your back, unlit you’re comfortable letting half of your body float. Try floating on
your back or your stomach as soon as you’re ready.

3. DON’T PANIC. Always remember that you have a fallback if you’re in an unmanageable depth or
you simply can’t move your limbs – floating on your back. Don’t flair around or start breathing quickly
if you can’t swim; simply lie back on flat as you can, and let the water carry you while you regain
your composure.
4. PRACTICE EXHALING UNDERWATER. While you’re still in a shallow depth, take a deep breath
and put your face underwater. Slowly exhale out your nose until you’re out of breath, then come
back up. If you’re uncomfortable exhaling through your nose, you can hold it closed or wear a nose
plug and exhale through your mouth.

5. WEAR GOGGLES (Optional). Wearing goggles can help you feel more comfortable opening your
eyes underwater, and might allow you to see more clearly.

TOPIC 5: BASIC WATER SAFETY AND RESCUE

PERSONAL SAFETY
Drowning is a leading cause of death for children. In order to help you and those you love stay safe
around the water. Ensure every member of your family learns to swim so they at least achieve skills
of water competency; able to enter the water, get a breath, stay afloat, change position, swim a
distance then get out of the water safely, employ layers of protection including barriers to prevent
access to water, life jackets, and close supervision of children to prevent drowning, know what to do
in a water emergency – including how to help someone in trouble in the water safely, call for
emergency help and CPR. In Basic Water and Rescue, it is important to know the advanced and
basic survival swimming.

As a survivalist, you will need to be comfortable with the idea of being around water if you want to
explore the world to the fullest. Not only that, but learning basic aquatic survival skills may save your
life on vacations or allow you to explore your abilities as a survivalist in the water.

1. Swimming
All survivalists should know how to swim. Though there are a variety of swimming techniques to use,
the most common form is freestyle, where you alternate kicking your legs and alternating extending
your arms forward. Using your arms, you push yourself through the water using your legs as a
natural propeller. However, knowing how to swim isn’t the only thing you need to know. You also
 need to be cognizant of your swimming ability and endurance so you don’t overdo it and put yourself
in harmful situation.
2. Treading Water
There are a variety of techniques you can choose from when learning how to tread water. Some
important things to keep in mind, however, is that you will need to use both arms and legs while
keeping your head above water. One technique you can try is moving your arms horizontally while
spinning your legs as if you were on a bike: in a vertically circular motion. Another technique is to
use flutter kicks (point your toes downward and then kick your legs back and forth in short bursts)
while using your arms to keep balance. No matter what treading technique you try, you will run out
of energy, so be sure to practice consistently and frequently. If you cannot tread water anymore,
then you may lie on your back in the water and float to regain your strength. You can attempt to
backstroke to safety if you’re within an ideal range, but the main focus should be on you getting your
strength back so you can stay afloat!
3. Getting out of Currents
If you get stuck in a river or ocean current, this isn’t the end of the world. If you are stuck in an ocean
current and are getting pulled out to sea, do not panic. Take slow deep breaths and then begin to
swim parallel to the shore. You will waste energy trying to fight against the current to swim back to
shore. Though it may take a while, you will eventually feel the current stop pulling on you and then
you can swim to shore. If you can, try and call for help, but not if you think you’re going to inhale
water doing it!
Similarly, to being stuck in an ocean current, do not fight against a current. Swim at in a diagonal
line to shore; don’t swim upstream or perpendicular to the current. If, worst case scenario, you are
going downstream and can’t fight it, turn your body so your feet are facing the way you are going.
Doing this will prevent your head from hitting something and causing you injury or unconsciousness.
Always Prepare
If you are going to be around or going into any body of water, be prepared to bring a flotation device
with you. This prevents you from having to expend precious energy in staying afloat in a dangerous
situation. Along with having floatation devices, be sure to continue practicing swimming– never know
when it could save your life one day.

Personal Safety
Must Know:
1. When to swim
2. Where to swim (River, Lakes, Pool, Sea)
Hazards
 sharks, waves, air
 exhaustion, cramps, sudden illness -if can’t control it will lead to panic/drowning

Safety Practices
 never swim alone, should have buddy
 do not swim if there is lightning
 do not swim in the dark water – deep
 do not ask help in jest
 swim in proper attire
 stretching before swimming
TOPIC 6: SAFETY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT
Lifeguards are the unsung heroes who work relentlessly to protect lives at sea. Patrolling beaches
for hours on end, keeping a sharp eye on every tourist, and risking their own lives day- in and day-
out to save others is not an easy job. Nevertheless, many lifeguards, some government-appointed
and some voluntary, work tirelessly in India.
An important phase in the journey towards becoming a lifeguard is safety training. Lifeguards have
to be well-versed in life-saving procedures and familiarize themselves with the safety equipment
they have to use. Additionally, they are also expected to use personal life- safety equipment to
prevent accidents to themselves during rescue operations.
Here we take a look at both, the safety equipment used by lifeguards to protect people from
drowning as well as the personal safety equipment they themselves use.
Lifeguards use a wide variety of equipment while saving lives. Different kinds of accessories have to
be used depending on the situation and the stage of rescue. Here we list some of the most common
devices used by lifeguards.

 Rescue Can  Shepherd’s Crook

 Ring Buoy  Spine Board
 Throw Bag

TOPIC 7: NON-SWIM RESCUE

Most drownings happen during “non-Swim “times when all the adults are in house and the child
slowly slips out the doors. Hence be vigilant and keep the doors always latched with a door alarm.
Remember the importance of water safety, use the ABCD’s. A- Adult Supervision, B- Pool Barriers,
C- Classes and CPR, and D- Devices and Drains (Reaching Pole, Ring Buoy, Rescue Tubes, Med
Kit, cell phone and stay away from drains!). If we all take these precautions, we will be one step
closer to becoming a safer community!
These Include reach, throw, wade and row
REACH – This method can be used when the person in difficulty is near the edge. In order to rescue
the victim, you may use an arm, leg or rescue aid such as a branch, umbrella, towel or a rope.
THROW – This particular method can be used when the victim is too far away to perform a reach
rescue. The main tool used for throw rescue is rope.
WADE - This rescue method is used when attempts to reach and throw have been unsuccessful and
the water depth, current and temperature are at s safe level.
ROW – This method is used when it is impossible to perform reach or throw rescues and the water
is too deep for a wade rescue. For this rescue, you will require small craft that is suitable for the
water.

Prepared By:
Mrs. Noreen Ethel C. Guillermo, RN, MSN, LPT
“Education is the passport to the future,
for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today---Malcolm X”