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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PULCHOWK CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS

AND HEAT TRANSFER

[TUTORIAL SHEETS]

ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER (I/II)

2070 Even Semester

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CONTENTS

Tutorial No. 1: Thermodynamic Properties 1

Tutorial No. 2: Energy Transfer 4

Tutorial No. 3: Properties of Common Substances 7

Tutorial No. 4: First Law of Thermodynamics 10

Tutorial No. 5: Second Law of Thermodynamics 13

Tutorial No. 6: Gas and Vapor Power Cycle 15

Tutorial No. 7: Heat Transfer 17

Appendix: Steam Tables

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 1

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

1. A container has two compartments separated by a membrane as shown in Figure P1.1.

Compartment A has 2 kg of air and a volume of 1 m3; compartment B has 1.5 m3 of air with
a specific volume of 2.5 m3/kg. If the membrane is broken, determine the resultant specific
volume.
2. A cylinder with a total volume of 1 m3 has a movable piston as shown in Figure P1.3. When
the piston is at one fourth of the length, both sides have same specific volume of 4 m3/kg.
Determine the specific volumes of both sides when the piston is at middle of the cylinder.
3. An oxygen cylinder having a volume of 10 m3 initially contains 5 kg of oxygen. Determine
the specific volume of oxygen in the cylinder initially. During certain process 3 kg of oxygen
is consumed, determine the final specific volume of oxygen in the cylinder. Also plot the
amount of oxygen that has been consumed versus the specific volume of the remaining in the
cylinder.
4. Three pressure gauges are connected to a container consisting of two compartments as shown
in Figure P1.4. If the local barometer reads 750 mm of Hg and pressure gauges A and B read
300 kPa and 200 kPa respectively. Determine the absolute pressure in each compartment and
reading of pressure gauge C. [Take 𝜌𝐻𝐺 =13600 kg/m3 and 𝑔 = 9.81 m/s2]

Figure P1.1 Figure P1.2 Figure P1.4

5. Figure P1.5 shows a tank within a tank, each containing air. Pressure gage A is located
inside the tank B and reads 140 kPa. The U-tube manometer connected to tank B contains
mercury. Using data on the diagram, determine the absolute pressures inside the tank A and
tank B.
6. A vertical piston–cylinder device shown in Figure P1.6 contains a gas at a pressure of 100
kPa. The piston has a mass of 5 kg and a diameter of 12 cm. Pressure of the gas is to be
increased by placing some weights on the piston. Determine the local atmospheric pressure
and the mass of the weights that will double the pressure of the gas inside the cylinder. [Take
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ]
7. For the piston cylinder device shown in Figure P1.7, determine the force necessary to
produce an absolute pressure of 500 kPa within the device. [Take 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎]

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Figure P1.6

Figure P1.5 Figure P1.7

8. A piston cylinder device loaded with a linear spring with a spring constant of k = 100 kN/m
contains a gas initially at a pressure of 100 kPa and a volume of 0.05 m3, as shown in Figure
P1.8. The cross sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2. Initially spring touches the piston but
exerts no force on it. Heat is supplied to the system until its volume doubles, determine the
final pressure.
9. A 5 kg piston in a cylinder with diameter of 100 mm is loaded with a linear spring and the
outside atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. The spring exerts no force on the piston when it is
at the bottom of the cylinder and for the state shown in Figure P1.9, the pressure is 400 kPa
with volume of 0.4 L. The valve is opened to let some air in, causing the piston to rise 2 cm.
Find the new pressure. [Take 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ].

Figure P1.8 Figure P1.9

10. A new scale N of temperature is deviced in such a way that the freezing point of ice is 1000N
and boiling point is 4000N. What is the temperature reading on this new scale when the
temperature is 1500C? At what temperature, both the Celsius and new temperature scale
reading would be the same?

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ANSWERS
1. 0.96154 m3 /kg 2. 8 m3 /kg, 2.667 m3 /kg 3. 2 m3 /kg, 5 m3 /kg
4. 400.062 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 600.062 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 500𝑘𝑃𝑎 5. 127.67 kPa, 267.67 kPa
6. 95.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 115.3 𝑘𝑔 7. 32 𝑘𝑁 8. 600 𝑘𝑃𝑎
9. 515.36 𝑘𝑃𝑎 10. 550 0𝑁, −50

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 2

ENERGY TRANSFER

1. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 0.4 MPa, 0.03
m3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by PVn = constant, find the work
done by the gas system.
2. Air is compressed in a cylinder form 1 m3 to 0.35 m3 by a piston. The relation between the
pressure and volume is given by 𝑃 = 5 − 3𝑉, where P is in bar and V is in m3. Compute the
magnitude of the work done on the system in kJ.
3. In a quasiequilibrium process in a closed system, a gas expands from a volume of 0.15 m3
and a pressure of 120 kPa to a volume of 0.25 m3 in such a manner that P (V + 0.030) =
constant, where V is in m3. Calculate the work.
4. An ideal gas undergoes two processes in series
Process 1-2: an expansion from 0.1 m3 to 0.2 m3 at constant pressure of 200 kPa
Process 2-3: an expansion from 0.2 m3 to 0.4 m3 with a linear rising pressure from 200
kPa to 400 kPa.
Sketch the process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer.
5. Air undergoes three process in series to from a cycle:
Process 1-2: compression with PV = constant form P1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 0.1 m3 to P1 = 500
kPa
Process 2-3: constant volume process to P3 = P1
Process 3-1: constant pressure
Sketch the process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer.
6. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P2.6 contains 0.1 kg of air initially at a pressure of
4 MPa and temperature of 2000C. Heat is added to the system until the pressure is 8 MPa and
the temperature is 8000C. Sketch the process on P-V and T-V diagrams and determine the
total work transfer. [Take R = 287 J/kg K]
7. Air (0.5 kg) in the piston cylinder device shown in Figure P2.7 has an initial pressure and
temperature of 1 MPa and 5000C respectively. The system is cooled until the temperature
reaches 500C. It takes a pressure of 0.5 MPa to support the piston. Sketch the process on P-V
and T-V diagrams and determine the total work transfer. [Take R = 287 J/kg K]
8. An unstretched spring (𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) is attached to a piston cylinder device as shown in
Figure P2.8. Heat is added until the gas pressure inside the cylinder is 400 kPa. If the
diameter of the piston is 50 mm, determine the work done by the gas on the piston. [Take
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎]

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Figure P2.6 Figure P2.7 Figure P2.8

9. A piston cylinder arrangement with two set of stops is restrained by a linear spring (𝑘 =
12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) as shown in Figure P2.9. The cross sectional area of the piston is 0.05 m2.The
initial pressure of the gas is 500 kPa and the pressure required to lift the piston is 1000 kPa.
Heat is supplied to the gas until its pressure reaches 6000 kPa. Sketch the process on P-V
diagram and determine the total work transfer.
10. Air (0.01 kg) is contained in a piston cylinder device restrained by a linear spring (𝑘 =
500 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) as shown in Figure P2.10. Spring initially touches the piston but exerts no force
on it. Heat is added to the system until the piston is displaced upward by 80 mm. determine
(a) the temperature at which piston leaves the stops
(b) work done by the air [Take 𝑅 = 287 J/kg. K, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ]
11. A gas enclosed by a piston shown in Figure P2.11 starts to expand due to heating. The initial
movement of 0.2 m is restrained by a fixed mass of 30 kg and the final 0.05 m is restrained
both by the mass and a spring of stiffness 10 kN/m. The cross sectional area of the piston is
0.15 m2 and the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
(a) Neglecting the mass of the spring and the piston sketch a P-V diagram of the process.
(b) Calculate the work during the initial 0.2 m movement.
(c) Calculate the total work done.

Figure P2.9 Figure P2.10 Figure P2.11

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12. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in Figure P2.12 is restrained by two linear springs as
shown. The system contains air initially at a pressure of 150 kPa and a volume of 0.002 m3.
Heat is added to the system until its volume doubles; determine the total work transfer. Also
sketch the process on P-V diagram. Both springs have spring constant of 100 kN/m.

Figure P2.12

ANSWERS
1. −11.83 𝑘𝐽 2. −193.375 𝑘𝐽 3. 9.54 𝑘𝐽
4. 80 𝑘𝐽 5. −8.09 𝑘𝐽 6. 1.82 𝑘𝐽
7. −9.112 𝑘𝐽 8. 0.28915 kJ 9. 2.96 𝑘𝐽
10. 342.520 𝐶, 2.31 𝑘𝐽 11. 3.06 𝑘𝐽, 3.84 𝑘𝐽 12. 2.8 𝑘𝐽

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 3

PROPERIES OF COMMON SUBSTANCES

1. Fill in the blanks in the following table with the corresponding properties of water or by the
symbol , when it is no relevant or meaningless or by the symbol ─, when it is indeterminate.
State P, kPa T, 0C x, % v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg Degree of Superheat
1 200 200
2 250 80
3 300 0.5
4 150 60
5 200 0.1
6 250 0.5951
7 1000 2000
8 350 2563.5
9 600 0.001101
10 2000 0.1757
11 5000 0.001206
12 500 3445.4
13 8000 295.04
2. A two phase mixture of H2O has a temperature of 2000C and occupies a volume of 0.05 m3.
The mass of saturated liquid is 1 kg and saturated vapor is 3 kg. Determine the pressure and
specific volume of the mixture.
3. Determine the temperature and quality (if needed) for water at a pressure of 200 kPa and
having a specific volume of
(a) 0.8 m3/kg
(b) 1.25 m3/kg.
4. Water is contained in a rigid vessel of 5 m3 at a quality of 0.8 and a pressure of 2 MPa. If it is
cooled to a pressure of 400 kPa, determine the mass of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at
the final state.
5. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P3.5 contains 0.2 kg of a mixture of saturated
liquid water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 500C and a volume of 0.03 m3.
The mass of the piston resting on the stops is 50 kg and the cross sectional area of the piston
is 12.2625 cm2. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Heat is transferred until it becomes
saturated vapor. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine:
(a) the temperature at which the piston just leaves the stops,
(b) the final pressure, and
(c) the total work transfer. [Take g = 9.81 ms-2]
6. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P3.6 contains water initially at a pressure of 125
kPa with a quality of 50 %. Heat is added to the system until it reaches to a final temperature

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of 8000C. It takes a pressure of 600 kPa to lift the piston from the stops. Sketch the process
on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine:
(a) the mass of H2O in the system, and
(b) the total work transfer.
7. The frictionless piston shown in Figure P3.7 has a mass of 20 kg and a cross sectional area
of 78.48 cm2. Heat is added until the temperature reaches 4000C. If the quality of the H2O at
the initial state is 0.2, determine:
(a) the initial pressure,
(b) the mass of H2O,
(c) the quality of the system when the piston hits the stops,
(d) the final pressure, and
(e) the total work transfer. [Take Patm = 100 kPa, g = 9.81 m/s2]
8. Water (2 kg) is contained within a piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in Figure P3.8. The
initial temperature is 1050C, and there are equal masses of liquid and vapor initially. The
system is heated to a position where the piston is locked, and then the system is cooled to the
saturated vapor state at T = 500C. Draw the process on a P-v diagram, and evaluate the work
done during the process.

Figure P3.5 Figure P3.6 Figure P3.7 Figure P3.8

9. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in Figure P3.9 contains 1 kg of water initially at a
pressure of 1 MPa and a temperature of 5000C. The water is cooled until it is completely
converted into the saturated liquid. It requires a pressure of 400 kPa to support the piston.
Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the total work transfer.
10. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in Figure P3.10 contains 2 kg of water initially at a
pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 500C. Heat is added until the piston reaches the
upper stops where the total volume is 1.5 m3. It takes a pressure of 600 kPa to lift the piston.
Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the final temperature and the
work transfer.
11. A piston cylinder device with a linear spring initially contains water at a pressure of 4 MPa
and 5000C with the initial volume being 0.1 m3, as shown in Figure P3.11. If the piston is at
the bottom, the system pressure is 300 kPa. The system now cools until the pressure reaches
1000 kPa. Sketch the process on P-v diagram and determine
(a) the mass of H2O

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(b) the final temperature and volume, and

(c) the total work transfer.
12. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in Figure P3.12 contains water initially at P1 = 100
kPa, x1 = 0.8 and V1 = 0.01 m3. When the system is heated, it encounters a linear spring (k =
100 kN/m). At this state volume is 0.015 m3. The heating continues till its pressure is 200
kPa. If the diameter of the piston is 0.15 m, determine
(a) the final temperature, and
(b) the total work transfer.
Also sketch the process on P-v diagram.

Figure P3.9 Figure P3.10 Figure P3.11 Figure P3.12

ANSWERS
1. State P, kPa T, 0C x, % v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg Degree of
Superheat, 0C
1 200 200  𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟎. 𝟎 𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟔
2 250 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 80 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 
3 300 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 0.5 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 
4 𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 150 60 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 
5 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 200 𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟖𝟓 0.1 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 
6 𝟒𝟎𝟎 250  0.5951 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟑𝟔
7 1000 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐 2000 
8 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟎 350 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐 2563.5 𝟎
9 600 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝟎 0.001101 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 
10 2000 𝟓𝟎𝟎  0.1757 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟕. 𝟕 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟖
11 5000 𝟐𝟑𝟎  0.001206 𝟗𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 
12 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 500  𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟐 3445.4 𝟐𝟒𝟗. 𝟔𝟏
13 8000 295.04 ─ ─ ─ ─
2. 1553.6 kPa, 0.095731 m3/kg 3. 120.240C,0.90296; 271.8060C
0
4. 10.6896 kg, 51.8847 kg 5. 151.87 C, 500 kPa, 22.49 kJ
6. 0.006714 kg, 0.5497 kJ 7. 125 kPa, 0.0014 kg, 0.321,711.71 kPa, 0.0294 kg
8. 2736.24 kJ 9. – 141.2 kJ 10. 703.6180C, 898.785 kJ
11. 1.1571 kg; 179.920C, 0.01892 m3; – 202.703 kJ 12. 627.1650C, 0.54684 kJ

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 4

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. A gas contained in a piston cylinder device undergoes a polytropic process for which
pressure volume relationship is given by 𝑃𝑉 2.5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. The initial pressure is 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎,
the initial volume is 0.2 𝑚3 and the final volume is 0.4 𝑚3 . The internal energy of the gas
decreases by 20 𝑘𝐽 during the process. Determine the work transfer and heat transfer for the
process.
2. A closed rigid tank contains 2 𝑘𝑔 of a saturated water vapor initially at 1600 𝐶. Heat transfer
occurs from the system and the pressure drops to 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the amount of heat
lost by the system.
3. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.3 loaded with a linear spring (𝑘 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚)
contains 0.5 𝑘𝑔 of H2O initially at a pressure of 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a volume of 0.4 𝑚3 . Heat is
transferred to the H2O until a final pressure of 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is reached. If the cross sectional area
of the piston is 0.05 𝑚2 , determine the final temperature and the heat transfer for the process.
4. Nitrogen (5 𝑘𝑔) is contained in a piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.4 initially at a
pressure of 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a temperature of 1270 𝐶. There is a heat transfer to the system until
the temperature reaches to 5270 𝐶 . It takes a pressure of 1500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 to lift the piston. Sketch
the process on 𝑃 − 𝑉 and 𝑇 − 𝑉 diagrams and determine the total work and heat transfer in
the process. [Take 𝑅 = 297 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝑐𝑉 = 743 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾].
5. Air is contained in a piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.5 initially at a pressure and
temperature of 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 8000 𝐶. Heat is lost by the system until its pressure drops to
750 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Sketch the process on 𝑃 − 𝑉 and 𝑇 − 𝑉 diagrams and determine the total work and
heat transfer. [Take 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝑐𝑉 = 718 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾]

Figure P4.3 Figure P4.4 Figure P4.5

6. Air (0.1 𝑘𝑔) is contained in piston/cylinder assembly as shown in Figure P4.6. Initially, the
piston rests on the stops and is in contact with the spring, which is in its unstretched position.
The spring constant is 100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚. The piston weighs 30 𝑘𝑁 and atmospheric pressure is

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101 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The air is initially at 300 𝐾 and 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Heat transfer occurs until the air
temperature reaches the surrounding temperature of 700 𝐾.
(a) Find the final pressure and volume.
(b) Find the process work.
(c) Find the heat transfer.
(d) Draw the P-V diagram of the process. [Take 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝑐𝑉 = 718 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾].
7. Water (0.5 𝑘𝑔) is contained in a piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.7 initially at a
pressure of 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 with a quality of 80 %. Mass of the piston is such that a pressure of
300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is required to lift it. Heat is transferred to the system until its volume doubles.
Sketch the process on 𝑃 − 𝑣 and 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagrams and determine
(a) the final temperature
(b) the total work transfer, and
(c) the total work transfer.
8. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.8 contains 4 𝑘𝑔 of water initially at saturated
liquid state at 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎. There is a heat transfer to the system until it hits the stops at which
time its volume is 0.08 𝑚3 . There is further heat transfer to the device until water is
completely vaporized. Sketch the process on 𝑃 − 𝑣 and 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagrams and determine the
total work and heat transfer.

Figure P4.6 Figure P4.7 Figure P4.8

9. A piston cylinder device shown in Figure P4.9 contains water initially at 𝑃1 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
𝑇1 = 5000 𝐶. A pressure of 400 kPa is required to support the piston. There is a heat transfer
from the device until its temperature drops to 300 𝐶. Sketch the process on 𝑃 − 𝑣 and 𝑇 − 𝑣
diagrams and determine the total work and heat transfer.
10. A closed system undergoes a process 𝐴 from state 1 to state 2 as shown in Figure P4.10;
which requires a heat input of 𝑄𝐴 = 65 𝑘𝐽. The system returns adiabatically from state 2 to
state 1 through process 𝐵. Determine the work transfer for process 𝐵.
11. Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Properties
of the steam at the inlet are 𝑃1 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇1 = 4500 𝐶 𝑉1 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 and at the exit are
𝑃2 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑥2 = 80 % 𝑉2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠. If the power output of the turbine is 1200 𝑘𝑊,
determine the rate of heat transfer from the turbine.

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Figure P4.9 Figure P4.10

12. Air expands through an adiabatic turbine from 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 1000 𝐾 to 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 400 𝐾. The
inlet velocity is 10 𝑚/𝑠 whereas exit velocity is 100 𝑚/𝑠. The power output of the turbine is
3600 𝑘𝑊. Determine the mass flow rate of air and the inlet and exit areas. [Take 𝑅 =
287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝑐𝑃 = 1005 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾].
13. Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle with 𝑃1 = 2.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇1 = 2500 𝐶 and with very low
velocity. The steam exits the nozzle with 𝑃2 = 0.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and velocity of 65 𝑚/𝑠. The mass
flow rate of steam is 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine the exit area of the nozzle.
14. A water heating arrangement operates at steady state with liquid water entering at inlet 1
with 𝑃1 = 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 500 𝐶. Steam at 𝑃2 = 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 2000 𝐶 enters at inlet
2. Saturated liquid water exits with a pressure of 𝑃3 = 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 from the outlet 3. Determine
the ratio of mass flow rates 𝑚1 /𝑚2 .
15. Steam enters into a well insulated throttling valve at 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 6000 𝐶 and exits at 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine the final temperature of the steam.

ANSWERS
1. 34.477 kJ, 14.477 kJ 2. −3118.08 𝑘𝐽 3. 466.2090C, 377.5495 kJ
4. 74.25 kJ, 1560.25 kJ 5. −166.32 kJ, −651.76 kJ
3
6. 294.63 kPa, 0.0682 m , 6.72 kJ, 35.44 kJ 7. 87.7152 kJ, 1531.3152 kJ
7. 649.480C, 106.335 kJ, 738.214 kJ
8. 374.28 kJ, 6002.98 kJ 9. −176.55 kJ, −3175.38 kJ 10. – 25 kJ
11. −109.812 kW 12. 6.019 kg/s, 0.1728 m2, 0.0691 m2
13. 7.0339  10-4 m2 14. 5.1375 15. 582.1120C

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 5

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. An inventor makes the following claims. Determine whether the claims are valid and explain
why or why not.
(a) A refrigeration unit maintains – 100C in the refrigerator which is kept in a room where
the surrounding temperature is 250C and has a COP of 8.5.
(b) A building receives a heat transfer 50000 kJ/h from a heat pump. The inside temperature
is maintained at 220C, and the surroundings are at – 10C. The inventor claims a work
input of 7000 kJ/h is required.
(c) An engineer claims his engine to develop 3.75 kW. On testing, the engine consumes 0.44
kg of fuel per hour having a calorific value of 42000 kJ/kg. The maximum temperature
recorded in the cycle is 14000C and minimum is 3500C.
2. A heat pump cycle operating between two reservoirs takes energy from the source at
𝑇𝐿 = 270 𝐾 and supplies 𝑄𝐻 to a room at 𝑇𝐻 = 300 𝐾. For each of the following case,
determine whether the cycle operates reversibly, irreversibly or impossible.
(a) 𝑄𝐻 = 1000𝑘𝐽, 𝑊 = 200 𝑘𝐽
(b) 𝑄𝐻 = 2000𝑘𝐽, 𝑄𝐿 = 1800 𝑘𝐽
(c) 𝑊 = 200 𝑘𝐽, 𝑄𝐿 = 2000 𝑘𝐽
(d) 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 8.6
3. A car engine having a thermal efficiency of 40 % produces 40 𝑘𝑊 of power output.
Determine the fuel consumption rate in 𝑘𝑔/ℎ, if the calorific value of the fuel is 42000 𝑘𝐽/
𝑘𝑔.
4. The difference between source and sink temperatures of an ideal heat engine is 4500 𝐶. If the
work output of the engine is 1.5 the heat rejected, determine its thermal efficiency, source
temperature and sink temperature.
5. A heat pump maintains a room at a temperature of 200 𝐶 when the surroundings is at 50 𝐶.
The rate of heat loss from the room is estimated to be 0.6 𝑘𝑊 per degree temperature
difference between the inside and outside. If the electricity costs 𝑅𝑠 10/𝑘𝑊ℎ, determine the
minimum theoretical cost per day.
6. An air conditioning unit having a COP 50 % of the theoretical maximum maintains a house
at a temperature of 200 𝐶 by cooling it against the surroundings temperature. The house gains
energy at a rate of 0.8 𝑘𝑊 per degree temperature difference. For a maximum work input of
1.8 𝑘𝑊, determine the maximum surroundings temperature for which it provides sufficient
cooling.
7. Water is contained in a piston cylinder device with two set of stops as shown in Figure P5.7
is initially at 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 4000 𝐶. The limiting volumes are 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1 𝑚3 and 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝑚3 .
The weight of the piston is such that a pressure of 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is required to support the piston.
The system is cooled to 1000 𝐶 by allowing system to reject heat to the surroundings at

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250 𝐶. Sketch the process on 𝑃 − 𝑣 and 𝑇 − 𝑣 diagrams and determine the total entropy
generated during the process.

Figure P5.7
8. Two kg of water at 900C is mixed with three kg of water at 100C in an isolated system.
Calculate the change of entropy due to the mixing process. [CP for water = 4.18 kJ/kg K]
9. A lump of steel (𝑐𝑆 = 0.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾) of mass 10 𝑘𝑔 at 7270 𝐶 is dropped in 100 𝑘𝑔 of oil
(𝑐𝑂 = 3.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾) at 270 𝐶. Determine the net change in entropy.
10. 1 𝑘𝑔 of air enclosed in an isolated box with volume 𝑉1 , pressure 𝑃1 and temperature 𝑇1 is
allowed to expand freely until its volume increases to 𝑉2 = 2𝑉1 . Determine the change in
entropy. [Take 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾]
11. Steam enters a nozzle at 1.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 3000 𝐶 and with a velocity of 50 𝑚/𝑠, undergoes a
reversible adiabatic process and exits at 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the exit velocity.
12. Air at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 250 𝐶 enters into a diffuser at a velocity of 150 𝑚/𝑠 and exits with a
velocity 40 𝑚/𝑠. Assuming the process to be reversible and adiabatic, determine the exit
pressure and temperature of the air.
13. Steam enters into a well insulated throttling valve at 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 6000 𝐶 and exits at 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine the change in entropy per unit mass of the steam.
14. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ,5000 𝐶 and with a velocity of 50 𝑚/𝑠 and exits
at 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 1000 𝐶 and with a velocity of 150 𝑚/𝑠. If the power output of the turbine is
50 𝑀𝑊, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of steam flowing through the turbine, and
(b) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine..
15. Air enters a gas turbine at 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 1500 𝐾 and exits at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎. If its isentropic
efficiency is 80 %, determine the turbine exit temperature.

ANSWERS
1. Invalid, Valid, Invalid 2. Irreversible, reversible, impossible, irreversible
3. 8.57 kg/h 4. 60 %, 750 K, 300 K 5. Rs 11.58
6. 38.1560C 7. 18.18056 kJ/K 8. 1.025 kJ/K
9. 5.4592 kJ/K 10. 198.93 J/K 11. 910.405 m/s
12. 308.39 K, 112.75 kPa 13. 0.3075 kJ/kg K 14. 6.74036 kg/s, 73.65 %
15. 921.537 K

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 6

THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
1. Air at the compressor inlet of an ideal gas turbine cycle is at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 200 𝐶. The heat
added to the cycle per kg of air is 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. The maximum temperature during the cycle is
limited to 1400 𝐾. Determine
(a) the pressure ratio,
(b) the net work output per kg of air, and
(a) the cycle efficiency.
2. In an ideal Brayton cycle, air enters the compressor at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 300 𝐾 and the turbine at
1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 1200 𝐾. Heat is transferred to the air at a rate of 30 𝑀𝑊. Determine the
efficiency and the power output of the plant.
3. The compressor and turbine of an ideal gas turbine each have isentropic efficiencies of 80 %.
The pressure ratio is 10. The minimum and maximum temperatures are 300 𝐾 and 1500 𝐾
respectively. Determine:
(a) the net work per kg of air,
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
(c) Compare both of these for a cycle with ideal compressor and turbine.
4. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 8.5. At the beginning of the compression
stroke, air is at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 270 𝐶. The pressure is doubled during the constant volume heat
addition process. Determine:
(a) the heat added per kg of air,
(b) the net work output per kg of air,
(c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure..
5. The following data are obtained for a four stroke petrol engine:
Cylinder bore = 14 𝑐𝑚
Stroke length = 15 𝑐𝑚
Clearance volume = 231 𝑐𝑚3
Determine:
(a) the ratio of clearance volume and swept volume,
(b) the compression ratio, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.
6. An engine with bore of 8 𝑐𝑚 and stroke of 12 𝑐𝑚 has a compression ratio of 6. To increase
the compression ratio 1.5 𝑚𝑚 is machined off the cylinder head face. Determine the new
compression ratio.
7. The properties of air at the beginning of compression stroke in an air standard Diesel cycle
are 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 300 𝐾. The air at the beginning of the expansion stroke is at 6500 𝑘𝑃𝑎
and 2000 𝐾. Determine:

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(a) the compression ratio,

(b) the thermal efficiency, and
(c) the mean effective pressure.
8. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 22 and expansion ratio of 11.
Determine its cut off ratio and the efficiency.
9. Air at the beginning of compression stroke in an ideal Diesel cycle is at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 295 𝐾
and the compression ratio is 20. Determine the maximum temperature during the cycle to
have an efficiency of 65 %.
10. A Rankine cycle has a boiler working at a pressure of 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The maximum and minimum
temperatures during the cycle are 4000 𝐶 and 500 𝐶 respectively. Determine the efficiency of
the cycle and compare it with that of the Carnot cycle operating between the same
temperature limits.
11. Saturated vapor enters into a turbine of an ideal Rankine cycle at 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and saturated
liquid exits the condenser at 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The power output of the cycle is 120 𝑀𝑊. Determine:
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
(b) the back work ratio,
(c) the mass flow rate of steam,
(d) the rate at which heat is supplied to the boiler,
(e) the rate at which heat is rejected from the condenser, and
(f) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, if the cooling water enters at 200 𝐶 and
exits at 350 𝐶. [Take specific heat of water as 4.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾]..
12. Superheated steam at 8 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 5000 𝐶 enters into turbine of a steam power plant working on a
Rankine cycle. The steam leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 8 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The turbine and
pump have isentropic efficiencies of 90 % and 80 % respectively. For the cycle, determine:
(a) the net work per kg of steam,
(b) the heat supplied into the boiler per kg of steam, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.

ANSWERS
1. 12.58, 411.91 kJ/kg, 51.49 % 2. 48.205 %, 14.46 MW
3. 230.599 kJ/kg, 26.96 %; 446.089 kJ/kg, 48.205 %
4. 507.01 kJ/kg, 291.61 kJ/kg, 57.52 %, 383.84 kPa 5. 0.1, 11, 61.68 %
6. 6.41 7. 19.72, 64.38 %, 800.47 kPa 8. 2, 65.99 %
9. 1886 K 10. 31.635 %, 52.01 %
11. 37.22 %, 1.063 %, 127.8 kg/s, 322.38 MW, 202.38 MW, 3227.82 kg/s
12. 1155.54 kJ/kg, 3214.58 kJ/kg, 35.95 %

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

TUTORIAL NO: 7

HEAT TRANSFER
1. A hollow cylinder with inner and outer diameters of 8 𝑐𝑚 and 12 𝑐𝑚 respectively has an
inner surface temperature of 2000 𝐶 and an outer surface temperature of 500 𝐶. If the thermal
conductivity of the cylinder material is 60 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, determine the heat transfer from the unit
length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature at the surface at a radial distance of 10 𝑐𝑚
from the axis of the cylinder.
2. The roof of an electrically heated home is 10 𝑚 long, 8 𝑚 wide, and 0.25 𝑚 thick, and is
made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is 𝑘 = 0.8 𝑊/𝑚𝐾. The
temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to be
180 𝐶 and 50 𝐶, respectively, for a period of 12 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. Determine:
(a) the rate of heat loss through the roof that night and
(b) the cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is 𝑅𝑠 10/𝑘𝑊ℎ.
3. The heat flux at the surface of an electrical heater is 3500 𝑊/𝑚2 . The heater surface
temperature is 1200 𝐶 when it is cooled by air at 500 𝐶. What is the average convective heat
transfer coefficient? What will the heater temperature be if the power is reduced so that heat
flux is 2500 𝑊/𝑚2 ?
4. A room is maintained at 220 𝐶 by an air conditioning unit. Determine the total rate of heat
transfer from the person standing in the room if the exposed surface area and the average
outer surface temperature of the person are 1.5 𝑚2 and 300 𝐶, respectively, and the
convection heat transfer coefficient is 10 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. Take surface emissivity as 0.95.
5. A flat plate collector is insulated at the back surface and exposed to solar radiation at the
front surface. The front surface receives solar radiation at a rate of 850 𝑊/𝑚2 and dissipates
heat to the ambient air at 200 𝐶 both by convection and radiation. If the convection heat
transfer coefficient between the plate and air is 16 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾, determine the surface
temperature of the plate.
6. The inner surface of a 2 𝑐𝑚 thick 50 𝑐𝑚 × 50 𝑐𝑚 plate (𝑘 = 10 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) is at 4000 𝐶. The
outer surface dissipates heat by combined convection and radiation to the ambient air at
270 𝐶. If the plate surface has an emissivity 0.85 of and the convection heat transfer
coefficient between the outer plate surface and the ambient air is 20 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾, determine the
outer surface temperature of the plate.
7. A furnace is made of fireclay brick of thickness 0.3 𝑚 and thermal conductivity of 1.2 𝑊/
𝑚𝐾. The outside surface is to be insulated by an insulating material with the thermal
conductivity of 0.05 𝑊/𝑚𝐾. Determine the thickness of the insulating layer in order to limit
the heat loss per unit area of the furnace wall to 1200 𝑊/𝑚2 when the inside surface of the
wall is at 9000 𝐶 and the outside surface is at 250 𝐶.

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8. Find the heat transfer through the composite wall as shown in Figure P7.8. Assume one
dimensional flow. The thermal conductivities of wall materials are 𝑘𝐴 = 150 𝑊/𝑚𝐾,
𝑘𝐵 = 30 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, 𝑘𝐶 = 65 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 and 𝑘𝐷 = 50 𝑊/𝑚𝐾. All dimensions are in 𝑐𝑚.

Figure P7.8
9. A composite wall consists of 12 𝑐𝑚 thick layer of common brick of thermal conductivity
0.8 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 and 4 𝑐𝑚 thick plaster of thermal conductivity 0.5 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.An insulating material
of thermal conductivity 0.1 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through wall by
75 %. Determine the required thickness of the insulating layer.
10. A 200 mm diameter 50 m long pipe carrying steam is covered with 40 mm of high
temperature insulation (𝑘 = 0.1 W/m) and 30 mm of low temperature insulation (𝑘 =
0.05 W/m). The inner and outer surfaces of the insulating layers are at 4000 𝐶 and 400 𝐶
respectively. Determine:
(a) the rate of heat loss from the pipe,
(b) the temperature at the interface of two insulating layers,
(c) the rate of heat transfer from unit area of the pipe surface, and
(d) the rate of heat transfer from unit area of the outer surface of the composite insulation.
11. A gas turbine blade is modeled as a flat plate. The thermal conductivity of the blade material
is 15 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 and its thickness is 1.5 𝑚𝑚. The upper surface of the blade is exposed to hot
gases at 10000 𝐶 and the lower surface is cooled by air bled of the compressor. The heat
transfer coefficients at the upper and lower surfaces of the blade are 2500 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 and
1500 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 respectively. Under steady state conditions, the temperature, at the upper
surface of the blade is measured as 8500 𝐶, determine the temperature of the coolant air.
12. A 2 𝑚 long steel plate (𝑘 = 50 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) is well insulated on its sides, while its left section is
maintained at 1000 𝐶 and the right section is exposed to ambient air at 200 𝐶. Under steady
state conditions, a thermocouple inserted at the middle of the plate gives a temperature of
800 𝐶. Determine the value of convection heat transfer coefficient for convection heat
transfer between the right section of the plate and air.

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ANSWERS
1. 139.47 kW/m, 117.450C 2. 3.328 kW, Rs 399.36 3. 50 W/m2/K, 1000C
4. 189.126 W 5. 332.4067K 6. 613.51K
7. 2.396 cm 8. 34.313 kW 9. 6.9 cm
10. 15604.3 W, 232.87 C, 494.69 W/m2, 292.18 W/m2
0
11. 562.50C
12. 25 W/m2K

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APPENDIX 2
Table A2.1: Properties of SATURATED WATER – Pressure Table
P T vl vlg vg ul ulg ug hl hlg hg sl slg sg
0 3 3 3
kPa C m /kg m /kg m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
1.0 6.9696 0.001 129.19 129.19 29.287 2354.8 2384.1 29.288 2484.0 2513.3 0.1059 8.8678 8.9737
1.5 13.021 0.001001 87.970 87.971 54.634 2337.9 2392.5 54.635 2469.8 2524.4 0.1954 8.6304 8.8258
2.0 17.497 0.001001 66.997 66.998 73.364 2325.2 2398.6 73.366 2459.2 2532.6 0.2603 8.4613 8.7216
2.5 21.080 0.001002 54.248 54.249 88.353 2315.1 2403.5 88.356 2450.7 2539.1 0.3116 8.3295 8.6411
3.0 24.083 0.001003 45.660 45.661 100.92 2306.7 2407.6 100.92 2443.7 2544.6 0.3541 8.2214 8.5755
3.5 26.677 0.001003 39.473 39.474 111.77 2299.4 2411.2 111.77 2437.5 2549.3 0.3904 8.1299 8.5203
4.0 28.966 0.001004 34.797 34.798 121.34 2293.0 2414.3 121.35 2432.2 2553.5 0.4222 8.0503 8.4725
4.5 31.018 0.001005 31.136 31.137 129.93 2287.2 2417.1 129.93 2427.3 2557.2 0.4506 7.9799 8.4305
5.0 32.881 0.001005 28.190 28.191 137.72 2281.9 2419.6 137.72 2422.8 2560.5 0.4761 7.9169 8.3930
5.5 34.589 0.001006 25.767 25.768 144.86 2277.0 2421.9 144.87 2418.7 2563.6 0.4994 7.8598 8.3592
6.0 36.167 0.001006 23.737 23.738 151.46 2272.5 2424.0 151.47 2415.0 2566.5 0.5208 7.8075 8.3283
6.5 37.635 0.001007 22.013 22.014 157.60 2268.4 2426.0 157.61 2411.5 2569.1 0.5406 7.7594 8.3000
7.0 39.008 0.001008 20.528 20.529 163.35 2264.5 2427.9 163.35 2408.3 2571.6 0.5590 7.7148 8.2738
7.5 40.299 0.001008 19.236 19.237 168.75 2260.9 2429.6 168.76 2405.1 2573.9 0.5763 7.6731 8.2494
8.0 41.518 0.001008 18.102 18.103 173.85 2257.5 2431.3 173.85 2402.3 2576.1 0.5925 7.6342 8.2267
8.5 42.673 0.001009 17.098 17.099 178.68 2254.1 2432.8 178.68 2399.4 2578.1 0.6078 7.5975 8.2053
9.0 43.771 0.001009 16.202 16.203 183.27 2251.0 2434.3 183.27 2396.8 2580.1 0.6223 7.5629 8.1852
9.5 44.817 0.001010 15.398 15.399 187.64 2248.1 2435.7 187.65 2394.4 2582.0 0.6361 7.5301 8.1662
10 45.817 0.001010 14.673 14.674 191.82 2245.2 2437.0 191.83 2392.0 2583.8 0.6493 7.4989 8.1482
15 53.983 0.001014 10.022 10.023 225.97 2221.9 2447.9 225.98 2372.2 2598.2 0.7550 7.2516 8.0066
20 60.073 0.001017 7.6489 7.6499 251.44 2204.5 2455.9 251.46 2357.4 2608.9 0.8321 7.0747 7.9068
25 64.980 0.001020 6.2038 6.2048 271.97 2190.3 2462.3 271.99 2345.4 2617.4 0.8933 6.9365 7.8298
30 69.114 0.001022 5.2288 5.2298 289.27 2178.4 2467.7 289.30 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8231 7.7672
35 72.700 0.001024 4.5252 4.5262 304.28 2168.0 2472.3 304.32 2326.4 2630.7 0.9878 6.7266 7.7144
40 75.877 0.001026 3.9930 3.9940 317.59 2158.8 2476.4 317.64 2318.5 2636.1 1.0261 6.6427 7.6688
45 78.736 0.001028 3.5759 3.5769 329.58 2150.4 2480.0 329.62 2311.3 2640.9 1.0603 6.5684 7.6287
50 81.339 0.001030 3.2398 3.2408 340.49 2142.8 2483.3 340.54 2304.8 2645.3 1.0912 6.5016 7.5928
60 85.949 0.001033 2.7314 2.7324 359.84 2129.2 2489.0 359.90 2293.1 2653.0 1.1454 6.3856 7.5310
70 89.956 0.001036 2.3644 2.3654 376.68 2117.3 2494.0 376.75 2282.9 2659.6 1.1920 6.2869 7.4789
80 93.511 0.001038 2.0866 2.0876 391.63 2106.7 2498.3 391.71 2273.6 2665.3 1.2330 6.2009 7.4339
90 96.713 0.001041 1.8688 1.8698 405.11 2097.1 2502.2 405.20 2265.3 2670.5 1.2696 6.1247 7.3943
100 99.632 0.001043 1.6933 1.6943 417.41 2088.3 2505.7 417.51 2257.6 2675.1 1.3027 6.0562 7.3589
101.32 100.00 0.001043 1.6727 1.6737 418.96 2087.1 2506.1 419.06 2256.6 2675.7 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545
125 105.99 0.001048 1.3742 1.3752 444.25 2068.9 2513.2 444.38 2240.7 2685.1 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841
150 111.38 0.001053 1.1584 1.1595 467.02 2052.4 2519.4 467.18 2226.2 2693.4 1.4338 5.7894 7.2232
175 116.07 0.001057 1.0027 1.0038 486.89 2037.8 2524.7 487.08 2213.3 2700.4 1.4851 5.6866 7.1717
200 120.24 0.001060 0.8848 0.8859 504.59 2024.8 2529.4 504.80 2201.7 2706.5 1.5304 5.5968 7.1272
225 124.01 0.001064 0.7923 0.7934 520.59 2012.9 2533.5 520.83 2191.2 2712.0 1.5708 5.5172 7.0880
250 127.44 0.001067 0.7177 0.7188 535.22 2001.9 2537.1 535.49 2181.3 2716.8 1.6075 5.4454 7.0529
275 130.61 0.001070 0.6563 0.6574 548.73 1991.8 2540.5 549.02 2172.3 2721.3 1.6411 5.3800 7.0211

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TABLE A2.1: Properties of SATURATED WATER – Pressure Table (Continued)

P T vl vlg vg ul ulg ug hl hlg hg sl slg sg
0 3 3 3
kPa C m /kg m /kg m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
300 133.56 0.001073 0.6048 0.6059 561.29 1982.2 2543.5 561.61 2163.7 2725.3 1.6721 5.3200 6.9921
325 136.31 0.001076 0.5609 0.5620 573.04 1973.3 2546.3 573.39 2155.6 2729.0 1.7009 5.2645 6.9654
350 138.89 0.001079 0.5232 0.5243 584.10 1964.8 2548.9 584.48 2147.9 2732.4 1.7278 5.2129 6.9407
375 141.33 0.001081 0.4903 0.4914 594.56 1956.7 2551.3 594.96 2140.6 2735.6 1.7531 5.1646 6.9177
400 143.64 0.001084 0.4614 0.4625 604.47 1949.0 2553.5 604.91 2133.6 2738.5 1.7770 5.1191 6.8961
425 145.84 0.001086 0.4357 0.4368 613.91 1941.7 2555.6 614.37 2126.9 2741.3 1.7996 5.0762 6.8758
450 147.94 0.001088 0.4129 0.4140 622.93 1934.7 2557.6 623.42 2120.5 2743.9 1.8211 5.0356 6.8567
475 149.94 0.001090 0.3923 0.3934 631.56 1927.8 2559.4 632.07 2114.2 2746.3 1.8415 4.9971 6.8386
500 151.87 0.001093 0.3738 0.3749 639.84 1921.4 2561.2 640.38 2108.2 2748.6 1.8610 4.9604 6.8214
550 155.49 0.001097 0.3415 0.3426 655.48 1908.9 2564.4 656.08 2096.8 2752.9 1.8977 4.8917 6.7894
600 158.86 0.001101 0.3145 0.31560 670.05 1897.3 2567.3 670.71 2086.0 2756.7 1.9315 4.8286 6.7601
650 162.02 0.001104 0.2915 0.2926 683.71 1886.2 2569.9 684.42 2075.8 2760.2 1.9631 4.7699 6.7330
700 164.98 0.001108 0.2717 0.2728 696.58 1875.8 2572.4 697.35 2066.0 2763.3 1.9925 4.7154 6.7079
750 167.79 0.001111 0.2544 0.2555 708.76 1865.8 2574.6 709.59 2056.6 2766.2 2.0203 4.6642 6.6845
800 170.44 0.001115 0.2393 0.2404 720.33 1856.3 2576.6 721.23 2047.7 2768.9 2.0464 4.6161 6.6625
850 172.97 0.001118 0.2258 0.2269 731.37 1847.1 2578.5 732.32 2039.1 2771.4 2.0712 4.5706 6.6418
900 175.39 0.001121 0.2138 0.2149 741.92 1838.3 2580.2 742.93 2030.7 2773.6 2.0948 4.5274 6.6222
950 177.70 0.001124 0.2030 0.2041 752.03 1829.8 2581.8 753.10 2022.6 2775.7 2.1173 4.4863 6.6036
1000 179.92 0.001127 0.1933 0.1944 761.75 1821.6 2583.3 762.88 2014.8 2777.7 2.1388 4.4471 6.5859
1100 184.10 0.001133 0.1764 0.1775 780.14 1805.9 2586.0 781.38 1999.8 2781.2 2.1793 4.3736 6.5529
1200 188.00 0.001138 0.1622 0.1633 797.31 1791.1 2588.4 798.68 1985.6 2784.3 2.2167 4.3059 6.5226
1300 191.64 0.001144 0.1501 0.1512 813.44 1777.1 2590.5 814.93 1972.1 2787.0 2.2515 4.2430 6.4945
1400 195.08 0.001149 0.1397 0.1408 828.67 1763.6 2592.3 830.28 1959.1 2789.4 2.2842 4.1841 6.4683
1500 198.33 0.001154 0.1305 0.1317 843.12 1750.8 2593.9 844.85 1946.7 2791.5 2.3150 4.1288 6.4438
1600 201.41 0.001159 0.1225 0.1237 856.88 1738.4 2595.3 858.73 1934.6 2793.3 2.3441 4.0766 6.4207
1700 204.35 0.001163 0.1155 0.1167 870.02 1726.6 2596.6 872.00 1923.0 2795.0 2.3717 4.0272 6.3989
1800 207.15 0.001168 0.1092 0.1104 882.61 1715.1 2597.7 884.71 1911.7 2796.4 2.3980 3.9801 6.3781
1900 209.84 0.001172 0.1035 0.1047 894.70 1704.0 2598.7 896.92 1900.7 2797.6 2.4231 3.9353 6.3584
2000 212.42 0.001177 0.09841 0.09959 906.33 1693.2 2599.5 908.69 1890.0 2798.7 2.4471 3.8925 6.3396
2250 218.45 0.001187 0.08753 0.08872 933.70 1667.5 2601.2 936.37 1864.4 2800.8 2.5032 3.7926 6.2958
2500 223.99 0.001197 0.07875 0.07995 958.98 1643.3 2602.3 961.97 1840.2 2802.2 2.5544 3.7016 6.2560
2750 229.11 0.001207 0.07151 0.07272 982.53 1620.5 2603.0 985.85 1817.2 2803.0 2.6016 3.6178 6.2194
3000 233.89 0.001217 0.06544 0.06666 1004.6 1598.7 2603.3 1008.3 1795.0 2803.3 2.6454 3.5401 6.1855
3250 238.37 0.001226 0.06027 0.06150 1025.5 1577.7 2603.2 1029.5 1773.6 2803.1 2.6865 3.4673 6.1538
3500 242.60 0.001235 0.05582 0.05705 1045.3 1557.6 2602.9 1049.6 1753.0 2802.6 2.7251 3.3989 6.1240
3750 246.59 0.001244 0.05194 0.05318 1064.2 1538.1 2602.3 1068.8 1732.9 2801.7 2.7616 3.3341 6.0957
4000 250.39 0.001252 0.04852 0.04977 1082.2 1519.3 2601.5 1087.2 1713.4 2800.6 2.7962 3.2727 6.0689
5000 263.98 0.001286 0.03815 0.03944 1147.8 1448.7 2596.5 1154.2 1639.5 2793.7 2.9201 3.0524 5.9725
6000 275.62 0.001319 0.03112 0.03244 1205.4 1383.9 2589.3 1213.3 1570.6 2783.9 3.0266 2.8620 5.8886
7000 285.86 0.001352 0.02602 0.02737 1257.5 1322.7 2580.2 1267.0 1504.8 2771.8 3.1211 2.6919 5.8130

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER 205

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TABLE A2.1: Properties of SATURATED WATER – Pressure Table (Continued)

P T vl vlg vg ul ulg ug hl hlg hg sl slg sg
0 3 3 3
kPa C m /kg m /kg m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
8000 295.04 0.001384 0.02214 0.02352 1305.5 1264.1 2569.6 1316.6 1441.2 2757.8 3.2066 2.5365 5.7431
9000 303.38 0.001418 0.01906 0.02048 1350.3 1207.3 2557.6 1363.1 1378.9 2742.0 3.2855 2.3916 5.6771
10,000 311.03 0.001452 0.01658 0.01803 1392.8 1151.4 2544.2 1407.3 1317.2 2724.5 3.3591 2.2548 5.6139
11,000 318.11 0.001488 0.01450 0.01599 1433.3 1096.2 2529.5 1449.7 1255.7 2705.4 3.4287 2.1238 5.5525
12,000 324.71 0.001526 0.01273 0.01426 1472.4 1041.0 2513.4 1490.7 1193.8 2684.5 3.4953 1.9968 5.4921
13,000 330.89 0.001566 0.01121 0.01278 1510.5 985.20 2495.7 1530.9 1130.9 2661.8 3.5595 1.8723 5.4318
14,000 336.70 0.001610 0.009870 0.01148 1547.9 928.40 2476.3 1570.4 1066.7 2637.1 3.6220 1.7491 5.3711
15,000 342.19 0.001657 0.008683 0.01034 1585.0 870.00 2455.0 1609.8 1000.3 2610.1 3.6837 1.6255 5.3092
16,000 347.39 0.001710 0.007600 0.009310 1622.1 809.20 2431.3 1649.5 930.80 2580.3 3.7452 1.4999 5.2451
17,000 352.34 0.001770 0.006603 0.008373 1659.9 744.90 2404.8 1690.0 857.10 2547.1 3.8073 1.3704 5.1777
18,000 357.04 0.001840 0.005665 0.007505 1698.9 675.70 2374.6 1732.0 777.70 2509.7 3.8714 1.2340 5.1054
19,000 361.52 0.001925 0.004756 0.006681 1740.3 599.00 2339.3 1776.8 689.40 2466.2 3.9393 1.0862 5.0255
20,000 365.80 0.002036 0.003838 0.005874 1786.0 510.10 2296.1 1826.7 586.90 2413.6 4.0146 0.9184 4.9330
21,000 369.88 0.002200 0.002820 0.005020 1841.4 396.00 2237.4 1887.6 455.20 2342.8 4.1062 0.7079 4.8141
22,000 373.77 0.002702 0.000952 0.003654 1953.4 142.80 2096.2 2012.8 163.60 2176.5 4.2866 0.2530 4.5486
22,055 373.98 0.00311 - 0.00311 2017 - 2017 2086 - 2086 4.409 - 4.409

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER 206

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Table A2.2: Properties of SATURATED WATER – Temperature Table

T P vl vlg vg ul ulg ug hl hlg hg sl slg sg
0 3 3 3
C kPa m /kg m /kg m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
5 0.8726 0.001000 147.02 147.02 21.020 2360.4 2381.4 21.021 2488.7 2509.7 0.07626 8.9473 9.0236
10 1.2281 0.001000 106.32 106.32 41.986 2346.3 2388.3 41.988 2476.9 2518.9 0.1510 8.7476 8.8986
15 1.7056 0.001001 77.896 77.897 62.915 2332.3 2395.2 62.917 2465.1 2528.0 0.2242 8.5550 8.7792
20 2.3388 0.001002 57.777 57.778 83.833 2318.2 2402.0 83.835 2453.4 2537.2 0.2962 8.3689 8.6651
25 3.1690 0.001003 43.356 43.357 104.75 2304.1 2408.9 104.75 2441.6 2546.3 0.3670 8.1888 8.5558
30 4.2455 0.001004 32.895 32.896 125.67 2290.0 2415.7 125.67 2429.6 2555.3 0.4365 8.0148 8.4513
35 5.6267 0.001006 25.219 25.220 146.58 2275.9 2422.5 146.59 2417.8 2564.4 0.5050 7.8461 8.3511
40 7.3814 0.001008 19.527 19.528 167.50 2261.7 2429.2 167.50 2405.9 2573.4 0.5723 7.6827 8.2550
45 9.5898 0.001010 15.262 15.263 188.41 2247.5 2435.9 188.42 2393.9 2582.3 0.6385 7.5244 8.1629
50 12.344 0.001012 12.036 12.037 209.31 2233.3 2442.6 209.33 2381.9 2591.2 0.7037 7.3708 8.0745
55 15.752 0.001015 9.5716 9.5726 230.22 2219.0 2449.2 230.24 2369.8 2600.0 0.7679 7.2217 7.9896
60 19.932 0.001017 7.6733 7.6743 251.13 2204.7 2455.8 251.15 2357.7 2608.8 0.8312 7.0768 7.9080
65 25.022 0.001020 6.1986 6.1996 272.05 2190.3 2462.4 272.08 2345.4 2617.5 0.8935 6.9360 7.8295
70 31.176 0.001023 5.0437 5.0447 292.98 2175.8 2468.8 293.01 2333.1 2626.1 0.9549 6.7991 7.7540
75 38.563 0.001026 4.1323 4.1333 313.92 2161.3 2475.2 313.96 2320.6 2634.6 1.0155 6.6658 7.6813
80 47.373 0.001029 3.4078 3.4088 334.88 2146.7 2481.6 334.93 2308.2 2643.1 1.0753 6.5359 7.6112
85 57.815 0.001032 2.8279 2.8289 355.86 2132.0 2487.9 355.92 2295.5 2651.4 1.1343 6.4093 7.5436
90 70.117 0.001036 2.3607 2.3617 376.86 2117.1 2494.0 376.93 2282.7 2659.6 1.1925 6.2859 7.4784
95 84.529 0.001040 1.9818 1.9828 397.89 2102.2 2500.1 397.98 2269.7 2667.7 1.2501 6.1653 7.4154
100 101.32 0.001043 1.6726 1.6736 418.96 2087.1 2506.1 419.06 2256.6 2675.7 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545
105 120.79 0.001047 1.4190 1.4200 440.05 2072.1 2512.1 440.18 2243.4 2683.6 1.3630 5.9326 7.2956
110 143.24 0.001052 1.2095 1.2106 461.19 2056.7 2517.9 461.34 2230.0 2691.3 1.4186 5.8200 7.2386
115 169.02 0.001056 1.0359 1.0370 482.36 2041.1 2523.5 482.54 2216.3 2698.8 1.4735 5.7098 7.1833
120 198.48 0.001060 0.8911 0.8922 503.57 2025.5 2529.1 503.78 2202.4 2706.2 1.5278 5.6019 7.1297
125 232.01 0.001065 0.7698 0.7709 524.82 2009.7 2534.5 525.07 2188.3 2713.4 1.5815 5.4962 7.0777
130 270.02 0.001070 0.6676 0.6687 546.12 1993.7 2539.8 546.41 2174.0 2720.4 1.6346 5.3926 7.0272
135 312.93 0.001075 0.5813 0.5824 567.46 1977.5 2545.0 567.80 2159.4 2727.2 1.6873 5.2907 6.9780
140 361.19 0.001080 0.5079 0.5090 588.85 1961.2 2550.0 589.24 2144.6 2733.8 1.7394 5.1908 6.9302
145 415.29 0.001085 0.4453 0.4464 610.30 1944.5 2554.8 610.75 2129.4 2740.2 1.7910 5.0926 6.8836
150 475.72 0.001090 0.3918 0.3929 631.80 1927.7 2559.5 632.32 2114.1 2746.4 1.8421 4.9960 6.8381
155 542.99 0.001096 0.3457 0.3468 653.35 1910.7 2564.0 653.95 2098.4 2752.3 1.8927 4.9010 6.7937
160 617.66 0.001102 0.3060 0.3071 674.97 1893.3 2568.3 675.65 2082.3 2758.0 1.9429 4.8074 6.7503
165 700.29 0.001108 0.2716 0.2727 696.65 1875.7 2572.4 697.43 2065.9 2763.3 1.9927 4.7151 6.7078
170 791.47 0.001114 0.2417 0.2428 718.40 1857.9 2576.3 719.28 2049.2 2768.5 2.0421 4.6241 6.6662
175 891.80 0.001121 0.2157 0.2168 740.22 1839.7 2579.9 741.22 2032.1 2773.3 2.0910 4.5344 6.6254
180 1001.9 0.001127 0.1929 0.1940 762.12 1821.3 2583.4 763.25 2014.6 2777.8 2.1397 4.4456 6.5853
185 1122.5 0.001134 0.1730 0.1741 784.10 1802.5 2586.6 785.37 1996.6 2782.0 2.1879 4.3580 6.5459
190 1254.2 0.001141 0.1554 0.1565 806.17 1783.4 2589.6 807.60 1978.2 2785.8 2.2358 4.2713 6.5071
195 1397.6 0.001149 0.1399 0.1410 828.33 1764.0 2592.3 829.93 1959.5 2789.4 2.2834 4.1855 6.4689
200 1553.6 0.001156 0.1261 0.1273 850.58 1744.1 2594.7 852.38 1940.1 2792.5 2.3308 4.1004 6.4312

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER 207

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Table A2.2: Properties of SATURATED WATER – Temperature Table (Continued)

T P vl vlg vg ul ulg ug hl hlg hg sl slg sg
0 3 3 3
C kPa m /kg m /kg m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
205 1722.9 0.001164 0.1140 0.1152 872.95 1723.9 2596.9 874.95 1920.4 2795.3 2.3778 4.0162 6.3940
210 1906.2 0.001173 0.1032 0.1044 895.43 1703.3 2598.7 897.66 1900.0 2797.7 2.4246 3.9326 6.3572
215 2104.2 0.001181 0.09357 0.09475 918.02 1682.3 2600.3 920.51 1879.2 2799.7 2.4712 3.8496 6.3208
220 2317.8 0.001190 0.08497 0.08616 940.75 1660.9 2601.6 943.51 1857.8 2801.3 2.5175 3.7672 6.2847
225 2547.9 0.001199 0.07726 0.07846 963.61 1638.9 2602.5 966.67 1835.7 2802.4 2.5637 3.6851 6.2488
230 2795.1 0.001209 0.07034 0.07155 986.62 1616.5 2603.1 990.00 1813.1 2803.1 2.6097 3.6034 6.2131
235 3060.4 0.001219 0.06412 0.06534 1009.8 1593.5 2603.3 1013.5 1789.8 2803.3 2.6556 3.5221 6.1777
240 3344.7 0.001229 0.05851 0.05974 1033.1 1570.0 2603.1 1037.2 1765.8 2803.0 2.7013 3.4410 6.1423
245 3648.8 0.001240 0.05345 0.05469 1056.6 1546.0 2602.6 1061.2 1740.9 2802.1 2.7470 3.3600 6.1070
250 3973.6 0.001251 0.04886 0.05011 1080.3 1521.3 2601.6 1085.3 1715.4 2800.7 2.7926 3.2791 6.0717
255 4320.2 0.001263 0.04470 0.04596 1104.3 1495.9 2600.2 1109.7 1689.1 2798.8 2.8382 3.1981 6.0363
260 4689.4 0.001276 0.04091 0.04219 1128.4 1470.0 2598.4 1134.4 1661.8 2796.2 2.8838 3.1171 6.0009
265 5082.3 0.001289 0.03747 0.03876 1152.8 1443.2 2596.0 1159.3 1633.7 2793.0 2.9294 3.0358 5.9652
270 5499.9 0.001303 0.03434 0.03564 1177.4 1415.8 2593.2 1184.6 1604.5 2789.1 2.9751 2.9542 5.9293
275 5943.1 0.001317 0.03146 0.03278 1202.3 1387.4 2589.7 1210.1 1574.4 2784.5 3.0209 2.8722 5.8931
280 6413.2 0.001332 0.02883 0.03016 1227.5 1358.2 2585.7 1236.1 1543.1 2779.2 3.0669 2.7896 5.8565
285 6911.1 0.001349 0.02642 0.02777 1253.1 1328.0 2581.1 1262.4 1510.6 2773.0 3.1131 2.7064 5.8195
290 7438.0 0.001366 0.02419 0.02556 1279.0 1296.7 2575.7 1289.1 1476.8 2765.9 3.1595 2.6223 5.7818
295 7995.2 0.001384 0.02216 0.02354 1305.3 1264.4 2569.7 1316.3 1441.5 2757.8 3.2062 2.5372 5.7454
300 8583.8 0.001404 0.02027 0.02167 1332.0 1230.8 2562.8 1344.1 1404.6 2748.7 3.2534 2.4569 5.7042
305 9205.1 0.001425 0.01852 0.01994 1359.2 1195.8 2555.0 1372.3 1366.2 2738.5 3.3010 2.3630 5.6640
310 9860.5 0.001447 0.01689 0.01834 1387.0 1159.2 2546.2 1401.2 1325.8 2727.0 3.3491 2.2735 5.6226
315 10,550 0.001472 0.01539 0.01686 1415.3 1121.0 2536.3 1430.8 1283.4 2714.2 3.3979 2.1820 5.5799
320 11,280 0.001498 0.01398 0.01548 1444.4 1080.8 2525.2 1461.3 1238.4 2699.7 3.4476 2.0880 5.5356
325 12,050 0.001528 0.01266 0.01419 1474.2 1038.4 2512.6 1492.6 1190.9 2683.5 3.4983 1.9910 5.4893
330 12,850 0.001560 0.01142 0.01298 1504.9 993.50 2498.4 1525.0 1140.3 2665.3 3.5501 1.8906 5.4407
335 13,700 0.001596 0.01025 0.01185 1536.8 945.50 2482.3 1558.6 1086.1 2644.7 3.6035 1.7854 5.3894
340 14,590 0.001637 0.009153 0.01079 1569.9 894.00 2463.9 1593.8 1027.5 2621.3 3.6587 1.6758 5.3345
345 15,530 0.001684 0.008094 0.009778 1604.7 838.00 2442.7 1630.9 963.60 2594.5 3.7164 1.5589 5.2753
350 16,520 0.001740 0.007072 0.008812 1641.7 776.20 2417.9 1670.4 893.10 2563.5 3.7774 1.4331 5.2105
355 17,560 0.001808 0.006071 0.007879 1681.5 706.90 2388.4 1713.3 813.40 2526.7 3.8429 1.2950 5.1379
360 18,660 0.001894 0.005068 0.006962 1725.6 626.60 2352.2 1761.0 721.00 2482.0 3.9153 1.1389 5.0542
365 19,810 0.002012 0.004017 0.006029 1776.8 528.40 2305.2 1816.7 607.90 2424.6 3.9994 0.9526 4.9520
370 21,030 0.002207 0.002786 0.004993 1843.3 391.90 2235.2 1889.7 450.50 2340.2 4.1094 0.7004 4.8098
373 22,055 0.00311 - 0.00311 2017 - 2017 2086 - 2086 4.409 - 4.409

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Table A2.3: Properties of WATER in Compressed Liquid State

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
5,000 10 0.000998 41.860 46.850 0.1505 10,000 10 0.000996 41.729 51.685 0.1500
30 0.001002 125.21 130.22 0.4350 30 0.001000 124.75 134.75 0.4334
50 0.001010 208.58 213.63 0.7014 50 0.001008 207.85 217.93 0.6991
70 0.001020 291.97 297.07 0.9520 70 0.001018 290.98 301.16 0.9491
90 0.001034 375.59 380.75 1.1890 90 0.001031 374.32 384.63 1.1855
110 0.001049 459.63 464.88 1.4145 110 0.001046 458.07 468.53 1.4104
130 0.001067 544.28 549.61 1.6301 130 0.001064 542.38 553.02 1.6253
150 0.001087 629.68 635.12 1.8371 150 0.001084 627.41 638.25 1.8316
170 0.001111 716.04 721.59 2.0367 170 0.001107 713.31 724.39 2.0305
190 0.001138 803.64 809.33 2.2304 190 0.001133 800.37 811.70 2.2232
210 0.001169 892.89 898.74 2.4193 210 0.001164 888.94 900.57 2.4111
230 0.001206 984.40 990.43 2.6053 230 0.001199 979.55 991.54 2.5955
250 0.001250 1079.0 1085.3 2.7901 250 0.001241 1073.0 1085.4 2.7784
270 0.001292 1170.3 1183.2 2.9619
290 0.001357 1273.5 1287.1 3.1497

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
15,000 10 0.000993 41.593 56.493 0.1494 20,000 10 0.000991 41.453 61.274 0.1488
30 0.000998 124.30 139.27 0.4319 30 0.000996 123.86 143.77 0.4303
50 0.001006 207.13 222.22 0.6968 50 0.001003 206.43 226.50 0.6946
70 0.001016 290.01 305.25 0.9461 70 0.001014 289.05 309.33 0.9432
90 0.001029 373.08 388.51 1.1820 90 0.001026 371.86 392.39 1.1785
110 0.001044 456.54 472.20 1.4063 110 0.001041 455.04 475.87 1.4023
130 0.001061 540.53 556.45 1.6206 130 0.001058 538.73 559.90 1.6160
150 0.001081 625.19 641.41 1.8263 150 0.001078 623.03 644.59 1.8211
170 0.001104 710.67 727.22 2.0244 170 0.001100 708.10 730.10 2.0185
190 0.001129 797.20 814.14 2.2163 190 0.001125 794.14 816.64 2.2095
210 0.001159 885.13 902.51 2.4030 210 0.001154 881.46 904.53 2.3953
230 0.001193 974.91 992.80 2.5862 230 0.001187 970.48 994.21 2.5771
250 0.001233 1067.2 1085.7 2.7672 250 0.001225 1061.8 1086.3 2.7565
270 0.001281 1163.0 1182.2 2.9481 270 0.001271 1156.1 1181.5 2.9352
290 0.001341 1263.7 1283.8 3.1319 290 0.001327 1254.7 1281.3 3.1155
310 0.001421 1372.1 1393.5 3.3231 310 0.001399 1359.7 1387.7 3.3011
330 0.001539 1494.7 1517.8 3.5327 330 0.001499 1475.0 1505.0 3.4988
350 0.001665 1612.1 1645.4 3.7277

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Table A2.3: Properties of WATER in Compressed Liquid State (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
30,000 10 0.000987 41.158 70.757 0.1473 50,000 10 0.000978 40.519 89.428 0.1439
30 0.000992 122.99 152.73 0.4271 30 0.000984 121.31 170.48 0.4205
50 0.000999 205.07 235.05 0.6900 50 0.000991 202.46 252.03 0.6810
70 0.001010 287.20 317.49 0.9375 70 0.001001 283.69 333.76 0.9264
90 0.001022 369.51 400.16 1.1717 90 0.001013 365.06 415.73 1.1585
110 0.001036 452.15 483.24 1.3944 110 0.001027 446.70 498.06 1.3792
130 0.001053 535.24 566.83 1.6070 130 0.001043 528.70 580.85 1.5898
150 0.001072 618.87 651.03 1.8109 150 0.001061 611.12 664.16 1.7915
170 0.001093 703.17 735.96 2.0070 170 0.001081 694.04 748.07 1.9853
190 0.001117 788.29 821.81 2.1965 190 0.001103 777.56 832.70 2.1720
210 0.001144 874.50 908.83 2.3804 210 0.001128 861.87 918.25 2.3529
230 0.001175 962.13 997.39 2.5600 230 0.001155 947.19 1005.0 2.5287
250 0.001211 1051.6 1088.0 2.7365 250 0.001187 1033.8 1093.2 2.7006
270 0.001253 1143.6 1181.2 2.9113 270 0.001223 1122.1 1183.3 2.8696
290 0.001303 1238.8 1277.9 3.0862 290 0.001264 1212.5 1275.8 3.0368
310 0.001364 1338.6 1379.5 3.2635 310 0.001313 1305.6 1371.3 3.2035
330 0.001443 1444.9 1488.1 3.4466 330 0.001371 1402.2 1470.7 3.3712
350 0.001552 1561.5 1608.1 3.6421 350 0.001442 1503.2 1575.3 3.5417
370 0.001726 1697.8 1749.6 3.8656 370 0.001533 1610.2 1686.9 3.7179

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
10 (45.82) (14.674) (2437.0) (2583.8) (8.1482) 50 (81.33) (3.2408) (2483.3) (2645.3) (7.5928)
50 14.869 2443.1 2591.8 8.1731 100 3.4188 2511.2 2682.1 7.6941
100 17.196 2515.0 2687.0 8.4471 150 3.8895 2585.2 2779.7 7.9394
150 19.513 2587.4 2782.5 8.6873 200 4.3560 2659.4 2877.2 8.1572
200 21.826 2660.8 2879.0 8.9030 250 4.8205 2734.5 2975.6 8.3548
250 24.136 2735.5 2976.9 9.0995 300 5.2840 2811.0 3075.2 8.5367
300 26.446 2811.7 3076.2 9.2808 350 5.7469 2888.9 3176.2 8.7057
350 28.755 2889.5 3177.0 9.4494 400 6.2094 2968.3 3278.8 8.8640
400 31.063 2968.8 3279.4 9.6075 450 6.6717 3049.3 3382.9 9.0132
450 33.372 3049.7 3383.4 9.7565 500 7.1338 3132.0 3488.7 9.1547
500 35.680 3132.4 3489.2 9.8979 550 7.5958 3216.4 3596.2 9.2894
550 37.988 3216.7 3596.6 10.032 600 8.0577 3302.5 3705.4 9.4182
600 40.296 3302.8 3705.7 10.161 650 8.5195 3390.4 3816.4 9.5417
650 42.604 3390.6 3816.7 10.285 700 8.9813 3480.1 3929.1 9.6606
700 44.912 3480.2 3929.4 10.404 750 9.4430 3571.5 4043.6 9.7754
750 47.220 3571.6 4043.8 10.518 800 9.9047 3664.7 4159.9 9.8863
800 49.527 3664.8 4160.1 10.629 850 10.366 3759.6 4277.9 9.9938
850 51.835 3759.7 4278.1 10.737

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0
kPa C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa 0
C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
100 (99.63) (1.6943) (2505.7) (2675.1) (7.3589) 101.33 (100.00) (1.6737) (2506.1) (2675.7) (7.3545)
100 1.6961 2506.3 2675.9 7.3609 150 1.9108 2582.3 2776.0 7.6066
150 1.9364 2582.4 2776.1 7.6129 200 2.1436 2657.5 2874.8 7.8273
200 2.1723 2657.6 2874.8 7.8335 250 2.3744 2733.3 2973.8 8.0264
250 2.4061 2733.3 2973.9 8.0325 300 2.6041 2810.0 3073.9 8.2090
300 2.6388 2810.1 3073.9 8.2152 350 2.8332 2888.1 3175.2 8.3785
350 2.8709 2888.2 3175.3 8.3846 400 3.0619 2967.7 3278.0 8.5371
400 3.1027 2967.7 3278.0 8.5432 450 3.2904 3048.9 3382.3 8.6865
450 3.3342 3048.9 3382.3 8.6927 500 3.5187 3131.6 3488.2 8.8281
500 3.5655 3131.6 3488.2 8.8342 550 3.7469 3216.1 3595.8 8.9629
550 3.7968 3216.1 3595.8 8.9690 600 3.9750 3302.2 3705.0 9.0918
600 4.0279 3302.3 3705.0 9.0979 650 4.2030 3390.2 3816.1 9.2154
650 4.2590 3390.2 3816.1 9.2216 700 4.4310 3479.8 3928.8 9.3344
700 4.4900 3479.8 3928.8 9.3405 750 4.6590 3571.3 4043.4 9.4492
750 4.7210 3571.3 4043.4 9.4553 800 4.8869 3664.5 4159.7 9.5601
800 4.9519 3664.5 4159.7 9.5662 850 5.1148 3759.4 4277.7 9.6677
850 5.1828 3759.4 4277.7 9.6738

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
200 (120.24) (0.8859) (2529.4) (2706.5) (7.1272) 300 (133.56) (0.6059) (2543.5) (2725.3) (6.9921)
150 0.9597 2576.7 2768.6 7.2793 150 0.6339 2570.7 2760.9 7.0779
200 1.0803 2653.9 2870.0 7.5059 200 0.7163 2650.2 2865.1 7.3108
250 1.1988 2730.8 2970.5 7.7078 250 0.7963 2728.2 2967.1 7.5157
300 1.3162 2808.2 3071.4 7.8920 300 0.8753 2806.3 3068.9 7.7015
350 1.4329 2886.7 3173.3 8.0624 350 0.9536 2885.3 3171.3 7.8729
400 1.5493 2966.6 3276.4 8.2216 400 1.0315 2965.4 3274.9 8.0327
450 1.6655 3047.9 3381.0 8.3714 450 1.1092 3047.0 3379.7 8.1830
500 1.7814 3130.8 3487.1 8.5133 500 1.1867 3130.1 3486.1 8.3252
550 1.8973 3215.4 3594.9 8.6483 550 1.2641 3214.7 3594.0 8.4604
600 2.0130 3301.7 3704.3 8.7773 600 1.3414 3301.1 3703.5 8.5895
650 2.1287 3389.7 3815.4 8.9011 650 1.4186 3389.1 3814.7 8.7134
700 2.2443 3479.4 3928.3 9.0201 700 1.4958 3478.9 3927.7 8.8325
750 2.3599 3570.9 4042.9 9.1350 750 1.5729 3570.5 4042.3 8.9475
800 2.4755 3664.1 4159.2 9.2460 800 1.6500 3663.8 4158.8 9.0585
850 2.5910 3759.1 4277.3 9.3536 850 1.7271 3758.8 4276.9 9.1661

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0
kPa C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa 0
C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
400 (143.64) (0.4625) (2553.5) (2738.5) (6.8961) 600 (158.86) (0.3156) (2567.3) (2756.7) (6.7601)
150 0.4708 2564.4 2752.8 6.9300 200 0.3520 2638.5 2849.7 6.9658
200 0.5342 2646.4 2860.1 7.1699 250 0.3938 2720.3 2956.6 7.1806
250 0.5951 2725.6 2963.6 7.3779 300 0.4344 2800.5 3061.2 7.3716
300 0.6548 2804.4 3066.3 7.5654 350 0.4742 2880.9 3165.4 7.5459
350 0.7139 2883.8 3169.4 7.7378 400 0.5137 2961.9 3270.2 7.7076
400 0.7726 2964.3 3273.3 7.8982 450 0.5529 3044.1 3375.9 7.8591
450 0.8311 3046.0 3378.5 8.0489 500 0.5920 3127.7 3482.9 8.0022
500 0.8894 3129.3 3485.0 8.1914 550 0.6309 3212.7 3591.2 8.1380
550 0.9475 3214.1 3593.1 8.3268 600 0.6697 3299.3 3701.2 8.2676
600 1.0056 3300.5 3702.7 8.4561 650 0.7085 3387.6 3812.7 8.3918
650 1.0636 3388.6 3814.1 8.5801 700 0.7472 3477.6 3925.9 8.5112
700 1.1215 3478.5 3927.1 8.6993 750 0.7859 3569.2 4040.8 8.6264
750 1.1794 3570.1 4041.8 8.8143 800 0.8246 3662.7 4157.4 8.7376
800 1.2373 3663.4 4158.3 8.9254 850 0.8632 3757.8 4275.7 8.8453
850 1.2951 3758.4 4276.5 9.0331

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
800 (170.44) (0.2404) (2576.6) (2768.9) (6.6625) 1000 (179.92) (0.1944) (2583.3) (2781.2) (6.5529)
200 0.2607 2630.2 2838.8 6.8151 200 0.2059 2621.5 2827.4 6.6932
250 0.2931 2714.8 2949.3 7.0373 250 0.2326 2709.2 2941.9 6.9235
300 0.3241 2796.6 3055.9 7.2319 300 0.2579 2792.7 3050.6 7.1219
350 0.3544 2877.9 3161.4 7.4084 350 0.2825 2874.9 3157.3 7.3005
400 0.3843 2959.6 3267.0 7.5713 400 0.3066 2957.2 3263.8 7.4648
450 0.4139 3042.2 3373.3 7.7237 450 0.3304 3040.3 3370.7 7.6180
500 0.4433 3126.1 3480.7 7.8673 500 0.3541 3124.5 3478.6 7.7622
550 0.4726 3211.3 3589.4 8.0036 550 0.3776 3210.0 3587.6 7.8989
600 0.5018 3298.1 3699.6 8.1335 600 0.4011 3297.0 3698.1 8.0292
650 0.5310 3386.6 3811.4 8.2579 650 0.4245 3385.5 3810.0 8.1538
700 0.5601 3476.7 3924.7 8.3775 700 0.4478 3475.7 3923.6 8.2736
750 0.5892 3568.4 4039.8 8.4928 750 0.4711 3567.6 4038.7 8.3890
800 0.6182 3661.9 4156.5 8.6041 800 0.4944 3661.2 4155.5 8.5005
850 0.6472 3757.1 4274.9 8.7120 850 0.5176 3756.4 4274.0 8.6084

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
1500 (198.33) (0.1317) (2593.9) (2791.5) (6.4438) 2000 (212.42) (0.09959) (2599.5) (2798.7) (6.3396)
200 0.1324 2597.5 2796.1 6.4536 250 0.1114 2678.8 2901.6 6.5438
250 0.1519 2694.6 2922.4 6.7077 300 0.1254 2771.8 3022.7 6.7651
300 0.1696 2782.5 3036.9 6.9168 350 0.1386 2859.4 3136.6 6.9556
350 0.1866 2867.2 3147.1 7.1011 400 0.1512 2945.1 3247.5 7.1269
400 0.2030 2951.2 3255.7 7.2687 450 0.1635 3030.5 3357.5 7.2845
450 0.2192 3035.4 3364.2 7.4242 500 0.1757 3116.3 3467.7 7.4318
500 0.2351 3120.4 3473.1 7.5699 550 0.1877 3203.1 3578.4 7.5706
550 0.2510 3206.5 3583.0 7.7076 600 0.1996 3291.0 3690.2 7.7024
600 0.2668 3294.0 3694.2 7.8386 650 0.2114 3380.3 3803.2 7.8283
650 0.2825 3382.9 3806.6 7.9639 700 0.2232 3471.1 3917.6 7.9490
700 0.2981 3473.4 3920.6 8.0841 750 0.2350 3563.5 4033.5 8.0651
750 0.3137 3565.6 4036.1 8.1999 800 0.2467 3657.5 4150.9 8.1771
800 0.3293 3659.3 4153.2 8.3116 850 0.2584 3753.1 4269.9 8.2855
850 0.3448 3754.8 4272.0 8.4198

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
2500 (223.99) (0.07995) (2602.3) (2802.2) (6.2560) 3000 (233.89) (0.06666) (2603.3) (2803.3) (6.1855)
250 0.08698 2661.7 2879.1 6.4069 250 0.07056 2643.1 2854.8 6.2857
300 0.09888 2760.8 3008.0 6.6424 300 0.08113 2749.2 2992.6 6.5375
350 0.1097 2851.4 3125.8 6.8395 350 0.09052 2843.2 3114.8 6.7420
400 0.1201 2938.9 3239.2 7.0146 400 0.09935 2932.7 3230.7 6.9210
450 0.1301 3025.5 3350.9 7.1746 450 0.1079 3020.5 3344.1 7.0835
500 0.1400 3112.2 3462.2 7.3235 500 0.1162 3108.1 3456.6 7.2339
550 0.1497 3199.6 3573.8 7.4634 550 0.1244 3196.1 3569.1 7.3750
600 0.1593 3288.0 3686.3 7.5960 600 0.1324 3285.0 3682.3 7.5084
650 0.1688 3377.7 3799.8 7.7225 650 0.1404 3375.1 3796.4 7.6355
700 0.1783 3468.8 3914.7 7.8436 700 0.1484 3466.5 3911.7 7.7571
750 0.1878 3561.4 4030.9 7.9601 750 0.1563 3559.4 4028.3 7.8739
800 0.1972 3655.6 4148.6 8.0724 800 0.1642 3653.8 4146.3 7.9865
850 0.2066 3751.4 4267.9 8.1810 850 0.1720 3749.7 4265.8 8.0954

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
4000 (250.39) (0.04977) (2601.5) (2800.6) (6.0689) 5000 (263.98) (0.03944) (2596.5) (2793.7) (5.9725)
300 0.05882 2724.4 2959.7 6.3598 300 0.04530 2697.0 2923.5 6.2067
350 0.06644 2826.1 3091.8 6.5811 350 0.05193 2808.0 3067.7 6.4482
400 0.07340 2919.8 3213.4 6.7688 400 0.05781 2906.5 3195.5 6.6456
450 0.08002 3010.3 3330.4 6.9364 450 0.06330 2999.8 3316.3 6.8187
500 0.08642 3099.7 3445.4 7.0902 500 0.06856 3091.1 3433.9 6.9760
550 0.09268 3189.0 3559.7 7.2335 550 0.07367 3181.8 3550.2 7.1218
600 0.09884 3278.9 3674.3 7.3687 600 0.07869 3272.8 3666.2 7.2586
650 0.1049 3369.8 3789.5 7.4970 650 0.08362 3364.5 3782.6 7.3882
700 0.1110 3461.8 3905.7 7.6195 700 0.08850 3457.1 3899.7 7.5117
750 0.1170 3555.2 4023.0 7.7371 750 0.09334 3551.0 4017.7 7.6300
800 0.1229 3650.0 4141.7 7.8503 800 0.09815 3646.3 4137.0 7.7438
850 0.1288 3746.3 4261.7 7.9596 850 0.1029 3742.9 4257.5 7.8536

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
6000 (275.62) (0.03244) (2589.3) (2783.9) (5.8886) 7000 (285.86) (0.02737) (2580.2) (2771.8) (5.8130)
300 0.03615 2666.3 2883.2 6.0659 300 0.02946 2631.4 2837.6 5.9293
350 0.04222 2788.9 3042.2 6.3322 350 0.03523 2768.5 3015.1 6.2269
400 0.04739 2892.7 3177.0 6.5404 400 0.03993 2878.4 3157.9 6.4474
450 0.05214 2989.1 3301.9 6.7195 450 0.04416 2978.1 3287.3 6.6329
500 0.05665 3082.4 3422.3 6.8805 500 0.04813 3073.6 3410.5 6.7978
550 0.06100 3174.6 3540.6 7.0287 550 0.05194 3167.2 3530.8 6.9486
600 0.06525 3266.6 3658.1 7.1673 600 0.05565 3260.3 3649.8 7.0889
650 0.06942 3359.1 3775.6 7.2982 650 0.05927 3353.6 3768.5 7.2211
700 0.07353 3452.4 3893.6 7.4227 700 0.06284 3447.6 3887.5 7.3466
750 0.07760 3546.8 4012.4 7.5418 750 0.06636 3542.6 4007.1 7.4665
800 0.08164 3642.5 4132.3 7.6561 800 0.06985 3638.7 4127.6 7.5815
850 0.08565 3739.5 4253.4 7.7664 850 0.07331 3736.1 4249.2 7.6922

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
8000 (295.04) (0.02352) (2569.6) (2757.8) (5.7431) 10,000 (311.03) (0.01803) (2544.2) (2724.5) (5.6139)
300 0.02426 2590.5 2784.6 5.7901 350 0.02242 2698.1 2922.2 5.9425
350 0.02995 2746.7 2986.3 6.1286 400 0.02641 2832.0 3096.1 6.2114
400 0.03431 2863.5 3138.0 6.3630 450 0.02975 2943.6 3241.1 6.4194
450 0.03816 2966.9 3272.2 6.5554 500 0.03278 3046.2 3374.0 6.5971
500 0.04174 3064.6 3398.5 6.7243 550 0.03563 3144.6 3500.9 6.7561
550 0.04515 3159.8 3521.0 6.8778 600 0.03836 3241.1 3624.7 6.9022
600 0.04845 3254.0 3641.5 7.0200 650 0.04101 3337.1 3747.1 7.0385
650 0.05166 3348.1 3761.4 7.1535 700 0.04359 3433.1 3869.0 7.1671
700 0.05482 3442.8 3881.4 7.2800 750 0.04613 3529.7 3991.0 7.2893
750 0.05793 3538.3 4001.7 7.4007 800 0.04863 3627.2 4113.5 7.4062
800 0.06101 3634.9 4122.9 7.5163 850 0.05110 3725.7 4236.7 7.5184
850 0.06406 3732.6 4245.1 7.6275

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER 215

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Table A2.4: Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
15,000 (342.19) (0.01034) (2455.0) (2610.1) (5.3092) 20,000 (365.80) (0.005874) (2296.1) (2413.6) (4.9330)
350 0.01147 2519.3 2691.3 5.4404 400 0.009946 2617.9 2816.9 5.5521
400 0.01565 2739.9 2974.7 5.8799 450 0.01270 2806.8 3060.8 5.9026
450 0.01845 2879.9 3156.6 6.1410 500 0.01477 2944.1 3239.4 6.1417
500 0.02080 2997.3 3309.3 6.3452 550 0.01655 3063.0 3393.9 6.3355
550 0.02292 3104.9 3448.8 6.5201 600 0.01817 3173.3 3536.7 6.5039
600 0.02490 3207.9 3581.5 6.6767 650 0.01969 3279.2 3672.9 6.6557
650 0.02679 3308.6 3710.5 6.8204 700 0.02113 3382.8 3805.5 6.7955
700 0.02862 3408.3 3837.6 6.9544 750 0.02253 3485.4 3936.0 6.9263
750 0.03039 3507.8 3963.7 7.0808 800 0.02388 3587.8 4065.4 7.0498
800 0.03213 3607.6 4089.6 7.2009 850 0.02521 3690.3 4194.4 7.1673
850 0.03384 3708.1 4215.6 7.3158

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
25,000 500 0.01112 2886.1 3164.2 5.9616 30,000 500 0.008676 2823.2 3083.5 5.7936
550 0.01272 3018.6 3336.5 6.1778 550 0.01016 2972.0 3276.8 6.0362
600 0.01413 3137.3 3490.4 6.3593 600 0.01143 3100.1 3443.1 6.2324
650 0.01542 3249.0 3634.5 6.5198 650 0.01258 3218.0 3595.5 6.4022
700 0.01664 3356.8 3773.0 6.6659 700 0.01365 3330.4 3740.1 6.5547
750 0.01781 3462.7 3908.0 6.8012 750 0.01467 3439.7 3879.8 6.6948
800 0.01894 3567.6 4041.1 6.9282 800 0.01564 3547.3 4016.7 6.8254
850 0.02003 3672.3 4173.1 7.0485 850 0.01659 3654.2 4151.8 6.9484

P T v u h s P T v u h s
0 3 0 3
kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kPa C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K
35,000 600 0.009511 3061.9 3394.7 6.1174 40,000 650 0.009046 3154.5 3516.3 6.2012
650 0.01056 3186.5 3556.0 6.2971 700 0.009930 3276.6 3673.8 6.3673
700 0.01152 3303.6 3706.9 6.4563 750 0.01075 3393.1 3823.3 6.5171
750 0.01243 3416.5 3851.6 6.6012 800 0.01154 3506.4 3967.8 6.6551
800 0.01330 3526.9 3992.2 6.7355 850 0.01229 3617.7 4109.2 6.7838
850 0.01413 3636.0 4130.4 6.8614

FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER 216

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