WPR 2

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT-2
Role of photo pharmacology in vision restoration

Name: Ishika Mohan
Enrolment no.: A8454922003
Batch: 2022-2024
Guided by: Dr Vivek Srivastava [16830] [Associate Professor]
Date: 17/10/2022-20/10/2022
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN EYE
The human eye is a specific sense organ in humans that receive visual images and delivers
them to the brain.
The anatomy and operations of the eyes are extremely complicated. Each eye constantly
adjusts the amount of light it allows in, focuses on objects close and far, and produces
uninterrupted images that are delivered to the brain in real time.
The orbit is the bony cavity that holds the eyeball, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and organs
that release and drain tears. Each orbit is a pear-shaped structure composed of several bones.
The sclera is a moderately strong white layer that forms the outermost layer of the eyeball (or
white of the eye).
The sclera is enclosed by a thin, clear membrane (conjunctiva) that runs to the border of the
cornea near the front of eye, in the region bounded by the eyelids. The moist rear surface of
the eyelids and eyeballs is likewise covered by the conjunctiva.
The cornea, the glassy, arched layer that sits between the iris and pupil, permits light to enter
the eye. The cornea protects the front of the eye and aids in the focus of light on the retina at
the rear of the eye.
Light enters the pupil after passing through to the cornea (the black dot in the middle of the
eye).
The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by the iris, which is the round, colorful
region of the eye that surrounds the pupil. When the surroundings is dark, the iris takes more
light into the eye (increasing the size or dilating the pupil) and far less light into the eye
(reducing or narrowing the pupil) when the surroundings is bright. As the amount of light in
the surrounding context varies, the pupil causes vasodilation and muscles contract like the
opening of a camera lens. The pupillary sphincter and dilator muscles work together to
control the pupil size.
The lens is placed behind the iris. The perspective focuses light onto the retina by altering
shape. The lens becomes wider to concentrate on nearby objects and narrower to focus on
distant objects due to the action of little muscles called ciliary muscles.
The retina contains light-sensing cells (photoreceptors) as well as the blood vessels that
supply them. The macula, a small section of the retina with billions of densely packed
photoreceptors, is the most sensitive component of the retina (the type called cones). The
increased concentration of cones in the macula gives a precise visual impression, similar to
how megapixels increase in a high-resolution digital camera.
A nerve fibre connects each photoreceptor. The optic nerve is made up of nerve fibres from
photoreceptors that are packed together. The optic disc is located in the back of the eye and is
the first component of the optic nerve.
The image is translated into electrical signals by the photoreceptors in the retina, which are
transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. Photoreceptors are classified into two types:
cones and rods.
Cones, which are mostly found in the macula, are responsible for sharp, detailed centre vision
and colour vision.
Rods are in charge of night vision and peripheral (lateral) vision. Rods are more abundant and
much more sensitive to light as compared to cones, but they do not record colour or
contribute to detailed centre vision in the same way that cones do. Rods are primarily found
in the retina's periphery.
The eyeball is split into two portions, each of which contains fluid. The pressure created by
these fluids swells out the eyeball and aids in its preservation.
The anterior segment (front part) extends from the interior of the cornea to the outer surface
of the lens. It is filled with an aqueous humour fluid that nourishes the interior structures.
There are two chambers in the anterior section. The anterior (front) chamber goes from the
cornea to the iris. The posterior (rear) chamber runs from the iris to the lens. The aqueous
humour is normally created in the posterior segment, travels slowly past the pupil into the
anterior chamber, and eventually drains out of the eyeball via outflow channels placed where
the pupil is.
The back part (posterior segment) extends from the lens's back surface to the retina. It is
filled with a jelly-like fluid known as vitreous humour.[1]
VISION
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
Among the five senses used by the body to understand its surroundings is vision. Our
ancestors had "dichromatic vision," which allowed them to interpret only UV and red light.
About approximately 30 million years ago, the trichromatic part of vision begun to evolve
through the evolution of opsin genes. Humans are able to see black, white, red, green, and
blue, as well as the colours within this spectrum, because now the retina and brain are
equipped to differentiate them.
It is impossible to describe vision without first understanding the physical aspects of vision.
The eye receives the light, which is subsequently converted into energy. This energy enters
the optic nerve as a nerve impulse and travels to certain brain nuclei where it is processed.
The eye, like a camera, is made up of a set of lenses and gaps that focus images. It is made up
of the vitreous fluid, aqueous humour, crystalline lens, and cornea, each with its own
refractive index.
When light waves pass through a spherical lens, they focus into a focal point, which in the
eye is directed towards a single spot, the retina. To do this, the crystal lens must be dynamic
in structure. The lens is a capsule containing water and filamentous proteins that is stretched
when at rest. So, if we visualise this light wave passing through this stretched, very flat lens,
we may predict that the light will travel further into the eye due to the lower refraction index.
We can see objects well even if they are far away because they are projected further into the
retina with this crystalline arrangement. When we focus on a closer object, the lens must
change form to become more spherical in order for the light waves to merge into a closer
point. This is performed via the parasympathetic nervous system, which is in charge of
constricting fibres in the ciliary muscle. The crystalline lens becomes rounder when these
muscle fibres contract. For the accommodation reflex to function, all of these processes must
be intact.[2]
BLINDNESS
Blindness is defined as a loss of eyesight. It can also refer to visual loss that is not correctable
with contact lenses or glasses.
You have very restricted eyesight if you are partially blind.
You cannot comprehend anything and there is no light if you are completely blind. (The
majority of individuals who use the phrase "blindness" mean total blindness.)
The term "vision loss" refers to the half or whole vision loss. This loss of eyesight can occur
suddenly or gradually.
Most types of visual impairment never result in total blindness.
Vision loss can be caused by many reasons. Some of them are:

1. Accidental injuries on the surface of the eye.
2. Diabetes
3. Glaucoma
4. Macular degeneration
Whereas partial vision loss may differ depending upon the cause:
1. Vision may become cloudy or fuzzy and bright light may cause glare in case of
cataract.
2. Vision may be impaired, there may be shades or parts missing of vision, and seeing at
night may be difficult in case of diabetes.
3. There could be tunnel vision and blind spots in case of glaucoma.
4. The peripheral vision is normal, but the central vision is gradually deteriorating in
case of macular degeneration.
Other causes of eyesight loss include as follows:
1. Blood vessel occlusion
2. Premature birth complications (retrolental fibroplasia)
3. Eye surgery complications
4. sluggish vision
5. Stroke with optic neuritis
6. Pigmentosa retinitis
7. Retinoblastoma and optic glioma are two types of tumours.[3][4][5][6]
REFERENCE
1. James Garrity, Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels of the Eyes ,Mayo Clinic College of
Medicine and Science Last full review/revision Mar 2022| Content last modified
Sep 2022.
2. Sánchez López de Nava A, Somani AN, Salini B. Physiology, Vision. [Updated 2022
Jul 7]. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2022
Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538493/
3. Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM. Diseases of the visual system. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI,
eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 395.
4. Colenbrander A, Fletcher DC, Schoessow K. Vision rehabilitation. In: Kellerman RD,

Rakel DP, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2021. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2021:524-528.
5. Fricke TR, Tahhan N, Resnikoff S, et al, Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision
impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and
modelling. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1492-1499. PMID:
29753495 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753495/.
6. Olitsky SE, Marsh JD. Disorders of vision. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ,
Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia,
PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 639.

WPR 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WPR 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WPR 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT-2

Role of photo pharmacology in vision restoration

Vision loss can be caused by many reasons. Some of them are:

4. Colenbrander A, Fletcher DC, Schoessow K. Vision rehabilitation. In: Kellerman RD,

You might also like