ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 1

95.1o
30 mm

30 mm

84.9o
135o

45o
84.9o
45 mm

( p ) B  5.1o
( p )C  45o
( p ) D  5.1o

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 2

Comparison of Shear and Bending Stresses

Consider the bending of simply supported rectangular beam subjected to a central load.
The max. bending moment occurring at mid-span has a value of PL/4 and the shear force
has a constant value of P/2 between each support and load P.

Fxy  P/ 2

 P/ 2 x
q( x )  ( P / 2)  x  1  P  x  L / 2  1
Mxz Mmax  PL/ 4  Fxy ( x )  ( P / 2)  x  0  P  x  L / 2  0
M xz ( x )  ( P / 2)  x 1  P  x  L / 2 1

L/2 x
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 3

3 Fxy 3 P / 2 3 P
Thus, max. shear stress  max    (a)
2 A 2 bh 4 bh

Mc ( PL / 4)( h / 2) 3 PL
and max. bending stress  max    (b)
I bh 3 / 12 2 bh 2

Fxy  P/ 2

 P/ 2 x P

Mxz Mmax  PL/ 4 6 Fxy  h  2 

 xy  3    y1 
2

bh  2  
3Fxy 3Fxy
L/2 x At y1  0,  xy   max  
2bh 2A

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 4

 max 1  h   max (3P ) /( 4bh ) h

The ratio  max /  max is given by    (c)  
 max 2  L   max (3PL) /( 2bh ) 2 L
2

If, for instance, L  10 h , the quotient is only 1/20. For a slender beam, h  L , the
shearing stress  xy is therefore much smaller that of the bending stress  xx .

The applied load is primarily by the bending stress in a slender beam. We emphasize
that only in very short beams are the shear stresses likely to be of importance in
comparison with the bending stresses.
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 5

Allowable Stress: Factor of Safety

 Design: against failure
 Select materials and dimensions of individual components so that no
failure occurs under the prescribed loading conditions
 Select an adequate factor of safety
 Strength: resist to the loads 
 The yield stress  Y  f E’

 The ultimate stress  u u

D
 Factor of Safety (n): f E
B
Y C

 pl A

Y u
 all  or  all 
n n
Y u
 max  or  max  O 
n n Linear Perfect Strain Necking
region plasticity hardening
or yielding

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 6

Example 3.7
The part of hydraulic controlled loader arm is depicted in the Figure. The arm is
made of steel tubing, for which the ultimate stresses in tension and shear are
 u  450 MPa, and  u  290 MPa, respectively. The dimensions of the member are
c2  60 mm, c1  45 mm, L  2.4 m . Find the maximum stress and factor of safety.

z
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 7

Solution. Assume the most likely failure point is at fixed end through H. The effect of shear
in the stress distribution is neglected.
The location of the critical point is at K, where the maximum moment and the shear force
are
M xz   PL  10(2.4)  24 kNm  Fy  0 : Fxy   P x P
Fxy   P  10 kN  M x  0 : M xz   P( L  x) L

The cross-sectional area properties are

M xz
A   ( c22  c12 )   (602  452 )  4.948  103 mm2 L-x P
Fxy
3
 4.948  10 m 2

 
I (c24  c14 )  (604  454 )  6.958  106 mm4
4 4
6
 6.958  10 m 4
z
The maximum tensile stress due to the bending occurs at point K.
M xz c2 24(103 )(0.06)
 max    207 MPa
I 6.958(106 )

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 8

The maximum shearing stress takes place at the neutral axis z and is parallel to y axis. By
Eq. (3.4), we have
4 Fxy c22  c2c1  c12 4(10  103 ) 602  (60)( 45)  452
 max  
3A c22  c12 3(4.948  103 ) 602  452
 3.98 MPa
This is a very low stress for the specified material. The bending stress vanishes at the
neutral axis,  H  0. The factor of safety is therefore
u 450
n   2.17
 max 207

z
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 9

Example 3.8
As the user tighten a lug nut on a lug bolt of an all-terrain
vehicle, a force F is applied to the wrench as shown in the Fig.
(a). The model of the wrench of diameter d and length L is
illustrated in Fig. (b). The wrench is made of a high strength
steel with yield strength in tension  Y and yield strength in
shear  Y .
The data are as follows: d  20 mm, L  300 mm, F  500 N
 Y  345 MPa,  Y  210 MPa

Find: (a) The maximum bending stress and the maximum

shear stress in the wrench. (b) Factor of safety

Assumption: The load F acts perpendicular to the axis of the

wrench in the vertical (xy) plane. y
(b)

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 10

Solution. (a) The properties of the circular cross-sectional area of the wrench are
d 20
c   10 mm  0.01 m
2 2
d 2  (20)2
A   314.159 mm2  314.159  106 m 2
4 4
d 4
 (20)4
I   7.854  103 mm4  7.854  109 m 4
64 64

N
y
Fxy z A
B

d  20 mm
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 11

From inspection, we see that the maximum tensile stress is at a stress element A on the top
surface at left end, while the largest shear stress occurs at an element point B at the neutral
axis along longitudinal axis of the wrench as shown in the Figure. The bending moment M
at the left end and the shear force F xy at any cross-section are

Fxy   F  500 N q( x )  500  x  1 150  x  2

 Fxy ( x )  500  x  0 150  x  1
M   FL  500(0.3)  150 Nm
M xz ( x )  500  x 1 150  x  0

N
Fxy y
z A
B

d  20 mm

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 12

Fxy   F  500 N
c 4 c 2  4 c  2 c 3
M   FL  500(0.3)  150 Nm Iz  , Q  A* y   
4 2  3  3
b  2c 
Hence, the stresses at A and B are respectively: F Q F ( 2c 3 / 3) F ( 2 / 3)
 max  xy  xy4  xy 2
I zb (c / 4)( 2c ) (c / 4)2
Mc 4F F ( 2 / 3) 4 Fxy 4 Fxy
 max   ,  max  xy  xy 2  
I 3A c / 2 3c 2 3A

N
Fxy y
z A
B

d  20 mm
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 13

Upon substituting the numerical values into the preceding equations, we obtain the
maximum stresses:
Mc 150(0.01)
 max     191 MPa
I 7.854(109 )
4 Fxy 4(500)
 max    2.12 MPa
3 A 3(314.159 106 )

(b) The factor of safety against yielding in bending is

Y 345
n   1.81
 max 191

The maximum shear stress,  2.12 MPa, is very low compared with the shear yield strength
(210 MPa) of the steel.

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 14

Example 3.9
An overhang beam ABC of rectangular cross section supports a concentrated load P at
the free end as shown in Fig. (a). The span length from A to B is L, and length of
overhang is L/2. The cross section has width b and height h. Point D is located
midway between the supports at a distance d from the top face of beam. Knowing that
the maximum tensile stress (principal stress) at point D is  1  49 MPa, determine the
magnitude of load P. L  1.25 m, b  25 mm, h  150 mm, and d  25 mm.

P
d
A D
B C
L/2 L/2 L/2

(a) (b)
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 15

Solution. The maximum principal stress is  1  49 MPa , determine the load P.

• Support reactions
3
M A  0 : By ( L)  P(3L / 2)  0  By 
2
P

1
F y  0 : Ay  By  P  0  Ay   P
2

• Bending moment and shear force at point D. Imaginary cut at Point D

P
d
D
A A C
y By B
L/2 L/2 L/2

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 16

From FBD, we have

1 Fxy
Ay  Fxy  0  Fxy   Ay  P
2 D MD
A A
L L 1 y
M D  Ay    0  M D  Ay     PL L/2
2 2 4

Stresses at point D
bh3 (0.025)(0.153 ) 0.025
I   7.031106 m 4 D
12 12 0.05
N.A.
My (0.25) P(1.25)(0.05) 0.0625
x     2222 P (Pa) 0.025
I 7.031 106

h d 
QD  A* yD  bd     0.025  0.025  (0.075  0.0125)  39.0625 106 m3
2 2
Q   * ydA  A* y
A
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 17

Fxy QD (0.5 P )(39.0625  106 )

 xy    111.11P (Pa)
Ib 7.031 106 (0.025)

Principal stress

2
x  y    y 
1    x    xy
2

2  2 
2
2222 P  2222 P 
     (111.11P)  2228 P (Pa)
2

2  2 

 1  49 MPa  49 106  2228 P

49 106
 P  21.99 kN  22 kN
2228

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 18

ME2112 (Part I)

1. Statics

2. Transformation of 2D Stress and Strain

3. Shear Stress in Beams

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 19

1. Statics

F  0 and M  0
• Equilibrium of Particles
• Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
• Analysis of Pin-Connected Structures

 Numerical values rounded to 4 significant digits without

lost of accuracy.

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 20

• Equilibrium of Particles
Parallelogram Law
Vector

F1 or F 1

Scalar
F1

Magnitude and direction of FR can be obtained by the Law of cosines

or Law of sines

FR  F12  F22  2 F1F2 cos  R Law of cosine

F1 F FR
 2  Law of sine
sin 1 sin  2 sin  R
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 21

• Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

Moment of a Force & a Couple
F Moment of a couple
F
M = Fd
d d F
=
A B B
A d1  M  Fd
d
Moment of a force A d2
F
B

Drawing Free Body Diagram

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 22

2-Force Member
FB  FA
B
A FA
(a)
A
FA (c)

A B B
FA (b) FB  FA
FB  FA
3-Force Member
F2 F1 F3

F1 F2
F3
(b) Parallel Forces
(a) Concurrent Forces
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 23

• Analysis of Pin-Connected Structures

Analysis of Trusses
15 kN 5 kN
15 kN 5 kN Method of Joint 4 C E
4 C 3
E
3
1m
1m
A B D F
A B D F
9 kN
1m 1m 1m
1m 1m 1m
20/3 kN 31/3 kN

Special Joint & Zero Force Member FAC

Assume tensile
A 45 o forces initially
FAB
9 kN

20/3 kN

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 24

Method of Section

56.7 kN
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 25

Analysis of Frames/Machines

M  0: A  T M  0: C  FBE

F  0:
x  Ax M  0: E  Cy

F  0:
y  Ay F  0: x  Cx

M A  0 and  M B  0  C x , C y M
ACB
A  0  By M
ACB
B  0  Ay
AC CB

F x  0  Ax F y  0  Ay or M
AC
C  0  Ax F
AC
x  0  Cx
AC AC

F x  0  Bx F y  0  By F
AC
y  0  Cy F
ACB
x  0  Bx
CB CB

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 26

2. Transformation of 2D Stress and Strain

• Principal stresses and max. in-plane shear stress
x y x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
x y x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
Element A
x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

Shear Stresses Sign Convention Stresses on element A

inclined at θ counter-
y y
clockwise to the x-axis

  xy   xy
 x   y   x   y  constant

Positive shear x x
Negative shear
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 27

In-Plane Principal Stress

2
x y   y 
1    x    xy2

2  2 
2
x y   y 
2    x    xy2
2  2 

Maximum Shear Stress

2
 y 
 max    x    xy2
 2 

Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses

(   avg ) 2   2  R 2
2
1 x  y    y 
2
 avg  ( x   y ), R      xy2 R   x    xy2
2  2   2 

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 28

• Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses

Sign convention for stresses when constructing and analysing Mohr’s circle:
Shear stresses–if the shear stresses on opposite faces of the element produce forces that result in
a clockwise couple, these stresses are taken as positive. Hence, shearing stresses on y faces of
element is +ve, but those on x faces are -ve.
on Plane B the shear stress direction
is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle

on Plane A the shear stress direction

is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve
shear stress on Mohr’s circle
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 29

IMPORTANT:
Do not confuse shear stress sign convention on Mohr’s circle with that of an entire element.
REMEMBER:
Shear stress sign convention for an entire element.

y y

  xy   xy

Shear stress sign convention for

Positive shear x Negative shear x a Mohr’s circle
y B 
xy
on Plane B the shear stress direction
is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle A

On a Mohr’s circle we consider sign of shear x

on Plane A the shear stress direction
stress on a plane and not entire element is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 30

• Principal Stress in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

Consider a long cylindrical thin-walled (r  t ) pressure vessel subjected to internal pressure
p. The tangential and axial stresses of cylindrical pressure vessel are give by
pr pr
t  , a  State of stress on element C
t 2t
pr
t p
t
C r pr pr
p 2t 2t
L
0 pr
t

a pr pr
C C 1  , 2 
p t 2t For all points,
 not just C
pr
 3  0,  p 
t 2t
p
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 31

Principal Stresses in Pressure Vessels

• Principal Stress in Spherical Pressure Vessels
Consider a spherical thin-walled ( r  t) pressure vessel subjected to internal pressure p.
The tangential stress of spherical pressure vessel is give by
pr
t    State of stress on element C
2t pr
pr 2t

C t 2t
p
p r 0
pr
pr 2t
2t

pr
C 1   2 
 2t For all points,
 not just C
pr
p  3  0,  p 
2t

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 32

• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain

x y x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.1)
2 2
Plane Stresses
x y x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.2)
2 2
x y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 (2.3)
2
x  y x   y  xy
 x   sin 2cos 2  (2.18)
2 2 2
Plane Strains     
 y  x y  x y cos 2  xy sin 2 (2.19)
2 2 2
 xy  y  (2.20)
 x sin 2  xy cos 2
2 2 2
Re-examining Eqs. (2.18), (2.19) & (2.20) and compare with Eqs. (2.1), (2.2) & (2.3) for
 x  ,  y  &  x y  . The equations are similar in form. Hence a Mohr’s circle of strain can also be
constructed.
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 33

Mohr’s circle of stress: x –axis represents normal stress 

y–axis represents shear stress 
Mohr’s circle of strain: x –axis represents normal strain 
y –axis represents half shear stain  / 2
Mohr’s circle of stress: 2
x y  x  y 
Center at  ,0  R      xy2
 2  2   
2 2
Mohr’s circle of strain:  x  y      y    xy 
 ,0  R   x    
Center at  2   2   2 

Mohr’s Circle of Strain

Sign convention for Mohr’s strain circle similar to
Mohr’s stress circle
Normal strain plotted along x-axis
elongation  +ve strain (on +ve side of x-axis)
contraction  -ve strain (on –ve side of x-axis)

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 34


Compressive strain on -ve side 2 Tensile strain on +ve side

B
The convention for constructing and reading shear
strain values from Mohr’s strain circle is similar to 2  x 1
that used for shear stress in Mohr’s stress circle. y C 2 p 

A
Shear strain: Positive shear stress results in positive shear strain
i.e. A positive shear strain corresponds to a clockwise shear stress couple.
A negative shear strain corresponds to anti-clockwise shear stress couple.

 xy

x
+ve Shear stresses +ve Shear strains
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 35

Given the strain state  x ,  y ,  xy the corresponding Mohr’s strain circle can be plotted.

2 2
    y    xy 
R   x    
y  2   2 
 y y
B
 xy
x
 xy  x
A

x

Hence the strain components  x ,  y and  xy at any orientation  can be determined.

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 36

3. Shear Stresses in Laterally Loaded Symmetrical Beams

• Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular Beams

• Shear Stresses in Beams of Circular Cross
Section
• Shear Stress Distribution in Flanged Beams
• Design of Prismatic Beams

1 Fxy * F Q
The Shear Formula  xy  A y  xy
b Iz I zb

Q  A* y
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 37

By using the shear formula, we have

1 Fxy * Fxy Q
6 P  h 
2
  xy  A y
 xy  3    y12  b Iz I zb
bh  2  

M xz y
y
x  
 avg 
P
Iz
A (compressive)
 xx (-ve)
M M
3P
 max  x N. A.
2A

 xx (+ve)
Shear stress distribution
(tensile)
3P 3P
At y1  0,  xy   max   Bending stress distribution
2bh 2 A

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 38

Parallel-Axis Theorem

I x  I x  Ad y2

I y  I y  Ad x2

60 mm
20 mm 20 mm y
20 mm
y
100 mm z
N.A. C
60 mm y
a a y
20 mm
80 mm
20 mm
ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 39

Beams of Circular Cross Section

c 4 c 2  4 c  2 c 3
Iz  , QA y  
*

4 2  3  3
FxyQ 4 Fxy 4 Fxy
b  2c   max   
I zb 3c 2
3A

2 
Q  (c23  c13 ), b  2(c2  c1 ), A   (c22  c12 ), I z  (c24  c14 )
3 4

FxyQ 4 Fxy c22  c2c1  c12

 max  
I zb 3A c22  c12 Hollow circular cross-section

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 40

Beams under Combined Loadings

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 41

(i) Support reactions RA  3 kN, RB  11 kN

 F  0 : R  R  14 kN
y A B

Pt E 40 mm
from top
 M  0 : R (4)  10(2)  4(6)
A B

fibre
(ii) Singularity function
q( x )  3  x  1 10  x  2  1 11  x  4  1
 Fxy ( x )  3  x  0 10  x  2  0 11  x  4  0
Fxy (kN) 7 M xz ( x )  3  x 1 10  x  2 1 11  x  4 1

(iii) Shear force and bending moment

A C B D x diagrams
3 E
4
M xz
(kNm) (iv) Shear Formula or Flexure Formula
6
4.5
FxyQ M xz y
A  xy  x  
1.5 m E C B D x I zb Iz
2m
8

ME2112 (Part 1) L4 - 42

Final Exam (Close Book, F2F)

Date: 28 April 2022, Thurs
Time: 1 pm – 3 pm
Venue: Eng Auditorium, LT7A
My Office: EA-05-28
Email: mpeqcg@nus.edu.sg
Tel: 65168089