A Comparative Study On Antimicrobial Activity of Vigna Unguiculata and Cynodon Dactylon

10 VIII August 2022
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46541
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com
A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity of

Vigna unguiculata And Cynodon dactylon
Soumallya Chakraborty1, Somenath Bhattacharya2, Rohan Pal3, Sanjit Mandal4, Sourav Biswas5, Chiranjit Mandal6, Dr.
Amitava Roy7, Dr. Arin Bhattacharjee8
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Global College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nadia, West Bengal,
India
6
Student, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal, India
8
Principal, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Global College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Abstract: Extract from different parts of medicinal plant contains lots of phytochemicals and helps to cure different types of
diseases. Vigna unguiculata and Cynodon dactylon both are annual herbs and found all over the country. Both annual herbs are
numerous used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicines. Vigna unguiculata is a leguminous plant and contain various
phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Amino acid, phenols, and phytic acid. Vigna unguiculata extract have been reported to
cure different type of diseases like anthelmintic activity, antibacterial activity, antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic activity,
antiviral and antifungal activity, antioxidant activity ,hypocholesteerolemic activity and hypolipidemic activites. Extracts from
different parts of Cynodon dactylon are widely used to prevent different kinds of diseases like antiviral and antimicrobial activity,
against snake bites, gout and rheumatic affection, anthelmintic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, reduce burning sensation,
hyperdipsia, haematuria, leprosy, bronchitis, piles, asthma, enlargement of the spleen, tumors, dysentery, diarrhoea,
conjunctivitis, vomiting etc due to the lot of phytochemical likes flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, resins,
tannins, reducing sugar, phytosterols, proteins, carbohydrates, volatile oil and fixed oils presents in the plant.
Keywords: Cynodon dactylon, Vigna unguiculata, Antimicrobial Activity, Cowpea, Black eye pea, Durba.
I. INTRODUCTION
Vigna unguiculata is largely produced and used for household consumption in Africa [1] and very commomly known as Cowpea or
black eye pea [2]. It is a leguminous plant and belongs to a family Papilonaceae. The most important part of Vigna unguiculata is its
leaf and seed which are source of numerous chemical constituents like alkanoids, flavonoids, amino acid, phenol, phytic acid, etc
[3,4] as well as having potassium, iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, sodium, copper and potential sources of vitamin A and C [5].
Sandy soil with rich source of organic matter and minerals are the suitable place for the growth of the plant[6]. Different parts
extract shows various medicinal activities like antioxidant, antifungal, antisickling, antidiabetic, antibacterial, hypolipidemic,
hypocholesteerolemic, antimalarial, anthelmintic, thrombolytic activity[7,8]. Plants have strong tap and lateral roots with nodules
helps to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil. V. unguiculata contains a bunch white, yellow, blue or purple colour self fertilized flowers
on the leaf axils. Green, brown or purple colour pods varies in length from 8 to 15 cm with straight or slightly beak or pointed beak
tips. Pod contains green, black, brown,white, red, mottled and spotted seed averagely 1 – 10 seeds in a row[9-12].
Picture I: Different parts of Vigna unguiculata
Our earth is a rich source of medicinal plant [13]. Cynodon dactylon, mainly known Durba, are used both externally and internally
for various medicinal value[14]. Cynodon dactylon belongs to a family Poaceae and available all over the country[15]. Different
parts extract of the plant such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits, seeds are used to treat various disease due to presence of different
phytochemical components and plants[16]. The Plant extract shows antiviral and antimicrobial activity[17].
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The plant shows positive response against snake bites, gout and rheumatic affection[18]. In Homeopathic medicine Cynodon
dactylon is used in bleeding and skin troubles.[19,20]. C.dactylon is grew in warm climates and all around the year[21,22].
Completely herb and its root stalk is used in medicine[23]. The gray or green leaf blades of Cynodon dactylon are, 2-15cm long
and 4mm broad. Leafs are flat to slightly keeled, tip sharp and glabrous. Cynodon dactylon flowers are spikelets with a perfect floret
and lanceolate and yellow in colour; styles purple; The yellow to reddish seeds are oval and about 1.5 mm long[24].
Picture II: Different parts of Cynodon dactylon
II. COMMON NAME OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

A. Common name of Vigna unguiculata
Sl. No. Language Vernacular Name

1. English Cowpea
2. Hindi Lobia, Kulathi, Kurathi
3. Tamil Kaattulundu, karamani
4. Sanskrit Mahamasah, rajamash
5. Marathi Alasandalu, Kaaraamanulu
6. Telugu Alsandalu, Kaaraamanulu
7. Malayalam Vellapayar
8. Kannada Alasande
9. Tulu Lattane
10. Urdu Kulthi
11. Arabic ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺑﯿﺎء‬
12. Bengali Kalaya, Barbati, Kulattha, Ghangra
13. French Dolique asperge, Haricot asperge, Doliquemongette, Haricot indigène,
Niébé.
14. Marathi Chavali, Alasbde
15. Punjabi Lodhar
16. Spanish Costeno, Judía catjang, Frijol de costa, Judíaespárrago, Rabiza
17. Tamil Karamani ,Kaattuulundu,
18. Swahili Kunde
19. Kashmiri Kath
20. Ghana Tipielega, Tuya, ,Adua, Ayi, Saau
21. Gujrati Kulathi, Kalathi
22. Malayalam Mudiraa
23. Nigeria Mongo, Ewa, Akedi, ,Wake, Ezo, Nyebbe, Ngalo, Azzo, Dijok, Alev,
Arebe, Lubia, Akoti
24. Portuguese Feijão-fradinho ,Feijão-espargo
25. Indonesian Kacangtoonggak ,Kacangbol, Kacangmerah, , Kacangbéngkok
Table I: Common Name of Vigna Unguiculata [25 - 28]
B. Common Name of Cynodon dactylon
Sl. No. Language Synonyms

1. Tamil Aruvaumpullu
2. Hindi Doob
3. Kanada Garikehullu
4. Marathi Dhoorva
5. Telugu GarikeandThellagariki
6. English Bermuda and Bahama.
7. Sanskrit Durva
8. Other Weed
9. German Bermundagras, Hundezahngras
10. Italian Gramina
11. Portuguese Capim-Bermunda
12. Spanish Garmarastera
13. Swedish Hundtandsgras
14. Chinese Gou ya gen
15. Afrikaans Gewonekweek, Kweekgrss
16. Arabic Thaiel, Najeel, Tohma
17. French Chieendent pied-de-poule
Table II: Common Name of Cynodon dactylon [29-31]
III. SYSTEMIC CLASSIFICATION OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON
Vigna unguiculata [32,33] Cynodon dactylon [34-36]
Kingdom Plante Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta Trcheobionta
Class Magnoliopsida Magneliophyta
Order Fabales Spermatophyte
Family Fabceae Liliopsida
Subfamily Fboideae Commelinidae
Genus Vigna Cyperales
Parts seeds Poaceae
Tribe Phaseoleae Cynodon N
Sub tribe Phaseolinae Cynodon dactylon
Species Unguiculata Cynodon dactylon
Table III : Systemic Classification of Vigna unguiculata and Cynodon dactylon
IV. PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON
A. Chemical Constituents of Vigna unguiculata
Sl. Chemical Name References

No.
1. Proteins (20.53-31.7%)
2. Carbohydrates (56-67%)
3. Vitamins
4. Fat(1.14-3.03%)
5. Glycosides
6. Minerals 37,38
7. Flavonoids
8. Polyphenols
9. Tannins
10. Vignalin
11. Saponins
12. Sitosterol β-D-glycosides
13. Oleanolic Acid
Table IV : Phytochemical Constituents of Vigna unguiculata
B. Chemical Constituents of Cynodon dactylon
Sl. Chemical Name References

No.
1. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Vitamin C, Terpenoids, alkaloids, and palmitic 39
acid
2. Flavonoids:apigenin, orientin, letuolin, and vitexin 40,41
3. Extractive Value (water: 18.88, petroleum ether:3%, alcohol;8% and 42
benzene:1.34 % w/w of crude drug). Volatile Oil: 1%
4. Fibercontent: 30.46% and tannin content: 0.80%. Total Ash: 9.1%, 43,44
water insoluble ash: 7.9%, acid insoluble ash:3.7%.
5. Green grass (dry0 10.47% crude protein,11.755 total ash, 28.17%fiber. 45
6. Leaves glycerin (38.49%), 9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z,Z)- 46
(15.61%), ethyl ester (9.50), hexadecanoic acid, phytol (4.89%) and
ethyl(5.32%)
7. Phenolic extracts : furfural (6.0%), hydro quinone (69.49%) and 47
levoglucosenone (2.72%).
8. Carotenoids: neoxanthin, beta-carotene, Phenolics 48
9. Phytosterols, saponins, glycosides 49,50
10. Essential oil triticin12.4% 51
11. Cuticular wax contains octacosanol, docosanol, hexacosanol, 52,53
tetracosanol,docosanoic acid & eicosanic acid
Table V : Phytochemical Constituents of Cynodon dactylon
V. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

A. Pharmacological Activities of Vigna unguiculata
Plant Parts Extracts Biological Activities References

Seeds Aqueous Antibacterial activity, 54
Hepatoprotective 55
Seeds Ethanol Anthelminthic Activity, 56
Anti-atherosclerotic 57
Antisickling Activity 58.59
Hypolipidimic Activity 60
Seeds Methanol Antioxident 61,62
Antibacterial 63
Antinociceptive Activity 63
Antidiabetic 64
Thrombolytic Activity 65
Hypocholesterolemic Activity, 66
Hypoglycemic
Hypoglycemic 67
Seeds ----- HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and 68
α-glucosidase inhibitor
Antiparasitic 69
Seed oil ----- Antimicrobial 70
Antidiabetic 71
Leaves Ethanol Antimicrobial 72
Diuretics 73
Antisickling Activity 74
Leaves ---- Antihyperlipidemic, cardioprotective 75
Whole Plant Methanol Antiobesity 76
Whole Plant ----- Antidiabetic 77
Table VI : Pharmacological activity of Vigna unguiculata
B. Pharmacological Activities of Cynodon dactylon
Plant Parts Solvents Pharmacological Activity References

Antipyretic and analgesic 78
Anthelmintic 79
Aqueous Anticataleptic 80
Anti-inflammatory 81
Aqueous and non Anti-diabetic 82
Whole plant polysaccharide
fraction
Chloroform- Anti-inflammatory 83
methanolic
Ethanolic Anticonvulsant 84
50% ethanolic Anti-inflammatory 85
Methanolic Anti-diarrheal 86
Aqueous and Wound healing 87
ethanolic Anti-diabetic 88-90
50% aqueous- Reduce kidney stone 91

Aerial parts
ethanolic
Ethanolic Gastoprotective 92
Central Nervous system 93
Ethyl acetate Antioxidant 94
fraction
Hydroalcoholic Antioxidant 95
Rhizome Aqueous Anti-diuretic 96
Hydroalcoholic Anti-arrhythmic 97
Cardio-protective 98
Leaves Aqueous and Antimicrobial 99
Chlroform Anti-diabetic 100
Aqueous and Antiepileptic 101
ethanolic
Ethyl acetate Antioxidant 94
fraction Immunomodulatory 102
Phospate Antilipidperoxidative 103

buffered saline
Roots Methanolic Anticancer 104
Table VII : Pharmacological activity of Cynodon dactylon
VI. ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

A. Anti-Microbial Activity of Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata seed oil shows positive antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 µg/ disc showed the highest activity
against Gram positive bacteria like Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus aureus as well as Vigna unguiculata seed oils are active
against numerous fungi namely Penicilium spp., Mucor spp. and Candida albicans [70].
The antimicrobial activity of three varieties of Vigna unguiculata L . W a l p s e e d o i l ( L B S -1, LBS-2 and LBS-3)
were investigated against five Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea,
Salmonella
typhi a n d Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei,
Shigella shiga) and four fungi (Penicilium spp., Mucor spp., Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatius ). The LBS-1
oil
at the co ncentration of 400 µ g / d i s c s h o w e d t h e h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t Sarcina lutea ( 19±0.1
mm) than that of LBS- 2
(14±0.3 mm) and LBS-3 (12±0.3 mm) oil w h e r e a s L B S -3 oil showed highest activity against Staphylococcus
aureus
(16±0.1 mm) than that of LBS-1 (10±0.6 mm) an d LBS-2 (13±0.4 mm) oil. All the three oils are active against the three
tested fungi namely Penicilium spp., Mucor spp. and Candida al bi cans b u t s h o w e d n o s e n s i t i v i t y
a g a i n s t Aspergillus
fumigatius
The antimicrobial activity of three varieties of Vigna unguiculata L . W a l p s e e d o i l ( L B S -1, LBS-2 and LBS-3)
were investigated against five Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea,
Salmonella
typhi a n d Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei,
Shigella shiga) and four fungi (Penicilium spp., Mucor spp., Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatius ). The LBS-1
oil
at the co ncentration of 400 µ g / d i s c s h o w e d t h e h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t Sarcina lutea ( 19±0.1
mm) than that of LBS- 2
(14±0.3 mm) and LBS-3 (12±0.3 mm) oil w h e r e a s L B S -3 oil showed highest activity against Staphylococcus
aureus
(16±0.1 mm) than that of LBS-1 (10±0.6 mm) an d LBS-2 (13±0.4 mm) oil. All the three oils are active against the three
tested fungi namely Penicilium spp., Mucor spp. and Candi da al bi cans b u t s h o w e d n o s e n s i t i v i t y
a g a i n s t Aspergillus
fumigatius
B. Anti-Microbial Activity Cynodon dactylon
Chloroform and aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon leaves shows antibacterial activity against tested gram positive
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria
and 75 µl/ml concentration shows the best result compare than concentration 25 µl/ml and 50 µl/ml [99].
damba J, Nyazema N, Makaza N, Anderson C, Kaondera KC

(1994) Traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of
urinary shistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 42: 125–132
Ndamba J, Nyazema N, Makaza N, Anderson C, Kaondera KC
amba J, Nyazema N, Makaza N, Anderson C, Kaondera KC

VII. CONCLUSION
Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea) and Cynodon dactylon is very important and extremely useful in ayurvedic, unani and siddha medicine
From ancient days. Both plants are found all over the year and very easily and both plants are shows near about result in
antimicrobial activity. Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea) extract at concentration 400 µg/ disc shows antimicrobial activity against gram
positive, gram negative and different types of fungi. Others important activity like thrombolytic and antisickling activities,
anthelmintic, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant due to rich source of vitamin A, vitamin C,
flavonoids, riboflavin, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, thiamine, amino acid, phytic acid, alkaloids,
saponins, fats, resins, terpenoids, glycosides in the different parts of the plant. Different parts of Cynodon dactylon plants contain
different types of phytochemical like proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, vitamin C, terpenoids, alkaloids and palmitic acid,
Flavonoids: apigenin, orientin, letuolin, and vitexin. Cynodon dactylon have significant role in management of diabetics and
cardiovascular disease as well as 75 µl/ml concentration shows the best result in antimicrobial activity.
Conflict of Interest: Nil

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A Comparative Study On Antimicrobial Activity of Vigna Unguiculata and Cynodon Dactylon

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10 VIII August 2022

A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity of

Picture I: Different parts of Vigna unguiculata

Picture II: Different parts of Cynodon dactylon

II. COMMON NAME OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

Sl. No. Language Vernacular Name

B. Common Name of Cynodon dactylon

Sl. No. Language Synonyms

III. SYSTEMIC CLASSIFICATION OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

Vigna unguiculata [32,33] Cynodon dactylon [34-36]

Kingdom Plante Plantae

IV. PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

A. Chemical Constituents of Vigna unguiculata

Sl. Chemical Name References

B. Chemical Constituents of Cynodon dactylon

Sl. Chemical Name References

V. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

Plant Parts Extracts Biological Activities References

B. Pharmacological Activities of Cynodon dactylon

Plant Parts Solvents Pharmacological Activity References

ethanolic Anti-diabetic 88-90

50% aqueous- Reduce kidney stone 91

Phospate Antilipidperoxidative 103

VI. ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA AND CYNODON DACTYLON

damba J, Nyazema N, Makaza N, Anderson C, Kaondera KC

Ethnopharmacology 42: 125–132

Conflict of Interest: Nil

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