Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Tutorial 2
Unit II: ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER

1.A gas expands from an initial state where P1= 550kPa and V1= 0.1m3 to a final state where P2= 100kPa. The
relationship between pressure and volume during the process is PV2 = constant. Determine the work in kJ.
Ans =31.548kJ.
2. A spring loaded piston cylinder device contains gas initially at a pressure of 800kPa and a volume of 0.05m 3.
Pressure-volume relationship for the set-up is given by P =a + bV, where a and b are constants. Heat is added
to the system till its final state P2 = 2000kPa and V2 = 0.2m3 is reached. Determine the work transfer during
the process. Ans=210kJ

3. A gas compressed from V1 = 0.09m3, P1 = 1bar to V2 =0.03m3, P2 = 3 bar. Pressure and volume are related
linearly during the process. For the gas find the work in kJ. Hint :Work transfer = Area under curve
Ans:-12kJ P, kPa
4. In a non-flow process, a gas expands from volume 0.5m3 to
a volume of 1m3 according to the relation P = 3V2 + , where P is pressure in P2 2
3
bar and V is volume in m . Determine:
i) the pressure at the end of the expansion P1 1
ii) the work done by the gas in the expansion process in kJ. 3
V, m
Ans: 4bar=400kPa, 156.8kJ V2 V1

5. If during the expansion process the volume of a gas increases from 0.2m 3 to 0.05m3 and pressure changes
according to equation P = 1500( ) where P is in Pa and V is in m3. What is the done by gas in kJ?
Ans:451.575kJ.

6. Calculate the work done in a piston cylinder arrangement during an expansion process where the volume
changes from 1m3 to 4m3 and the process is given by the equationP = (V2+6V) bar. Ans: 6600kJ.

7. In a quasi-equilibrium process in a closed system, a gas expands from a volume of 0.15m3 and a pressure of
120kPa to a volume of 0.25m3 in such a manner that P(V+0.030) = constant, where V is in m3. Calculate the
work. Ans: 9.545kJ

8. An ideal gas undergoes two processes in series

Process1-2: an expansion from 0.1m3 to 0.2m3 at constant pressure of 200kPa.
Process 2-3: an expansion from 0.2m3m to 0.4m3 with a linear rising pressure from 200kPa to 400kPa.
Sketch the process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer.

9. 4 kg air contained in a piston cylinder arrangement at an initial pressure of 2500kPa and initial volume of
0.25m3 is allowed to expand according to the pressure volume relationship of PV3= constant until its volume
equals to 0.65m3.The air is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes to its initial position. The

1
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

heat is supplied to the air as the piston is locked with a screw until the pressure rises to its initial pressure.
Determine the total work transfer. Ans: 209.376kJ

10. Air undergoes three processes in series to form a cycle.

Process 1-2: Compression with PV1.3 =constant from P1= 100kPa, V1= 0.04m3 to V2 = 0.02m3
Process 2-3: Constant pressure process to V3 = V1
Process 3-1: Constant volume
Sketch the process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer. Ans: 1.843kJ

11. A piston cylinder arrangement loaded with a linear spring (k= 20kN/m) as shown in figure below contains
air. Spring is initially unstretched and undergoes a compression of 40mm during a process. If the mass of
the piston is 80kg and piston diameter is 0.1m, determine the total work transfer.[Take Patm = 100kPa and
g=9.81m/s2]. Ans:78.81J

12. Air (0.01kg) is contained in a piston cylinder device restrained by a linear spring
(k = 500kN/m) as shown in figure below. Spring initially touches the piston but exerts no
force on it. Heat is added to the system until the piston is displaced upward by 80mm.
Determine :
a) the temperature at which piston leaves the stops
b) work done by the air [take R = 287J/kgK, Patm= 100kPa and g= 9.81m/s2]
Ans:=2.307kJ

13. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80kPa, 0.1m3 to 0.4MPa
, 0.03m3.Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by PVn = constant,
find the work done by the gas system. Hint : P1V1n = P2V2n or n
= 400kg
Ans: -11.8765kJ
Air 200mm
3,
14. A gas undergoes compression from an initial state of V1 = 0.1m P1 = 200kPa
to a final state of V2 = 0.04m3, P2= 500kPa . If the pressure varies linearly with volume 250mm
during the process , determine the work transfer. Ans: -21kJ

15. A gas undergoes a polytropic process from an initial state of 500kPa and 0.02m2 to
final state of 100kPa and 0.05m3. Determine the work transfer. Ans 6.614kJ.

16. Air is compressed in a cylinder from 13 to 0.35m3 by a piston. The relation between the pressure and the
volume is given by P = 5-3V, where P is in bar and V is in m3. Compute the magnitude of the work done on
the system in kJ. Ans: -193.375kJ.

17. A cylinder with a frictionless piston contains 0.1m3 of gas at 200kPa pressure.
The piston is connected to a coil spring, which exerts a force proportional
to displacement from its equilibrium position. The gas is heated until its
volume is doubled at which the pressure is 500 k pa . Determine the work Gas
done by the gas.
P, kPa
[Take Patm = 100kPa] W = W12= (P1 + P2) (V2-V1) 2
Ans: 35kJ P2

1
P1

V1 V2 V, m3
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Tutorial 3
Unit III: Properties of2 common substances

1. A vessel of 0.5m3 capacities contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 3000 C. The mass of liquid present is 10kg. Find the mass of steam present in vessel,
specific volume and enthalpy. Ans: mass of steam=1.6594kg, v=0.004289m3/kg and H = 18001.822kJ
2. A vessel having a volume of 0.4m3 contains 2.0 kg of liquid water and water vapor mixture in
equilibrium at a pressure of 250kPa. Calculate :
a) The volume and mass of liquid (ans: 0.0014973m3 and1.4456kg)
b) The volume and mass of vapor (ans: 0.3985027m3 and 0.5544kg)
c) Temperature ( 127.440C)
d) Enthalpy(2280.2928kJ)
3. A vessel having a volume of 0.8m3 contains 4.0 kg of liquid water and water vapor mixture in
equilibrium at a pressure of 7 bar. Calculate
a) The volume and mass of liquid. (0.001209m3 and 1.07188kg)
b) The volume and mass of vapor.(0.798791m3 and 2.92812 kg)
4. A vessel contains 2 kg of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor mixture at a temperature of
1500 C. One third of the volume is saturated liquid and two third is saturated vapor. Determine the
pressure, quality, volume, enthalpy and internal energy of the mixture.( P=475.72kPa, V= 6.504x10-3m3
x = 0.0055179, H =1287.970kJ, U =1284.874kJ)
5. 2 kg of water is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.5m3. Heat is added until the temperature is
1500C . Determine
a) The final pressure(475.72kPa)
b) The mass of vapor at the final state and(1.2706kg)
c) The volume of the vapor at the final state.(0.49922m3)
6. A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.02m3 initially contains water at its critical state. The vessel is cooled
until its pressure drops to 2000kPa. Determine:
a) The mass of H2O present in the vessel 6.431kg
b) The quality of final state 0.01964
c) The mass of saturated liquid water and water vapor at the final state.0.1263kg and 6.3047kg
7. A one liter closed vessel contains water at its critical condition. This vessel is cooled until its pressure
drops to 1MPa. Calculate the mass of the water in the vessel, the dryness fraction and the final
temperature. Also show the process on P-v and T-v diagrams( 0.3215kg quality 0.01026
temperature179.92 0C )
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

8. 5 kg of H2O is contained in a closed rigid vessel container with an initial pressure and quality of
1000kPa and 40% respectively. Heat is added to the system until the container holds only saturated
vapor. Sketch the process on P-v diagram and T-v diagram and determine:
a) The volume of the container 0.3922m3
b) The final pressure 2551.81kPa
9. A closed, rigid container of volume 0.5m3 is placed on a hot plate. Initially, the container holds two
phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at P 1 = 1 bar with a quality of 0.5.
After heating, the pressure in the container is P2 = 1.5 bar. Indicate the initial and final states on T-v
diagram and determine:
a) The temperature at each state 99.6320C and 111.380C
b) The mass of the vapor present at each state in kg 0.29492kg and 0.4311kg
10. A closed rigid container of volume 0.5m3 is placed on a hot plate. Initially, the container holds two
phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at T1 =1000C with a quality of 0.2.
After heating the temperature in the container is T2 = 1500C. Indicate the initial and final states on P-v
and T-v diagrams and determine
a) The pressure at each state 101.32Pa and 475.72kPa
b) The mass of the vapor present at each state in kg. 0.298kg and 1.272kg.
c) If the heating continued, determine the temperature, when the container holds only saturated
vapor. 156.41520C.
11. A closed rigid container with a volume of 0.2m3, initially contains a mixture of saturated liquid water
and saturated water vapor at a pressure of 100 kPa with a quality of 40%. Heat is added to the system
until its pressure reaches 200kPa. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine
a) The temperature at each state 99.6320C and 120.240C
b) The mass of vapor present at each state 0.11793kg and 0.225690C
c) If the heating is continued, determine the pressure at which the container holds only saturated
vapor. 266.465kPa.
12. A rigid container with a volume of 0.170m3 initially filled with steam at 200kPa, 3000C. It is cooled to
90 0C.
a) At what temperature does a phase change start to occur? 107.480C
b) What is the final pressure? 70.117kPa.
c) What mass fraction of the water is liquid in the final state? 44.29%
13. A two phase liquid vapor mixture of water is at 30 bar. If on heating at fixed volume critical point is
attained, determine the quality at the initial state. 0.028398
14. A piston cylinder device shown in figure below contains 0.2 kg of a mixture of saturated liquid water
and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 500C and a volume of 0.03m3. The mass of the piston
resting on the stops is 50kg and cross-sectional area of the piston is 12.2625cm2.The atmospheric
pressure is 100kPa. Heat is transferred until it becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the process on P-v and
T-v diagrams and determine:

H2O
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

a) The temperature at which the piston just leaves the stops 151.87 0C
b) The final pressure 500kPa
c) The total work transfer[take g= 9.81m/s2] 22.49kJ

15. A piston cylinder device shown in figure contains 2 kg of H2O with an initial
H2O
temperature and volume of 8000C and 0.05m3 respectively. It requires a pressure of
400kPa to lift the piston from the stops. The system is heated until its temperature
reaches 2500C. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the
total work transfer. 456.08kJ Q
16. A piston cylinder device shown in figure contains 2kg of water initially at a pressure of
500kPa with a quality of 20%. The water is heated until it becomes a saturated vapor.
The volume of the system when the piston is at upper stops is 0.4m3. Sketch the process
on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine: H2O
a) The final pressure 971.134kPa
b) The total work transfer 124.147kJ
Q

17. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure below contains 0.5kg of water initially at
H2O
a pressure of 400kPa with quality of 50%. The system is heated to a position where the
piston is locked , and then it is cooled till it becomes a saturated vapor at a temperature
of 600C . Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the total work transfer. 595.401kJ

18. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains 2kg of water initially at a
pressure of 600kPa and a temperature of 3500C . Heat is rejected from the system
until it is completely converted to saturated liquid. It requires a pressure of
400kPa to support the piston. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and H2O
determine the temperature when the piston just leaves the stops and total work transfer.
-378.493kJ.
Q
19. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure below contains water initially at a pressure
of 1 MPa and a temperature of 4000C. Heat is transferred from the system to the
surroundings until its pressure drops to 100 kPa. Sketch the process on P-v and
H2O
T-v diagrams and determine :
a) The mass of H2O in the system 0.3213kg

Q
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

b) The total work transfer. -73.89kJ

20. A piston cylinder arrangement with a linear spring initially contains water at a pressure
Of 4MPa and 5000C with the initial volume being 0.1m3 as shown in figure. If the
piston is at the bottom, the system pressure is 300kPa. The system now cools until the
pressure reaches 1000kPa. Sketch the process on P-v diagram and determine. H2 O
a) The mass of H2O 1.1571kg
b) The final temperature and volume 0.01892m3
c) The total work transfer -202.695kJ
21. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure below contains water initially at P 1 =100kPa,
x1=0.8 and V1 = 0.01m3. When the system is heated, it encounters a linear spring
(k= 100kN/m). At this state volume is 0.015m3. The heating continues till its pressure
is 299kPa. If the diameter of the piston is 0.15, determine H2 O
a) The final temperature 627.2260C
b) The total work transfer 0.5468kJ and sketch the process on P-v diagram.
 Complete the following table of properties for 1 kg of water (liquid, vapor or mixture)

Ans
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Tutorial 4
Unit IV: First law of Thermodynamics

1. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following three processes:

Process 1-2: expansion with PV= constant, P1=800 kPa, U2=U1
Process 2-3: constant volume with V2 = V3 = 2m3, U3-U2 = 300kJ
Process 3-1: constant pressure, W31 = -1200kJ
a) Sketch the process on P-V and T-V diagrams.
b) Calculate the net work for the cycle ∑ = -645.48kJ
c) Calculate the net heat for the cycle ∑ = -645.48kJ
d) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2. Q12=554.518kJ
e) Calculate the heat transfer for process 3-1. Q31=-1500kJ
f) Is this power cycle or a refrigeration cycle? Refg. cycle
2. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of
three processes:
Process 1-2: constant pressure, P=1.4 bars, V1 =0.028m3, W1-2 = 10.5 kJ
Process 2-3: compression with PV = constant, U3 = U2,
Process 3-1: constant volume, U1- U2 = -26.4kJ
There are no significance changes in kinetic and potential energy.
a) Sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram.
b) Calculate the net work for the cycle in kJ. Wnet=-8.2824kJ
c) Calculate the heat transfer of process 1-2 in kJ Q12 =36.9kJ
3. A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.4m3 initially contains a two phase mixture at a pressure of 100 kPa with 2% of
its volume occupies by saturated liquid and the remaining by the saturated vapor. Heat is supplied to the vessel
until it holds only saturated vapor. Determine the total heat transfer for the process. 16775.98kJ

4. Carbon monoxide 2 kg contained in the piston cylinder device as shown in the figure is initially
at a pressure of 1 MPa and a temperature of 500C. Energy is added until the final temperature
is 5000C and the pressure is 2 MPa. A pressure of 2 MPA is required to lift the frictionless
piston from the stops. Show the process on P-V and T-V diagrams and determine the total CO
work transfer and total heat transfer. [ Take R = 297J/kgK, cv =742J/kgK] 75.44kJ and 744.14KJ

5. Nitrogen 3.10 kg in the piston cylinder device shown in figure below has an initial pressure of
0.2 MPa and temperature of 700 C. Heat is added until the piston just reaches the upper stops
where the total volume is 4.015m3. It takes a pressure of 0.4 MPa to move the piston. Calculate
the total work done and heat transfer.[Take R = 297J/KgK, cv = 743J/KgK] 974.4kJ and 4202.072kJ
N2

6. A gas contained in a piston cylinder device at 101.325kPa, 2000C and 0.425m3 as shown in figure below.
At this state , a linear spring with a spring constant of 218kN/m is touching the piston but exerts

Gas
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

no force on it. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.279m2. Heat is transferred to the gas,
causing it to expand until its volume doubles. Determine:
a) The final pressure 1297.036kPa
b) The ratio of fraction of work done against the spring and total work done. 0.36319
c) The total heat transfer during the process 869.4kJ
d) Also show the process on P-V and T-V diagrams.[Take R = 287J/kgK and cv =718J/kgK]

7. A piston cylinder device shown in figure below contains 2 kg of water initially at saturated liquid
state of 1 MPa. There is heat transfer to the system until it hits the stops at which its volume is
0.3m3. There is further heat transfer to the device until water is completely vaporized. Sketch the H2O
process on P-v, T-v diagrams and determine total work and heat transfer. 297.746kJ and 3955.246kJ

8. Air flows at a rate of 1.2kg/s through a compressor, entering at 100kPa, 250C, with a velocity of
Q
60m/s and leaving at 500kPa, 1500C, with a velocity of 120m/s. Heat lost by the compressor to the surrounding
is estimated to be 20kJ/kg. Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and diameters of inlet and
exhaust pipes.[Take R=287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK] ̇ -181.23kW /D1=0.1476m /D2=0. 0556m

9. Air flows at the rate of 1.5kg/s through a turbine, entering at 500kPa, 1500C and with a velocity of 120m/s and
leaving at 100kPa, 250C and with a velocity of 60m/s. Power produced by the turbine is 180kW. Determine:
a) Heat loss from the turbine and ̇
b) Diameters of inlet and exhaust pipe. [ Take R = 287J/kgK, Cp = 1005J/kgK] D1=0.0622m /D2=0. 016499m

10. Air enters into a turbine at 2MPa, 4000C and a velocity of 200m/s and exits from the turbine at 100kPa and
1000C with a velocity of 80m/s. The power output of the turbine is 800kW when the mass flow rate of air is
4.5kg/s. Determine the rate of heat loss from the turbine surface, inlet and exit diameters. [Take cp = 1005J/kgK
and R = 287J/kgK] ̇ /D1=0.0525992m /D2=0. 27689m

11. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 100kPa, 300K and leaves at 100kPa, 400K, with a volumetric
flow rate of 1.5m3/min. The work consumed by the compressor is 250kJ per kg of air. Neglecting the effects of
potential and kinetic energy, determine the heat transfer rate, in kW.[Take R = 287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK]
̇
12. Air expands through an adiabatic turbine from 100kPa, 1000K to 100kPa, 400K. The inlet velocity is 10m/s
whereas exit velocity is 100m/s. The power output of the turbine is 3600kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air
and inlet and exit diameters. [Take R = 287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK]
̇ 6.02kg/sec /D1=0.468m /D2=0. 29664m
13. Air flows steadily through an adiabatic compressor entering at 150kPa, 150 0C and with a velocity of 200m/sec
and leaving at 100kPa, 5000C and with a velocity of 100m/s. The exit area of the compressor is 100cm2.
Determine:
a) The mass flow rate of air through the compressor ̇ 4.51kg/sec
b) The power required to drive the compressor. [Take R = 287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK] ̇ -1518.743kW
14. Steam enters the turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 1.2kg/s. Properties of the steam
inlet at the inlet are P1 = 5MPa, T1 = 4500C, velocity V1 = 10m/s and at the exit are P2 = 100kPa, x2 = 80% and exit
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

velocity V2 = 50m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 1200kW, determine the rate of heat transfer from the
turbine.

15. The mass flow rate into a turbine is 1.5kg/s and the heat transfer from the turbine is 8.5kW. The following data
are known for steam entering and leaving the turbine.
Inlet conditions Exit conditions
Pressure 2MPa 0.1MPa
Temperature 3500C
Quality 100%
Velocity 50m/s 100m/s
Elevation above reference point 6m 3m
Determine the power output of the turbine and inlet and exit areas of pipe.
̇ 2 2
-678.169kW/A1=0.21645m /A2=0.02541m
16. An adiabatic turbine operating under steady state condition develops 12MW of power output for a steam mass flow rate of
15kg/s. The steam enters at 4MPa with a velocity of 20m/s and exits at 60kPa with a quality of 85% and velocity of 100m/s.
0
Determine the inlet temperature of steam.359.1 C ( hint:hl(60kPa) and hlg(60kPa) then h2=hl+x2hlg) and then interpolation between 3500C and
4000C for h1)
17. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300kPa, 1500C and a velocity of 20m/s and leaves at 100kPa and with a
velocity of 200m/sec. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.01m2. Determine
a) The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle. ̇ =0.4942m2
b) The exit temperature of the air and,130.2990C
c) The exit area of the nozzle. [Take R = 287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK] 28.602cm2

18. A perfect gas flows through a nozzle where it expand in a reversible adiabatic manner. The inlet conditions are
22 bar, 5000C and 38m/s. At the exit, the pressure is 2 bar. Determine the exit velocity and exit area if the flow
2
rate is 4kg/s. [Take R = 190J/kgK and = 1.35](cp= ) and A2=21.75cm

19. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 300kPa, 1270C and with a velocity of 40m/s and leaves at 100kPa and with a
velocity of 300m/s. The heat loss from the nozzle surface is 20kJ/kg of the air. The inlet area of the nozzle is
100cm2. Determine :
a) The exit temperature of the air and 63.1190C and 33.612cm2
b) The exit area of the nozzle. A2= 33.612cm2

20. An adiabatic diffuser has air entering at 100kPa, 300K, with a velocity of 200m/sec. The inlet cross sectional area
of the diffuser is 100mm2. At the exit, velocity is 20m/s. Determine the xit temperature and pressure of the air.
[Take R = 287J/kgK and cp = 1005J/kgK].

21. Steam at 0.4MPa and 2000C enters in to an adiabatic nozzle with a velocity of 50m/s and leaves the nozzle at
0.1MPa and with a velocity of 75m/s. Determine
a) The exit temperature of the steam
b) The ratio of inlet diameter to the exit diameter.
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

22. Steam at 4 MPA , 4500C enters a nozzle operating at steady state with a velocity of 50m/s. Steam leaves the
nozzle at 2MPa and 3000C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80cm2 and heat loss from the nozzle surface occurs at
the rate of 100kW. Determine
a) The mass flow rate of steam
b) The exit velocity of the steam and
c) The exit area of the nozzle.
23. Air enters a gas turbine system with a velocity of 105m/s and has a specific volume of 0.8m3/kg. The inlet area of
the gas turbine system is 0.05m2. At the exit the air has a velocity of 135m/s and has specific volume of
1.5m3/kg. In its passage through the turbine system, the specific enthalpy of the air is reduced by 145kJ/kg and
the air also has heat transfer loss of 27kJ/kg. Determine:
a) The mass flow rate of the sir through the turbine system in kg/s.
b) The exit area of the turbine in m2
c) The power developed by the turbine system in kW.
24. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine as saturated vapor at a pressure of 25 bars. It exits at the pressure of 1.5 bar
and quality x= 0.98. If the mass flow rate is 72kg/s, what is the turbine output power? Neglect the change in
potential and kinetic energy.
25. 0.3 kg of nitrogen gas at 100kPa and 400C is contained in a cylinder. The piston is moved compressing nitrogen
until the pressure becomes 2 MPa and the temperature becomes 1600C. The work done during the process is
60kJ. Calculate the heat transferred from the nitrogen to the surroundings. [Take cv = 0.75kJ/kgK]

26. The property of a system during a reversible constant pressure non flow process at P = 1.6 bars, changes from v 1
= 0.3m3/kg , T1= 200C to v2= 0.55m3/kg, T2 = 2600C. The specific heat of the fluid is given by
0
cp = C where T is in 0C. Determine
a) Heat added per kg (Hint: q=∫ =∫ [ ] Ans 475.94kJ/kg
b) Change in internal energy per kg (hint : w=P(v2-v1)
c) Change in enthalpy per kg. (hint : du=q-w and h=u+Pv or dh=du+Pdv+vdp and vdP=0) Ans : 475.94kJ/kg
27. A steam turbine develops 60MW of power output. Mass flow rate of steam is found to be 80kg/s. Properties of
steam at inlet and exit of the turbine are as follows.

Property Inlet Exit

Pressure 8 MPa 0.4MPa
Temperature 500 0C
Quality 80%
Velocity 50m/sec 150m/s
Elevation above reference level 10m 5m
Ans: -26.14MW, 0.066784m2, 0.197442m2.

28. Air enters the turbine at 1MPa and 3270C with a velocity of 100m/s and exits at 100kPa and 27 0C and with a low
velocity. Heat transfer loss from the turbine surface is 1200kJ/min and the power output of the turbine is
240kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the turbine. [Take R = 287J/kgK and c p = 1005J/kgK]
ans:0.8622kg/s.
 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

29. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of steam are 6MPa, 4000C and 80m/sec
and the exit conditions are 40kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50m/sec. The mass flow rate of steam is 20kg/sec.
Determine:
I. The change in kinetic energy
II. The power output, and
III. The turbine inlet area.
30. Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 4600kg/h. The turbine develops a
power output of 1000kW. At the inlet, the pressure is 60 bar, the temperature is 400 0C and velocity is 10m/sec
at the exit, the pressure is 0.1 bar, the quality is 90%, using steady flow energy equation calculate the rate of
heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings in kW. Ans 2065.3kW
31. Steam enters to a turbine at a pressure of 1MPa, temperature of 3000C and velocity of 50m/sec. The steam
leaves the turbine at a pressure of 150kPa and velocity of 200m/sec. Determine the work per kg of steam
flowing through the turbine, assuming the process be reversible and adiabatic. Ans 377.43kJ/kg
32. Steam at 0.6Mpa, 2000C enters an insulated nozzle with a velocity of 50m/sec it leaves at a pressure of 0.20MPa
and velocity of 60m/sec. Determine the final temperature if the steam is superheated. (hint refer steam table
and calculate h2 and apply interpolation for exit condition between temperature 1500C and 2000C ) Ans 189.720C
33. Steam enters a horizontally aligned well insulated nozzle of inlet area 0.15m2 and the velocity of 65m/sec. At the
inlet, the specific enthalpy of steam is 3000kj/kg, specific volume 0.187m3/kg and the outlet specific enthalpy is
2762kJ/kg, specific volume 0.498m3/kg. Determine:
I. Velocity of steam at the outlet Ans 692.98m/sec
II. Mass flow rate of steam Ans 52.14kg/sec
III. Exit area of nozzle.0.0375m2
34. The following table gives data in kJ, for a system undergoing a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes
in series. For the cycle, kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. Determine:
I. The missing table entries, each in kJ
II. Whether the cycle is power cycle or refrigeration cycle?
Process U Q W
1-2 600 -600
2-3 -1300
3-4 -700 0
4-1 500 700
Hint: ∮ =0. To be power cycle the net work of cycle must be positive. If the cycle is refrigeration cycle
the net work should be negative.
35. Air enters the turbine at 1 MPa and 3270C with a velocity of 100m/sec and exits at 100kPa and 270C with low
velocity. Heat transfer loss from the turbine surface is 1200kJ/min and power output of turbine is 240kW.
Determine the mass flow rate of air through the turbine.
36. Water is supplied to a water-turbine at a rate of 25m/sec from a height of 100m. The water enters the turbine at
5 bar and at 250C with a velocity of 1m/sec. The water leaves the turbine at ground level with a velocity of
11m/sec and 1.2 bar pressure and temperature of 250C. The loss of heat from the turbine is 5J/kg of water. Find
the power developed by the turbine.(19.64MW)