CDI-6 (SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION)

PART 1

DIFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Preventive response- prevention through deterrence is sometimes achieved by arresting the criminal
and by aggressive prosecutions.

2. Recognition/ identification- it involves the effects of identifying data, including physical things that
may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.

3. Collection- this is act of gathering those identified data or facts or physical things that are significant
to the case under investigation.

4. Prevention- this is a function that is continuously performed during the collection stage. It includes act
of keeping the collected pieces of evidence in their true and original.
5. Evaluation- this is the process of the determining the probative value of collected pieces of evidence.

6. Probative value- refers to the evidence or its worth in successful establishing a proof that a crime has
in fact committed and that the suspect/ accuses is the one who is responsible for it.

7. Presentation- this function is primary manifested inside the court.

8. Physical evidence- is any solid, semi- solid or liquid materials that may aid in determining the truth
during the investigation.

9. Corpus deictic- objects or substance which is essential parts of the body of crime.

10. Associate evidence- evidence which links the suspects to the crime scene or offense

11. Tracing evidence- articles which assist the investigation in locating the suspects.

12. Movable evidence- which can be picked- up at the crime scene or any other location transported.
13. Fixed or immovable evidence- which cannot be readily removed from the crime scene because of its
size, shape or make up.

14. Crime scene search- is a location at which a suspect’s criminal offense has occurred.

15. Rough sketch- made by the investigator at the crime scene. Scale and proportion is ignored and
everything is approximated.

16. Finished sketch- made primary for court room presentation. Scale and proportion is observed.

17. Sketch of locality- gives the picture of the scene of the crime and its environs including such items as
neigh boring and roads leading to the location to the crime scene.

18. Sketch of the ground- pictures the scene of crime with its nearest physical surroundings, the
gardens, the number of the flooring of the building and others.

19. Sketch of details- describes the immediate scene only for instance the room in which the crime
scene was committed and the details.

20. Rectangular coordinate method- this employs the practice of measuring an object from two fixed
points of reference.
21. Triangulation method- it is the bird’s eye view of the scene, utilizing fixed objects from which to
measure. This is particularly useful for sketching outdoor crime scene where there are no easily
identifiable.

22. Cross projection method- it is used in indoor crime scenes. It is basically a top- down view of the
crime scene where the walls the of the room have been “folded” down to reveal locations of evidence.

23. Deductive approach- is done by assuming a theory on how and why was the crime committed and
then attempting to support it by collecting corroborative information.

24. Inductive approach- is done by collective information then carefully analyzing and evaluating them
to develop a theory of the crime.

25. Administrative worksheets- documentation of the major events times and movement relating to the
search efforts.

26. Narrative description- documentation of the general appearance of the scene as first observed.

27. Photographic log- documentation of the process of scene photography which records the over- all
medium.
28. Diagram/ sketch- documentation of the physical evidence locations, as well as measurement
showing pertinent size and distance, relationship in the crime scene area.

29. Evidence recovery log- documentation of the recognition, collection, marking and packaging of
physical evidence for administrative and chain of custody purpose.

30. Latent print lift log- documentation of the recognition, collection and marking and packaging of lift
made of latent print discovered at the scene.

31. Criminal investigator- a person who is in charge with the duty of carrying out the objectives of
criminal investigation.

32. Homicide investigation- it is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and circumstances
surrounding the death of the person which is expected to be criminal or unlawful.

33. Necropsy report- it is a document stating the cause of death of victim.

34. Recording notes- notes that are gathered in chronological order corresponding to the investigative
steps or receipt of the information.
35. Contusion- an injury found in the substance if the skin, discoloration of the surface due to the
extravasations of blood. This is due to the application of blunt instrument.

36. Abrasion- an injury characterized by the removable of the superficial epithelial layer of the skin
brought about by the friction against a hard rough surface.

37. Hematoma- this is the extravasations of blood in the newly formed cavity.

38. Incised wounds- this is produced by forcible contact on the body by sharp edged instrument like
bolos, knives, axe, broken glass or sharp edge of oyster.

39. Stab wounds- this is produced by the application of a sharp instrument which is edge and sharp
pointed.

40. Punctured wounds- this is produced by sharp pointed instrument like ice picks, nails pins, etc.

41. Lacerated declaration- made by the tearing of the skin due to forcible contact a blunt instrument.
42. Dying declaration- made by the person under a consciousness or an impending death regarding the
cause and surrounding of the injury which subsequently produces his death.

43. Battered child syndrome- the clinical term commonly used to describe physically abused children.

44. Child abuse- it is an act that endangers or impairs a child emotional health and development.

45. Child pornography- the sexual explicit reproduction of a child’s image, including sexually explicit
photographs, negatives, slides, magazines, movies, videographer and computer disks.

46. Domestic abuse- the form of a conflict between married persons, the abuse may be directed
towards children.

47. Mushroom factor- diligent investigation of child molester likely to lead to exposure of a network of
paedophiles.

48. Pedophilia (chicken hawks) - it is sexual perversion in which children are the preferred sexual object.

49. Ambush- it is the least planned of all and is based on the element of surprise.
50. Selection raid- it involves a minimum of planning but some casing of the robbery scene.

51. Planned operation-it is the carefully structured and the robbery group examines all aspects of the
situation.

52. Amadeus- type of robbers motivated by greed, want, the desire for a thrill, or need for self-testing.

53. Professionals- type of robbers describe as those persons who worked at robbery as a trade making it
their living and having no other means of income.

-Kalashnikov

CRIMSOC

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

JUVENILE WELFARE LAWS

Important Provisions of PD 603

PD 603 THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE

- approved on 10 December 1974

- effectivity date is June 10, 1975 (six months after approval)

- shall apply to persons under eighteen (18) years of age

PARENTAL AUTHORITY (PATRIA POTESTAS)

- the sum total of the rights of the parents over the person and property of their child

- the exercise of which has no distinction between a legitimate and an illegitimate child

- the father and the mother shall exercise jointly just and reasonable parental authority and
responsibility over their legitimate or adopted children

- in case of death of either parent, the surviving parent shall exercise sole parental authority

- in case of disagreement, the father's decision shall prevail unless there is a judicial order to the
contrary

PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY

- the sum total of the duties and obligations of parents over their minor children

LIABILITIES OF PARENTS

- parents and guardians are responsible for the damage or injury cause by the child under their parental
authority

LEGAL CUSTODY

- in case of separation of parents, no child under Seven (7) years of age shall be separated from his
mother unless the court decides otherwise

GUARDIANSHIP
- a trust relation of the most sacred character, in which one person, called a guardian, acts for another,
called a ward, regarded as incapable of managing his own affairs

SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL AUTHORITY

- in case of absence or death of both parents, substitute parental authority shall be given to the
following, in order of priority:

1. Grandparents

2. Oldest brother or sister at least 21 years of age

3. Relative who has actual custody of the child/ guardian duly appointed by the court

COMMENCEMENT OF CIVIL PERSONALITY

- the Civil Personality of the child shall commence from the MOMENT OF CONCEPTION

A1-T

PART 1 PA LANG PO YAN 😄

CRIMSOC PART 2

CIVIL PERSONALITY

- Legally defined as the external manifestation of either juridical capacity or capacity to act

-the aptitude of being the subject, active or passive, of rights and obligation (Civil Code of the
Philippines)

- this means that a person is recognized as a person with rights the moment he is conceived in the
womb of his mother

- he already had the right to be born and the right to live

CONCEPTION

- start of life
- the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell

- also called the process of fertilization

ABORTION

- the expulsion of the fetus from the mother's womb

KINDS OF ABORTION

1.) CRIMINAL ABORTION

- classified as intentional or unintentional as provided by the Revised Penal Code

- punishable by law

2.) THERAPEUTIC ABORTION

- recommended and performed by a certified physician when there are health risks and complications

- not punishable by law

CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN

1. DEPENDENT

- one who is without a parent, guardian or other custodian for good cause desire to be relieved of his
care and custody and his dependent upon the public support

2.) ABANDONED

- one who had no proper parental cate guardianship or whose parents or guardians have deserted him
for a period of at least 6 consecutive months (PD603)

- refers to a child who has no proper parental care or guardianship, or whose parents have deserted him
or her for a period of at least three continuous months (RA 9523)

3.) NEGLECTED

- one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or inadequately attended

- a child is unattended when left by himself without provision for his needs and without proper
supervision
- neglect may occur in two ways:

a. Physical neglect- malnourishment, untidy and damaged clothing, no shelter

B. Emotional neglect- maltreated, raped, seduced, abuse, exploited, made to work under conditions not
conducive to good health or placed in moral and physical danger

4. MENTALLY-RETARDED

- Socially incompetent, socially inadequate, occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their
own affairs

- mentally sub-abnormal

- retarded intellectually from birth or early age

- retarded maturity

-through heredity or disease

- essentially incurable

5. PHYSICALLY- HANDICAPPED

- crippled, deaf-muted, blind and other conditions which restrict their means of action or
communication with others

6. EMOTIONALLY- DISTURBED

- Those who are unable to maintain social relations with others and the community in general due to
emotional problems or complexes

7. MENTALLY-ILL

-With behavioral disorder, wether functional or organic, which is of such a degree of severity as to
require professional help or hospitalization

8. DISABLED- includes mentally retarded, physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed and mentally ill
children

A1-T 😁

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION

➢ Juvenile delinquency is an anti-social behavior or act which differs from the normal model of set of
laws and parameters, culture, custom which society in broad-spectrum does not conform.

➢ Juvenile delinquency generally refers to youth behavior which is against the norms and regulations of
society, which if left unchecked would give rise to criminality.

➢ The juvenile justice system attempts to treat and rehabilitate children who become involved in
delinquency. The methods can be categorized as residential, community, non-residential and
institutional treatment.

➢ Community treatment involves placing the child on probation. When the child is not assumed to be
harmful to others, he or she is placed under the supervision of an officer of the juvenile court and must
abide by the specific rules that are worked out between the officer and the child. Community treatment
also takes the form of restitution also known as restorative justice, in which the child reimburses the
victim either through direct payment or through some form of work or public service.

➢ Residential treatment takes place in a group home where the juvenile is provided with psychological
and vocational counseling. Other forms of residential treatment consist of rural programs such as
forestry camps and work farms. Youngsters placed in non-residential community-based treatment
programs do not dwell at the facility; instead they live at home and receive treatment from mental
health clinics or similar services.

➢ Institutionalization is the most severe form of treatment for juvenile offenders. The child offender is
incarcerated in a secure facility and denied freedom to come and go in the community. The institution is
responsible for the child's education, counseling, recreation, room and board, and other daily activities.

➢ Children were treated as non-persons until the 1700's. They did not receive special treatment or
respect. Discipline at that time is what we now describe as abuse. There was some major theory about
life before the 1700's. The first assumption is that life was difficult, and you had to be fierce to survive.

➢ Marriages were more for convenience, rather than for child-bearing or romance. The second notion
was that infant and child mortality were high. It did not make sense to the parents in those days to
create an emotional bond with children.
➢ The beginning of Childhood. At the end of the 18th century, "The Enlightenment" appeared as a new
cultural transition. This period of history is sometimes known as the beginning of humanism and reason.
People began to see children as flowers, which needed fostering in order to bloom. It was the invention
of childhood, love and nurturing instead of beatings to stay in line.

➢ The youth had finally begun to emerge as a distinct group. It started with the upper-class, who was
permitted to attend colleges and universities.

Classification of Delinquent Youth:

➢ Accidental Delinquent Youth – Less identifiable in personality and temperament, essentially a law
abiding citizen but happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. This may be credited to peer
pressure or pure curiosity on the part of the young person.

➢ Asocial Delinquent Youth – Children whose acts are manifested by vile, cruel and atrocious acts and
conduct for which they feel no remorse.

➢ Neurotic Delinquent Youth – The anti-social behavior of the youth is a direct result of internal conflict
and pre-occupation with his own emotion and mood.

➢ Social Delinquent Youth – Refers to aggressive teens who resents authority, whether be it parental,
school regulations or ordinances and laws passed by the proper legislative authorities. The most
common reason for such dislike is focused on anyone who tries to control their conduct.

➢ Biogenic Approach – This view gives an explanation that law violations and delinquency is a result of
some physical defects. It advocates that youth misconduct is a direct result of faulty biology. Hence the
support from family members, friends and acceptance of the community may solve the problem on
delinquency.
➢ Psychogenic Approach – This argues that the critical factors in delinquency are personality problems,
to which the misbehavior is presumed to be the response. This advocates the use of counseling to curtail
juvenile misbehavior.

➢ Sociogenic Approach – Ascribes the distinction and variation and delinquency pattern to social
structures. The youth misdeed may be attributed to their learning process cultured in on youth gangs,
stigmatizing contacts with governmental and social control agencies and other similar variables.

➢ Anti-social behavior – it may be best characterized by disobedience and disrespect for authority.

➢ Truancy – Students failing to attend their classes for 20 days without any reasonable cause. This may
be attributed to the school’s proximity to place of vices, unattractive school life, failing grades, strict and
unreasonable mentors, family and domestic problems; fear of school bullies and fear of punishment.

➢ Vagrancy – Refers to children who are unable to cope with their family life and chooses to leave the
family home. This is a direct result of Feeble-mindedness, disagreeable home conditions, broken homes
and misdirected fancy for adventures.

➢ Emotional disorders – Such misbehaviors is related to fear reactions, temper tantrums and jealousy
reactions.

➢ Lying – The penchant for not telling the truth clearly manifest that the following are lacking: love,
security, attention, respect, acceptance, praise and happiness.

➢ Stealing – This criminal act comes from loose morals in the home, lack of economic security wherein
the parents are unable to provide for the needs of their children, undisciplined desire for possession and
pleasure seeking and parental indifference.

➢ Predisposing factors- Internal propensities which may not be considered as a criminal act unless the
attempt was made.
➢ Precipitating factors- Refers to conditions and elements which provokes crimes or factors such as
personal problems, curiosity, ignorance, necessities and diseases.

➢ FAMILY – The basic unit of society, whose main responsibility is to provide the basic necessities of the
child as well as to give emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social basic to its members
particularly the children and the primary social agency tasked with the significant task of rearing the
youth.

➢ The factors which may be lead to juvenile delinquency:

o Faulty development of the child

o Lack of parental guidance

o Parental rejection

o Broken homes

o Lack of love

o Unfair treatment

o Too harsh discipline by either or both of the parents

o Too lenient discipline by either or both of the parents

o Parent’s indifference to their child

➢ Joint Parental Authority. - The father and mother shall exercise jointly just and reasonable parental
authority and responsibility over their legitimate or adopted children.

➢ In case of the absence or death of either parent, the present or surviving parent shall continue to
exercise parental authority over such children, unless in case of the surviving parent's remarriage, the
court, for justifiable reasons, appoints another person as guardian.

➢ Grandparents. - Grandparents shall be consulted on important family questions but they shall not
interfere in the exercise of parental authority by the parents.
➢ Absence or Death of Parents. - Grandparents and in their default, the oldest brother or sister who is
at least eighteen years of age, or the relative who has actual custody of the child, shall exercise parental
authority in case of absence or death of both parents, unless a guardian has been appointed by the
court.

➢ Guardian. - The court may, upon the death of the parents, appoint a guardian for the person and
property of the child, on petition of any relative or friend of the family or the DSWD

➢ Environment – The culture, norms and behavior of the child’s surroundings may very well influence
the upbringing of the child especially throughout their formative years and such misbehaviors learned
will definitely be carried out until a child’s maturity or entrance to the adolescent world.

➢ Behavior modification by means of imitation as brought about by the environment are as follows:

o Rampant drug addiction

o Vices such as gambling and alcoholism

o Association with criminal groups and gangs

o Impulse of fear and resentment

o Crime inducing situations and presence of hazards

o Attractive nuisances prevalent in the environment

➢ Schools – Learning institutions are vital to proper child development, it represents the child’s second
home and represents the instrument for the training of young persons which should provide goals,
values and academic growth which will be necessary to transform the raw mind of the child to be able to
bring them up as productive, law abiding and responsible citizen of the republic. Instances of deviant
conduct of children attributed to the school inadequacy are as follows:

o Truancy

o Membership in fraternities and sororities

o Lack of facilities for curricular and extra-curricular activities.

o Failure of the mentors in character development of the students

o Methods being used which create the conditions of frustration and failure on the part of the students.

o Corruption

➢ Classifications of Child and Youth Welfare Agencies. - Public and private child welfare agencies
providing encouragement, care, and protection to any category of children and youth whether mentally
gifted, dependent, abandoned, neglected, abused, handicapped, disturbed, or youthful offenders shall
be coordinated by the DSWD.

➢ A child-caring institution is one that provides twenty-four resident group care service for the physical,
mental, social and spiritual well-being of nine or more mentally gifted, dependent, abandoned,
neglected, handicapped or disturbed children, or youthful offenders. An institution, whose primary
purpose is education, is deemed to be a child-caring institution when nine or more of its pupils or wards
in the ordinary course of events do not return annually to the homes of their parents or guardians for at
least two months of summer vacation.

➢ A detention home is a twenty-four hour child-caring institution providing short term resident care for
youthful offenders who are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or
jurisdiction.

➢ A shelter-care institution is one that provides temporary protection and care to children requiring
emergency reception as a result of fortuitous events, abandonment by parents, dangerous conditions of
neglect or cruelty in the home, being without adult care because of crisis in the family, or a court order
holding them as material witnesses.

➢ Receiving homes are family-type homes which provides temporary shelter from ten to twenty days
for children who shall during this period be under observation and study for eventual placement by the
DSWD. The number of children in a receiving home shall not at any time exceed nine: Provided, that no
more than two of them shall be under three years of age.

➢ A nursery is a child-caring institution that provides care for six or more children below six years of age
for all or part of a twenty-four hour day, except those duly licensed to offer primarily medical and
educational services.
➢ A maternity home is an institution or place of residence whose primary function is to give shelter and
care to pregnant women and their infants before, during and after delivery.

➢ A rehabilitation center is an institution that receives and rehabilitates youthful offenders or other
disturbed children.

➢ A reception and study center is an institution that receives for study, diagnosis, and temporary
treatment, children who have behavioral problems for the purpose of determining the appropriate care
for them or recommending their permanent treatment or rehabilitation in other child welfare agencies.

➢ A child-placing agency is an institution or person assuming the care, custody, protection and
maintenance of children for placement in any child-caring institution or home or under the care and
custody of any person or persons for purposes of adoption, guardianship or foster care. The relatives of
such child or children within the sixth degree of consanguinity or affinity are excluded from this
definition.

➢ Who May Adopt. - Any person of age and in full possession of his civil rights may adopt: Provided, that
he is in a position to support and care for his legitimate, legitimated, acknowledged natural children, or
natural children by legal fiction, or other illegitimate children, in keeping with the means, both material
and otherwise, of the family. In all cases of adoption the adopter must be at least fifteen years older
than the person to be adopted.

➢ Who May Not Adopt. - The following persons may not adopt:

o A married person without the written consent of the spouse;

o The guardian with respect to the ward prior to final approval of his accounts;

o Any person who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude;
o An alien who is disqualified to adopt according to the laws of his own country or one with whose
government the Republic of the Philippines has broken diplomatic relations.

➢ Employment of Children Below Sixteen Years. - Children below sixteen years of age may be employed
to perform light work which is not harmful to their safety, health or normal development and which is
not prejudicial to their studies.

Special Categories of Children:

➢ A dependent child is one who is without a parent, guardian or custodian; or one whose parents,
guardian or other custodian for good cause desires to be relieved of his care and custody; and is
dependent upon the public for support.

➢ An abandoned child is one who has no proper parental care or guardianship, or whose parents or
guardians have deserted him for a period of at least six continuous months.

➢ A neglected child is one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or inadequately
attended.

➢ There is a physical neglect when the child is malnourished, ill clad and without proper shelter. A child
is unattended when left by himself without provisions for his needs and/or without proper supervision.

➢ Emotional neglect exists: when children are maltreated, raped or seduced; when children are
exploited, overworked or made to work under conditions not conducive to good health; or are made to
beg in the streets or public places, or when children are in moral danger, or exposed to gambling,
prostitution and other vices.

➢ Mentally retarded children are (1) socially incompetent, that is, socially inadequate and
occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their own affairs; (2) mentally subnormal; (3)
retarded intellectually from birth or early age; (4) retarded at maturity; (5) mentally deficient as a result
of constitutional origin, through hereditary or disease, and (6) essentially incurable.

➢ Mental Retardation is divided into four classifications:

o Custodial Group. The members of this classification are severely or profoundly retarded, hence, the
least capable group. This includes those with I.Q.s to 25.

o Trainable Group. The members of this group consist of those with I.Q.s from about 25 to about 50; one
who belongs to this group shows a mental level and rate of development which is 1/4 to 1/2 that of the
average child, is unable to acquire higher academic skills, but can usually acquire the basic skills for living
to a reasonable degree. He can likewise attain a primary grade level of education if he receives effective
instruction.

o Educable Group. This group's I.Q. ranges from about 50 to about 75, and the intellectual development
is approximately 1/2 to 3/4 of that expected of a normal child of the same chronological age. The degree
of success or accomplishment that they will reach in life depends very much on the quality and type of
education they receive, as well as on the treatment at home and in the community. Many of the
educable retardates may reach 5th or 6th grade educational level and can develop occupational skills
which may result in partial or complete economic independence in adulthood.

o Borderline or Low Normal Group. This is the highest group of mentally retarded, with I.Q.s from about
75 to about 89. The members of this classification are only slightly retarded and they can usually get by
in regular classes if they receive some extra help, guidance and consideration. They have to spend much
more time with their studies than do most children in order to pass. Those who cannot make it are
usually handicapped by one or more other conditions aside from that of intelligence.

➢ Physically handicapped children are those who are crippled, deaf-mute, blind, or otherwise defective
which restricts their means of action on communication with others.

➢ Emotionally disturbed children are those who, although not afflicted with insanity or mental defect,
are unable to maintain normal social relations with others and the community in general due to
emotional problems or complexes.
➢ Mentally ill children are those with any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, which is of
such a degree of severity as to require professional help or hospitalization.

➢ Child exploitation in prostitution refers to children exploited in prostitution or other sexual abuse who
engage in sexual intercourse or lascivious act for reward of any nature or due to any nature of influence
by an adult.

➢ Child Trafficking. Any person who shall engage in trading and dealing with children including, but not
limited to, the act of buying and selling of a child for money, or for any other consideration, or barter,
shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua. The penalty shall be imposed in its
maximum period when the victim is under twelve (12) years of age.

➢ Attempt to Commit Child Trafficking. There is an attempt to commit child trafficking:

o When a child travels alone to a foreign country without valid reason therefor and without clearance
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Development or written permit or justification from the
child’s parents or legal guardian;

o When a pregnant mother executes an affidavit of consent for adoption for a consideration;

o When a person agency, establishment or child-caring institution recruits women or couples to bear
children for the purpose of child trafficking;

o When a doctor, hospital or clinic official or employee, nurse, midwife, local civil registrar or any other
person simulates birth for the purpose of child trafficking; or

o When a person engages in the act of finding children among low-income families, hospitals, clinics,
nurseries, day-care centers, or other child-caring institutions who can be offered for the purpose of child
trafficking. A penalty lower by two (2) degrees than that prescribed for the consummated felony shall
be imposed upon the principals of the attempt to commit child trafficking.
➢ Who may file a complaint? A complainant of any unlawful act as described in RA 7610 may be filed in
the following:

o Offended party;

o Parents or guardians ;

o Ascendant or collateral relative within the third degree of consanguinity;

o Officer, social worker or representative of a licensed child caring institution;

o Officer or social worker of the DSWD

o Barangay Chairman; or

o At least three concerned responsible citizens where the violation occurred.

➢ Reporting. A person who learns the facts or circumstances that give rise to the belief that a child has
suffered abuse may report the same either orally, or in writing, to the DSWD, the Police or other law
enforcement agency or a barangay council for the protection of children.

➢ Mandatory reporting. The head of any public or private hospital, medical clinic and similar
institutions, as well as the attending physician and nurse, shall report whether orally or in writing, to the
DSWD the examination and/or treatment of a child who appears to have suffered abuse within 48 hours
from knowledge of the same.

➢ Government workers duty to report. It shall be the duty of all teachers and administrators in public
school, probation officers, government lawyers, law enforcement officers, Barangay Officials, corrections
officers and other government officials and employees whose work involves dealing with children to
report all incidents of possible child abuse to the DSWD.

➢ Pertinent Provisions of the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006:

➢ Best Interest of the Child refers to the totality of the circumstances and conditions which are most
congenial to the survival, protection and feelings of security of the child and most encouraging to the
child’s physical, psychological and emotional development. It also means the least detrimental available
alternative for safeguarding the growth and development of the child.

➢ Child refers to a person under the age of eighteen (18) years.

➢ Child at Risk refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal offenses
because of personal, family and social circumstances, such as, but not limited to, the following:

o being abused by any person through sexual, physical, psychological, mental, economic or any other
means and the parents or guardian refuse, are unwilling, or unable to provide protection for the child;

o being exploited including sexually or economically;

o being abandoned or neglected, and after diligent search and inquiry the parent or guardian cannot be
found;

o coming from a dysfunctional or broken family or without a parent or guardian;

o being out of school;

o being a street child;

o being a member of a gang;

o living in a community with a high level of criminality or drug abuse; and

o living in situations of armed conflict.

➢ Child in Conflict with the Law refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense under Philippine laws.

➢ Community-based Programs refers to the programs provided in a community setting developed for
purposes of intervention and diversion, as well as rehabilitation of the child in conflict with the law, for
reintegration into his/her family and/or community.

➢ Court refers to a family court or, in places where there are no family courts, any regional trial court.

➢ Deprivation of Liberty refers to any form of detention or imprisonment, or to the placement of a child
in conflict with the law in a public or private custodial setting, from which the child in conflict with the
law is not permitted to leave at will by order of any judicial or administrative authority.

➢ Diversion refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of determining the responsibility and

treatment of a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his/her social, cultural, economic,
psychological or educational background without resorting to formal court proceedings.

➢ Diversion Program refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo
after he/she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings.

➢ Initial Contact With the Child refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict
with the law by law enforcement officers or private citizens. It includes the time when the child alleged
to be in conflict with the law receives a subpoena under Section 3(b) of Rule 112 of the Revised Rules of
Criminal Procedure or summons under Section 6(a) or Section 9(b) of the same Rule in cases that do not
require preliminary investigation or where there is no necessity to place the child alleged to be in
conflict with the law under immediate custody.

➢ Intervention refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child
to commit an offense. It may take the form of an individualized treatment program which may include
counseling, skills training, education, and other activities that will enhance his/her psychological,
emotional and psycho-social well-being.
➢ Juvenile Justice and Welfare System refers to a system dealing with children at risk and children in
conflict with the law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings, including programs and services for
prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to ensure their normal growth and
development.

➢ Recognizance refers to an undertaking in lieu of a bond assumed by a parent or custodian who shall
be responsible for the appearance in court of the child in conflict with the law, when required.

➢ Restorative Justice refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and the community. It seeks to obtain reparation for
the victim; reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the community; and reassurance to the
offender that he/she can be reintegrated into society. It also enhances public safety by activating the
offender, the victim and the community in prevention strategies.

➢ Status Offenses refers to offenses which discriminate only against a child, while an adult does not
suffer any penalty for committing similar acts. These shall include curfew violations, truancy, parental
disobedience and the like.

➢ Youth Detention Home refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution managed by accredited local
government units (LGUs) and licensed and/or accredited non-government organizations (NGOs)
providing short-term residential care for children in conflict with the law who are awaiting court
disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or jurisdiction.

➢ Youth Rehabilitation Center refers to a 24-hour residential care facility managed by the Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), LGUs, licensed and/or accredited NGOs monitored by the
DSWD, which provides care, treatment and rehabilitation services for children in conflict with the law.
Rehabilitation services are provided under the guidance of a trained staff where residents are cared for
under a structured therapeutic environment with the end view of reintegrating them into their families
and communities as socially functioning individuals. Physical mobility of residents of said centers may be
restricted pending court disposition of the charges against them.

➢ Victimless Crimes refer to offenses where there is no private offended party.

➢ The State further adopts the provisions of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice or “Beijing Rules”, United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of
Juvenile Delinquency or the “Riyadh Guidelines”, and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of
Juveniles Deprived of Liberty.

➢ Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility. – A child fifteen (15) years of age or under at the time of the
commission of the offense shall be exempt from criminal liability. However, the child shall be subjected
to an intervention program.

➢ A child above fifteen (15) years but below eighteen (18) years of age shall likewise be exempt from
criminal liability and be subjected to an intervention program, unless he/she has acted with
discernment, in which case, such child shall be subjected to the appropriate proceedings in accordance
with the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act.

➢ The exemption from criminal liability established does not include exemption from civil liability, which
shall be enforced in accordance with existing laws.

➢ Determination of Age. – The child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the presumption of minority.
He/She shall enjoy all the rights of a child in conflict with the law until he/she is proven to be eighteen
(18) years old or older. The age of a child may be determined from the child’s birth certificate, baptismal
certificate or any other pertinent documents. In the absence of these documents, age may be based on
information from the child himself/herself, testimonies of other persons, the physical appearance of the
child and other relevant evidence. In case of doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be resolved in
his/her favor.

➢ Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council (JJWC) – A Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council (JJWC) is created
and attached to the Department of Justice and placed under its administrative supervision. The JJWC
shall be chaired by an undersecretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development.

➢ Initial Contact with the Child. Procedure for Taking the Child into Custody. – From the moment a child
is taken into custody, the law enforcement officer shall:
o Explain to the child in simple language and in a dialect that he/she can understand why he/she is being
placed under custody and the offense that he/she allegedly committed;

o Inform the child of the reason for such custody and advise the child of his/her constitutional rights in a
language or dialect understood by him/her;

o Properly identify himself/herself and present proper identification to the child;

o Refrain from using vulgar or profane words and from sexually harassing or abusing, or making sexual
advances on the child in conflict with the law;

o Avoid displaying or using any firearm, weapon, handcuffs or other instruments of force or restraint,
unless absolutely necessary and only after all other methods of control have been exhausted and have
failed;

o Refrain from subjecting the child in conflict with the law to greater restraint than is necessary for
his/her apprehension;

o Avoid violence or unnecessary force;

o Determine the age of the child;

o Immediately but not later than eight (8) hours after apprehension, turn over custody of the child to
the social welfare and development office or other accredited non-government organizations, and notify
the child’s parents/guardians and Public Attorney’s Office of the child’s apprehension. The social welfare
and development officer shall explain to the child and the child’s parents/guardians the consequences of
child’s act with a view towards counseling and rehabilitation, diversion from the criminal justice system,
and reparation, if appropriate;
o Take the child immediately to the proper medical and health officer for a thorough physical and
mental examination. The examination results shall be kept confidential unless otherwise ordered by the
Family Court. Whenever the medical treatment is required, steps shall be immediately undertaken to
provide the same;

o Ensure that should detention of the child in conflict with the law be necessary, the child shall be
secured in quarters separate from that of the opposite sex and adult offenders;

➢ After the initial investigation, the local social worker conducting the same may do either of the
following:

o Proceed in accordance with Section 20 if the child is fifteen (15) years or below or above fifteen (15)
but below eighteen (18) years old, who acted without discernment; and

o If the child is above fifteen (15) years old but below eighteen (18) and who acted with discernment,
proceed to diversion.

➢ System of Diversion. – Children in conflict with the law shall undergo diversion programs without
undergoing court proceedings subject to the conditions herein provided:

o Where the imposable penalty for the crime committed is not more than six (6) years imprisonment,
the law enforcement officer or Punong Barangay with the assistance of the local social welfare
development officer or other members of the LCPC shall conduct mediation, family conferencing and
conciliation and, where appropriate, adopt indigenous modes of conflict resolution in accordance with
the best interest of the child with a view to accomplishing the objectives of restorative justice and the
formulation of a diversion program. The child and his/her family shall be present in these activities.

o In victimless crimes where the imposable penalty is not more than six (6) years imprisonment, the
local social welfare and development officer shall meet with the child and his/her parents or guardians
for the development of the appropriate diversion and rehabilitation program, in coordination with the
BCPC;
o Where the imposable penalty for the crime committed exceeds six (6) years imprisonment, diversion
measures may be resorted to only by the court.

➢ Stages Where Diversion May be Conducted. – Diversion may be conducted at the Katarungang
Pambarangay, the police investigation or the inquest or preliminary investigation stage and at all levels
and phases of the proceedings including judicial level.

➢ Conferencing, Mediation and Conciliation. - A child in conflict with law may undergo conferencing,
mediation or conciliation outside the criminal justice system or prior to his entry into said system. A
contract of diversion may be entered into during such conferencing, mediation or conciliation
proceedings.

➢ Contract of Diversion. – If during the conferencing, mediation or conciliation, the child voluntarily
admits the commission of the act, a diversion program shall be developed when appropriate and
desirable as determined. Such admission shall not be used against the child in any subsequent judicial,
quasi-judicial or administrative proceedings.

➢ The diversion program shall be effective and binding if accepted by the parties concerned. The
acceptance shall be in writing and signed by the parties concerned and the appropriate authorities.

➢ The local social welfare and development officer shall supervise the implementation of the diversion
program.

➢ The diversion proceedings shall be completed within forty-five (45) days.

➢ The period of prescription of the offense shall be suspended until the completion of the diversion
proceedings but not to exceed forty-five (45) days.

➢ The child shall present himself/herself to the competent authorities that imposed the diversion
program at least once a month for reporting and evaluation of the effectiveness of the program.
➢ The document transmitting said records shall display the word “CHILD” in bold letters.

➢ Children in Conflict with the Law Fifteen (15) Years Old and Below. – Upon effectivity of this Act, cases
of children fifteen (15) years old and below at the time of the commission of the crime shall immediately
be dismissed and the child shall be referred to the appropriate local social welfare and development
officer.

➢ Such officer, upon thorough assessment of the child, shall determine whether to release the child to
the custody of his/her parents, or refer the child to prevention programs as provided under this Act.
Those with suspended sentences and undergoing rehabilitation at the youth rehabilitation center shall
likewise be released, unless it is contrary to the best interest of the child.

➢ Children Detained Pending Trial. – If the child is detained pending trial, the Family Court shall also
determine whether or not continued detention is necessary and, if not, determine appropriate
alternatives for detention.

➢ If detention is necessary and he/she is detained with adults, the court shall immediately order the
transfer of the child to a youth detention home.

➢ Children Who Reach the Age of Eighteen (18) Years Pending Diversion and Court Proceedings. – If a
child reaches the age of eighteen (18) years pending diversion and court proceedings, the appropriate
diversion authority in consultation with local social welfare and development officer or the Family Court
in consultation with the Social Services and Counseling Division (SSCD) of the Supreme Court, as the case
may be, shall determine the appropriate disposition.

-kalashnikov

criminal law p-11

piracy: robbery or forcible depredation on the high seas without lawful authority and done with animo
furandi.
praeter intentionem: when the injurious result is greater than tgat intended or the act exceeds the
intent.

preparatory acts: initial acts of a person who has conceived the idea of committing the crime but which
cannot by themselves logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense.

principals: person who is present at and participated in the crime charged or who induces an innocent
agent to commit the crime.

principal by direct participation: who take direct part in the execution of criminal act.

probable cause: reasons supported by circumstances and facts as will warrant a cautious man in the
belief that his action and means taken prosecuting it are legally just and proper.

proposal: act of a person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to some other
person or persons.

provocation: unjust or improper conduct or act of the offended party capable of irritating, exciting, and
inciting any person.

proximate cause: refers to natural, unbroken consequence by any efficient intervening cause which
produces the injury without which the result would not have occured.

public authority: referred to as person in authority is a public officer wbo is directly vested with
jurisdiction that is a public officer who has the power to govern and execute the laws.

quasi recidivism: person shall commit felony after having been convicted by final judgement, while
serving his sentence shall be punished by the maximum penalty prescribed by law for the new felony.
rank: refers to high social position or standing as a grade in the armed forces, or to a graded official
standing or social position or station.

rape: unlawful sexual intercourse wihtout the consent of the other.

reformation: object of punishment in criminal cases is to correct and reform the offender.

reparation: replacement or repair of an object or anh valuable item damaged in the commission of the
crime

responsibility: implies that the person must take the consequences of such deed or the obligation of
suffering the consequences of crime.

restitution: payment or restoration as a condition of sentence the thing or property which was affected
by the commission of the crime.

search: means to go over or look through the purpose of finding something.

seduction: act of placing in the control of someone a thing to give him the possession thereof.

simple seduction:, seduction of single , widow, or woman of good repute ,over twelve years of age but
under eighteen by means of deceit.

slander by deed: offense against honor which is committed by performing any act which causes
discredit, dishonor , or contempt upon persons.
subjective phase: portion of executing a crime starting from the point where the offender begins to that
point where he has still control over his acts including natural course.

sufficient provocation: threat on the part of the offended party immediately preceded that act which
should be proportionate to the act of aggression and adequate to stir the aggressor to its commission.

suicide: deliberate termination or destruction of one's own life.

territoriality: characteristic of penal law which asserts that criminal law as a rule is enforceable within a
sovereign states territory.

theft: unlawful act of any person who takes personal property belonging to another, without the owners
consent with intent to gain but without force violence or intimidation.

trade name: designation or name distinguishing or identifying an enterprise.

treachery: willfull and deliberate betrayal of trust or confidence.

treason: breach of alligeance to the govt. committed by person not being a foreigner who owns
allegeance to it.

tumultuous affray: intetruption or disturbance committed by more than three armed persons and
provided with means of violence.

uninhabited place: area here there are no house at all or a place ag considerable distance from town.

unjust vexation: cimmitted without violence but which unjustifiably annoys or vexes an innocent person
person amounts to light coercion.
criminal law p-10

less grave felonies: those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are
correctional, such as prision correccional and arresto mayor.

levies war: it requires that there must be an actual assembly of man for the purpose of executing a
treason design by force.

lewd design: demonstrated by lascivious acts performed by the offender on her. this crime does not
involve sexual intercourse. LEWD DESIGN DOES NOT INVOLVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

libel: public and malicious imputation of a vice, crime or defect which tends to dishonor, discredit a
natural person or blacken the memory of the dead.

light coercion: unlawful act of any person who by means of violence shall seize anything belonging to his
debtor for the purpose of applying the same to the payment of the debt.

light felonies: infractions of law fo the commission which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding 200 pesos or both. punishable when consumated with the exception of those committed
against person and property.

light threat: act of any person who shall intimidate or pressure another with the infliction upon honor,
person, property of the latter or his family of any wrong not constituting a crime.

mala inse: wrongful and inherently immoral act from their nature generally defined and penalized by the
RPC.
Mala Prohibita: commonly to acts made criminalby virtue of special laws.

Malfeasance: performance of some acts which ought not to be done.

malice: intention to do an injury to another.

malicious mischief: willfull damaging of another's property for the purpose of causing damage due to
revenge, hate or other evil motive.

malversation: applied to all offenses committed in the exercise of the performance of duty such as
embezzlement, larceny, and corruption.

maritime zone: 3 mile limit beyond pur shore measured at low tide.

Mens Rea: guilty mind.

minor coins: below 10 centavo domination

Misfeasance: improper performance of some act which is ought to be done.

misprision to treason: concealment of a person owing allegiance to a country knowledge regarding

conspiracy to committ treason.

mistake of facts: misapprehension of detail and reality on the part of the person caused the injury.
makes the person not criminally liable by reason of the absence of criminal intent.

motive: moving power which implies one action for a definite result.

muitilation: act of lopping or the clipping off some parts of the body.
mutiny: unlawful resistance to a superior officer, or raising of commotion or disturbance on board a ship
against the authority of the commander.

negligence: lack of foresight.

neutrality: nation power which takes no part in a contest between others.

nonfeasance: ommission of some act which ought to be performed.

oath: form of attestation by which a person signifies thatbis bound in conscience to perform an act
truthfully and faithfully.

objective phase: offender has no more control over the same. all acts of execution have been performed
by him .

ommission: failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do, otherwise known as inaction.

overt act: physical activity or deed.

parricide: unlawful killing of father, mother, child.

penalty: suffering that is afflicted by the state for the transgression of law.

person in authority: person directly vested with jurisdiction.

physical injury: bodily hurt or harm inflicted to another by means of wounding, beatinf and assault.

CRIMINAL LAW (P-9)

HABITUAL DELINQUENT: A person is considered as a habitual delinquent if within a period of 10 years
from the date of his last release or conviction of the crimes of serious or less physical injuries, and found
guilty of any aforementioned crimes a third time or more.

HIGH SEAS: any waters on the sea coast which are without the boundaries of low watermark. or the
portion of the ocean which is neither parricide, murder nor infanticide.

HIJACKING: term used to denote illegal seizure and diversion of any vehicle.

IDEOLOGY: brief system promulgated by a group.

IGNOMINY: circumstance pertaining to the moral in order to which add disgrace and suffering to the
material injury caused by the crime.

ILLEGAL ASSEMBLY: any meeting attended bu armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the
crimes punishable under the Revised Penal Code or any meeting in which the participants are incited to
the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion, insurrection, sedition, or assualt upon a person in
authority or his agents.

ILLEGAL ASSOCIATION: associations partially or totally organized for the purpose of commtting crimes
under RPC, or some purpose contrary to public morals.

ILLEGAL DETENTION: act committed by a private individual who unlawfully detains, kidnaps, or
otherwise deprives a person of liberty.

INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS: while they are financially capable of supporting the needs of their children,
they deliberately neglect to support the educati onal requirements of children through pain
irresponsibility caused by wrong social values.
IMBECILE: person who is completely deprived of discernment or reason and freesom of will at the time
of commission of the crime. this refers to a person who, while advanced in age has a mental
development similar to that of children between 2 to 7 years of age.

IMPRUDENCE: deficiency of actions or usually involves lack of skill.

IMPUTABILITY: deed may be ascribed to a person as its owner or author.

INDECENT EXPOSURE: obscene, willfull , open and lewdly revealing or divulging any private or sensitive
organ in any public place within full view.

INDIRECT BRIBERY: offense committed by any puclic officer who accepts gifts offered to him by reason of
his office.

INFANTICIDE: killing of child less than 3 days of age.

INSTIGATION: act done by public officers or private detectives of pursuading the would be defendant
into committing the offense and would arrest the latter upon after the commission of crime.

INSURRECTION: movement which seeks merely to affect some change of minor importance, or to
prevent the exercise of governmental authority.

INTENT: purpose to use a particular means to effect such consequences.

INTERRUPTION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP: committed bybany public officer or employee who shall
prevent or disturb the ceremonies or manifestations of any religion.

INTIMIDATION: indespensable element in the crime of threat.

JUDGEMENT: final disposition and determination of the court upon matters submitted to it, in action or
proceeding.

-DELILAH

ETHICS AND VALUES

➢ Ethics was derived from the Ancient Greek "ethikos", meaning "arising from habit". It is a major
branch of philosophy which focuses on the study of value or quality.

➢ Ethics is an area of philosophy considered as a normative science; it is concerned with norms of

human conduct, as distinguished from the formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, and the
empirical sciences, such as chemistry and physics.

➢ Police Ethics refers to the practical science of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement. This center on the study and application of ethics, virtue as well as the rules of conduct to
public service.

➢ It is a must that public servants should behave and conduct his life in a manner that the respect,
confidence and faith of the people are not diminished.

➢ The primary objective of police ethics and community service is to enlighten our law enforcers of
what behavior is acceptable based on the premise of what is permitted and what is prohibited.

➢ Since there is no right way to do a wrong thing. Some basic ethic-tests include asking oneself: Am I
doing the right thing? Is it lawful? Is it fair and balanced? And How will it make me feel about myself?
➢ Values are implicitly related to a degree of behavioral freedom or autonomy by human beings; values
steer or guide the person, on the basis of internally chosen options.

➢ Values can apply to groups (such as 'Filipino values”) or individuals (religious values), and can be both
processes or goals. In example, democracy is both a process, and a goal.

➢ Moral character or character is an evaluation of a person's moral and mental qualities. Such an
evaluation is subjective — one person may evaluate someone's character on the basis of their virtue,
another may consider their fortitude, courage, loyalty, honesty, or piety.

➢ Prudence – Refers to the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means or logical reasoning and
sound discretion. It is a habit which inclines man to act in a way that harmonizes with nature (virtue),
which attracts the intellect to prefer the most effective means for accomplishing what is morally good
and avoid moral evils.

➢ Temperance – Refers to the ability to avoid something and act with moderation, regulating one’s
carnal appetite for sensual pleasures.

➢ Fortitude – Denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding. It is a combination of
patience (calmness and composure), perseverance (the ability to continue despite of obstacles or
opposition) and endurance (the ability to survive).

➢ Justice – It refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every person his/her accorded rights.

➢ Commutative justice – It regulates actions which involve the rights that exist among individuals,
violation of which calls for reparation and restitution.

➢ Distributive justice – Which standardizes those actions that have to do with the rights an individual,
may claim from society.
➢ Legal justice – It puts into order those actions which society may justly require of the individual for
the common good.

➢ Charity – Refers to kindness, compassion, altruism, humanity and goodwill. It is the obligation of
giving under certain conditions whatever assistance and aid which our fellowmen needs.

➢ Basic Foundation of Good Community Relations:

o Sincerity in serving the public,

o Full knowledge of the job,

o Deep conviction in the nobility of the work,

o Sound Police Ethics, and

o High standard of operations.

➢ Categories of Police Officer’s Individual Public Relations:

o Domestic relations- Includes dealing with family and relatives.

o Neighborhood relations –Includes decorum with neighbors.

o Community relations – It consists of dealings with others members of the locality where a person lives.

o Religious relations – It denotes religious affiliation which is necessary for stability of moral principles.

o Government relations - It implies recognition of government authority and adherence to laws and
ordinances.
➢ Code of Ethics is an important agency for social control. They have been promulgated for professions
which gives prescriptions of the duty of a professional towards his fellow professionals and to society in
general.

➢ LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS: As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve
mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception; the weak against
oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the
constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice. I will keep my private life unsullied as an
example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint;
and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and
official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulation of my department.
Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be
kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty. I will never act officiously
or permit personal feelings, prejudices animosities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no
compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law courteously
and appropriately without fear or favor malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence
and never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I
accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am true to the office of the police service. I will
constantly strive to achieve these objectives, and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen
profession . . . law enforcement.

➢ The PNP Core Values - The police service is a noble profession and demands from its members
specialized knowledge and skills and high standard of ethics and morality. In this regard, the members of
the Philippine National Police must adhere to and internalize the enduring core values of love of God,
respect for authority, selfless love and service for people, respect for women and the sanctity of
marriage, responsible dominion and stewardship over material things, and truthfulness.

➢ The Police Officer's Creed:

o I believe in God, The Supreme Being, a Great Provider, and The Creator of all men and everything dear
to me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all, seek His guidance in the performance of my
sworn duties and honor Him at all times.
o I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and uphold the Constitution, the laws of the land
and the applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership; and
follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.

o I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this end, I commit myself to the service of my
fellowmen over and above my personal convenience.

o I believe in the sanctity of marriage and the respect for women. I shall set the example of decency and
morality and shall have high regard for family life and chastity.

o I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall inhibit myself from
ostentatious display of my property. I shall protect the environment and conserve nature to maintain
ecological balance. I shall respect private and public properties and prevent others from destroying it.

o I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and I shall speak the truth at all times as
required by my profession.

➢ Delicadeza - In consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP, all members
must have the moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with the time-honored principle of
delicadeza.

➢ Police Lifestyle - The PNP shall endeavor to promote a lifestyle for every member of the organization
that is acceptable and respectable in the eyes of the public. Further, its members should set good
example to the subordinates and follow good example from the superiors. They must be free from
greed, corruption and exploitation. The public expects a police officer to live a simple yet credible and
dignified life.

➢ Political Patronage - All PNP members must inhibit himself from soliciting political patronage in
matters pertaining to assignment, awards, training and promotion.
➢ Human Rights - All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man's inalienable
rights to life, liberty and property.

➢ Standards of Police Professionalism - All PNP members shall perform their duties with excellence,
competence, integrity, intelligence and expertise in the application of specialized skill and technical
knowledge.

➢ All members of the PNP shall observe the following professional conduct:

o Commitment to Democracy

o Commitment to Public Interest

➢ Customs - Established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that has obtained the force of
law.

➢ Traditions - Bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to
generation with the effect of an unwritten law.

➢ Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others.

➢ Ceremony - A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special
occasion.

➢ Social Decorum - A set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other
functions.

➢ Salute - Salute is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing
person entitled to a salute.
➢ Salute to National Color and Standards - Members stand at attention and salute the national color
and standard as it pass by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremonies.

➢ Address/Title - Junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to salute with the word "Sir".

➢ Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member - PNP members who are newly appointed or
assigned in a unit or command and to other key personnel for accounting, orientation and other
purposes.

➢ Christmas Call - PNP members pay a Christmas Call on their local executives in their respective area of
responsibility.

➢ New Year's Call - PNP members pay a New Year's call on their commanders and/or key officials in
their respective area of responsibility.

➢ Promotion Call - Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this occasion, they are
usually given due recognition and congratulations by their peers for such deserved accomplishment.

➢ Exit Call - PNP members pays an Exit Call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieved or
reassigned out of the said unit or command.

➢ Courtesy of the Post - The host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to the
command or unit.

➢ Rank Has-Its-Own Privilege (RHIP) - PNP members recognize the practice that different ranks carry
with them corresponding privileges.

➢ Police Customs on Ceremonies - The following are police customs on ceremonies:

o Flag Raising Ceremony - The PNP members honor the flag by raising it and singing the National
Anthem before the start of the official day's work.

o Flag Retreat Ceremony - At the end of the official days' work, the PNP members pause for a moment
to salute the lowering of the flag.

o Half-Mast - The flag is raised at half-mast in deference to deceased uniformed members of the
command.

o Funeral Service and Honors - Departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans or former PC/INP
services and graveside honors as a gesture of farewell.

o Ceremony Tendered to Retirees - In recognition of their long faithful and honorable service to the PNP,
a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor.

o Honor Ceremony - Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting dignitaries, VIPs,
PNP Officers with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and AFP officers of equivalent grade,
unless waived.

o Turn-Over Ceremony - The relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly
announced in a Turn-Over Ceremony by the out-going and in-coming officers in the presence of the
immediate superior or his representative. 4

o Wedding Ceremony - During marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants in
uniform and swords drawn.

o Anniversary - The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated in an

Anniversary Ceremony.

➢ Tradition - The following are police traditions:

o Spiritual Beliefs - The PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving person. They attend
religious services together with the members of their family.

o Valor - History attests that the Filipino law-enforcers have exemplified the tradition of valor in
defending the country from aggression and oppression. They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake
of their countrymen whom they have pledged to serve.

o Patriotism - The PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They manifest their love off
country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the constitution.

o Discipline - The discipline of PNP members are manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders
and through and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral,
ethical and legal norms.

o Gentlemanliness - The PNP members are upright in character, polite in manners, dignified in
appearance, and sincere in their concern to their fellowmen.

o Word of Honor - The PNP members' word is their bond. They stand by the commit to uphold it.

o Duty - The PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servants who
perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice.

o Loyalty - The policemen are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as borne by
history and practice.

o Camaraderie - The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police organization,
extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members' deep commitment and concern
to one another.
➢ Police officers may be held liable for criminal, civil and administrative charges.

➢ Gratuities are material favors or gifts in return for service; the universal code of ethics for law
enforcers disapproves of gratuities. The lingo ”pasasalamat” “padulas” and “pabagsak” are commonly
used term for gratuities.

➢ “Pasasalamat” refers to the acceptance of gifts, money or favor as a result of an act performed by a
police officer or public servant.

➢ “Pabagsak” is used to denote the giving of money or favor and acceptance of any public to perform
his/her functions.

➢ “Padulas” refers to the taking of money, gifts or favors from others by a public servant to expedite the
performance of official functions.

➢ “Police Brutality” denotes the unreasonable and unnecessary use of force, commonly done in
effecting arrests of criminal offenders, fugitives from justice and suspects or abuse in the manner of
executing a warrant of arrest, search and seizure.

➢ Corruption is a corrosive element which spreads like rust if it is not contained and eliminated. “Rotten
Apple Theory” The culture of honest policing refers to the barrel while corrupt behavior is a bad apple.

➢ The key elements for a corrupt behavior are :

o Conduct prohibited by law and regulations;

o Involving misuse of position or duty; and

o Resulting in reward or personal gain on the part of the public servant.

➢ The “slippery slope” is a part of the corruption continuum, wherein an honest police officer turns bad
due to repeatedly accepting free meals, free fare and similar insignificant acts of small indiscretion
which leads to serious misbehavior and finally corruption.

➢ “White Knights” or “Eagles” refers to policemen with integrity and honest and straightforward.
Mostly idealistic they rise above corruption and confront it.

➢ Corrupt police officers are classified as:

o Meat eaters – “Carnivorous cops” who actively and aggressively seek personal gain through position or
power.

o Grass eaters – “Vegetarian Cops” refers to police officers who passively accept gifts and bribes as they
come along.

o Straight shooters refer to honest policemen who are ready to cover and conceal corrupt practices of
the police department as part of camaraderie and the unwritten code of silence.

o Rogues commonly called “hoodlums in uniforms” or “scalawags” are policemen who possess all the
deviant behavior of a corrupt cop.

-kalashnikov

CRIMINAL LAW (P-8)

ENGLISH RULE: crimes that are triable in that country unless they merely affect things within the vessel
or they pertain to the internal management thereof.
ENTRAPMENT: ways and means to trap and capture a law breaker while executing his criminal plan.

ERROR IN PERSONAE: Mistake in the identity of the victim.

ESPIONAGE: offense of gathering, losing or transmitting information respecting the national defense
with reason or intent to believe that the information is to be used as injury of the REPUBLIC OF THE
PHIILIPPINES. it is punishable by the penalty of prison correccional.

ESTAFA: embezzlement under common law. a continuing crime UNLIKE theft.

EUTHANASIA: mercy killing. practice of painless putting to death another person who suffers from and
incurable disease.

EVIDENT PREMEDITATION; execution of criminal act which is proceeded with cool thought and reflection
upon the resolution to carry out the criminal intent.

EXEMPLARITY: criminal is punsihed to serve as an example to defer others from committing crimes.

EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES: those grounds for exemption from punishment because their is wanting
in the agent of the crime of any conditions which make the act negligent or voluntary.

EX POST FACTO LAW: legislative act which changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment
than the law annexed to the crime when committed. aggravates a crime than it was when committed
and makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and was innocent when done, and
punishes such an act.

EXPULSION: any public officer or employee who not being thereunto authorized by law shall banish or
force out any person from the Philippine Islands or shall compel such person to change his residence.
FALSE KEYS: are genuine keys stolen form the owner or any keys other than those intended by the
owner for use in the lock.

FALSE TESTIMONY : committed by a person who, being under oath and required to testify as to the truth
of certain matter at a hearing before competent authority, shall say something contrary to it denies the
truth.

FENCE: includes any person, firm, association, corporation, or partnership or other organization who
which commits the act of fencing.

FENCING: act of a person who with intent to gain for himself or for another shall buy, receive , possess ,
conceal sell or dispose of any article, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be known to
have been derived from the proceeds of theft or robbery.

FICTITIOUS NAME: any other name which a person publicly applies to himself without authority of law.

FORCIBLE ABDUCTION: abduction of any wkmn against her will and with lewd design.

FORMAL CRIMES: unlawful acts which are consumated in one instant and there is no attempted stage.

FRAUD : intentional perversion of truth, for the purpose of inducing another in reliance upon it to
surrender a legal right or to part off some valuable thing. .

FRENCH RULE: crimes not triable in the country, unless their commission affects the security of the
territory, peace or safety of the state is endangered.

GRAVE COERCION: unlawful act of any person who, without legal authority , by means of violence,
intimidation, or threat prevents another from doing something not prohibited by law or compel him to
do something against his will whether wrong or right.
GRAVE SCANDAL: consist of public acts which are offensive to good customs and decency, which give
rise to public scandals to persons who have accidentally witness the same

GRAVE THREAT: any person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon honor, person or
property of the latter or his family of any wrong amounting to a crime.

GUILT: element of responsibility which refers to the disposition to violate the law manifested by some
acts already done.

-DELILAH

CRIMINAL LAW (P-7)

COUNTERFEITING: imitation of a genuine or legal coin.

COUP D'ETAT: swift attack, accompanied by violence, intimidation threat strategy or stealth, directed
against duly constituted authorities, or any camp, installation , communications network public utilities
needed for the exercise and continued possession of power with or without civilian support.

CRIME: act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbiddinf and commanding it.

CRIMINAL LAW: branch or division of law that defines crimes and treats of their nature and provides for
their punishment.

CULPA: means that the wrongful act is resulted from either imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight
and lack of skill.

DECEIT/DOLO: means thatbthe act is done with deliberate intent.

DEFAMATION: refers to a public and malicious imputation of a crime.

DEFORMITY : visible and conspicuous physical ugliness , permanent and definite abnormality.

DETENTION: act of confinement or restraint upon persons

DIRECT BRIBERY: committed by any public officer who shall agree to perform an act constuting a crime,
in connection with the performance of this official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or
present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another.

DISCERNMENT: mental capacity of a minor between 9 and 15 years of age to fully appreciate or be
aware of the consequences of his unlawful act.

DISCHARGE OF FIREARM: committed by any person with no intent to kill or injure shall shoot at another
with any firearm

DISCRETION: liberty of deciding as on thinks fit within certain parameters or limits.

DISGUISED: resorting to any devices to conceal identity.

DIRECT ASSAULT: done by employing forceor intimidation ,or shall attack , seriously intimidate or resist
any person in authority or his agents while engaged in the performance of official duty.

DIRECT BRIBERY: and offense committed by any public officer who shall agree to perform in connection
with his official duties, in consideration of any offer, promise , gift or present received by him / or
through mediation of another.
DOLO: pertains to malice.

DUEL: regular or formal combat previously concerted between two parties in the presence of 2 or more
persons by previous agreement as a result of a quarrel.

-DELILAH

CRIMINAL LAW (P-6)

CIVIL INTERDICTION : deprives the offender during the time of his sentence of the rights of parental
authority, or guardianship, either as to the person or property of the ward, of marital authority, of the
right to dispose such property by any act or any conveyance inter vivos.

COHABIT: dwell together in the manner as husband and wife, for some period of time.

COMPLEX CRIME: when an offense is a necessary means for committing the other. otherwise known as
complex crime proper. the 2 kinds of complex crimes are: DELITO COMPUESTO or constitutes 2 or more
grave and less grave felonies. and DELITO COMPLEJO or complex crime proper when an offense is
necessary means for committing the other.

COMPOUND CRIME: refers to a single act performed by the offender, that constitutes 2 or more grave or
less grave felonies.

CONCUBINAGE: act of married man who shall cohabit with his mistress in the conjugal dwelling or shall
have sexual intercourse inder scandalous circumstance with another woman who is nothis legal spouse.

CONDUCTOR: person manages or carries on the gambling.

CONSENTED ABDUCTION: abduction of a married woman over twelve and under eighteen carried out
with her consent and with lewd design.

CONTINUING CRIME: single crime consisting of a series of acts but all arising from one criminal
resolution

CORPUS DELICTI: actual commission of the crime charged or body of the crime

-delilah

English-Filipino Common Legal terms

A
Abandon v. iwan , talikdan : abandonment of office , n. pagtalikod sa panunungkulan ; abandonment of
minor, pag-iiwan ng bata

Abatent, n. pagpawi; pagpapahupa; pagkusa; ….of nuisance, pagpawi sa kagambalahan.

Abduction, n. pag-agaw, pagtatakas (ng babae) ; … with Consent, pagtatakas na may sunduan ;
forcible . . . . sapilitang pagtatakas ; . . . with rape, pag-agaw na may panghahalay.

Abeyance, n. pagpigil ; held in . . . ipapigil.

Ab initio, latin, magmula sa kauna-unahan; void ab initio, walang bisa magmula sa kauna-unahan.

Abode, n. bahay-tirahan; tahanan ; liberty of . . . , kalayaan sa paninirahan.

Abolition, n. pag-aalis ; pagpawi.

Abortion, n. pag-aagas ; paglalaglag ; direct and indirect . . . tuwiran at di-tuwirang pag-aagas o

paglalaglag (ng sanggol sa sinapupunan)

Abscond, v. i. tumakas

Absence, n. di-pagdalo, pag alis ; on leave of , kapahintulutang magbakasyon.

Absentee, n. ang lumisan

Abstain v. i. di bumato
Absolute , adj. ganap ; walang takda o hangganan . . . . power; kapangyarihangganap o lubos ; . . . sale,
bilihang lubusan

Abuse, v. magmalabis ; lumapastangan; . . . of confidence, sirain ang pagtitiwala; . . . of authority, mag-

malabis sa kapangyarihan.

Acceptance, n. pagtanggap; offer and . . . . , pag-alok at pag-tanggap.

Accession, n. karagdagan.

Accessory , n. kasabwat ; kasapakat ; katulong . . . . to the crime , katulong sa krimen ; taga-takipsala.

Accomplice , n. katuwang ; kasama sa krimen.

Accusation , n. paratang ; bintang ; sakdal.

Accused , n. nasasakdal ; inuusig.

Acknowledgement, n. pagpapatunay . . . . of children ; pagkilala bilang anak.

Acquittal, n. pagpapawalang sala.

Action, n. usapin; cause of . . . . sanhi o batayan ng usapin;

Actionable document, kasulatang batayan ng usapin.

Acts of lasciviousness, n. gawang mahalay; malalaswang pagkilos.

Adduce evidence, v. magharap o maghain ng katibayan.

Adjourn, v.t. tapusin; wakasan.

Adjudge, v.t. hatulan.

Adjudicate, v. igawad; ihatol.

Administration, n. pangangasiwa; pangasiwaan ; . . . . . proceedings usapin sa pangangasiwa ng ari-arian

ng namatay . . . . of justice, paglalapat ng katarungan.

Administrator, n. tagapangasiwa.

Admission, n. pag-amin; pagtanggap

Adopted child, n. anak na ampon.

Adoption, n. pag-ampon . . . . in to law , pagpapatibay sa batas.

Adultery, n. pakiki-apid.

Advanced payment, paunang bayad.

Advantage, n. kalamangan . . . . . of superior strength, kahigtan sa lakas ; . . . of public position,

kalamangan sa sanhi sa panunungkulan.
Affidavit, n. salaysay.

Affirm, v. pagtibayin; patunayan; panindigan.

Affirmation, n. patotoo ; patunay.

Affirmative, adj. sang-ayon.

Affinity, n. magkamag-anakan na hindi sa dugo; relasyon (pagkakamag-anak) dahil sa kasal.

Agency, n. pangangatawan.

Age of majority, hustong gulang na 21; edad ng mayorita.

Agenda, n. talaan ng pag-uusapan.

Agent, n. kinatawan; tagaganap.

Aggravating, adj. nagpapalubha, nagpapalala . . . circumstances, mga pangyayaring nakakabigat sa

krimen.

Aggressor, n. unang nanlusob; mananalakay.

Aggression, n. pananalakay.

Aggrieved party, panig na naapi o napinsala.

Agreement, n. kasunduan; pagkakasundo.

Alarm, n. panggugulat; pananakot.

Alarm and scandal, panggugulat at pang-iiskandalo; pambubulahaw.

Aleatory, adj. pansapalaran.

Alias, n. taguri, balatkayong ngalan.

Alibi, n. pagdadahilan na nasasa ibang lugar.

Alien, n dayuhan; banyaga.

Alimony, n. sustento; . . . . . pendent elite, sustento sa panahon ng pagtititis.

Allegation, n. isinasaysay; sinasabi.

Amend, v. baguhin; susugan; amended complaint, adj. binagong sakdal.

Amendment, n. susog, pagbabago.

Amnesty, n. pangkalahatan at pampulitikang pagpapatawad ng pangulo.

Annul, v. pawalangbisa; annulment, n. pagpapawalang bisa; pagkanulo.

Answer. n. sagot, kasagutan; bayad-bunga.

Appeal, n. paghahabol; court of appeals, hukuman ng paghahabol.

Appearance, n. pagharap.

Application, n. kahilingan.

Appointed, adj. hinirang; itinakda.

Appointment, paghirang; pagpili ; tipanan.

Apportion, v. ipamahagi.

Appropriation, n. laang gugol; general . . . . bill, badyet ; panukalang batas sa laang gugulin ng bansa.

Approve, v. pagtibayin ; pinagtibay.

Arbitrary, adj. walang-matuwid; . . . . detention, walang matuwid na pagpigil.

Arbitration, n. pagdinig at pagpapasiya ayon sa kasunduan ng mga panig.

Archipelago, n. kapuluan; Philippine . . . ., kapuluang pilipinas.

Area, n. lawak ; kalawakan.

Argument, n. pangangatuwiran; pagmamatuwid.

Arraignment, n. pagbasa ng sakdal.

Arrears, n. atrasong upa.

Arrest, v. hilihin; dakpin ; unlawful . . . . labag sa batas na pagdakip ; warrant of . . . . kautusan sa paghuli
; mandamyento de aresto.

Arson, n. panununog; sinadyang pagsunog.

Artificial, adj. di-likas.

Aspirations, n. mga mithiin ; hangarin.

Assailant, n. mananalakay; mandadaluhong.

Assault, v. pananakit ; pananalakay ; direct and indirect . . . . tuwiran o di-tuwirang pananakit o paglaban
(sa mga maykapangyarihan).

Assembly, n. kapulungan; batasan ; pagtitipon ; katipunan.

Assessment, n. pagtatasa ; paghahalaga.

Assessed value, tasang halaga.

Assessor, n. tagatasa.

Assets, n. ari-arian; pangangari ; . . . . . and liabilities, mga pangangari at mga utang.

Association, n. kapisanan.

Assignment, n. pagsasalin; paglilipat.

Attachment, n. pag-ilit ; pagsamsam ng hukuman; imbargo; Preliminary . . . . pangunang pang-iilit.

Attorney, n. abogado; manananggol.

Auction sale, n. subasta.

Auditor general, n. tagasuring panlahat.

Authentic, adj. tunay ; totoo ; lantay.

Authorization, n. gawad na kapangyarihan.

Authorized, v. bigyang kapangyarihan.

Authority, n. kapangyarihan ; national grains . . . . pambansang kapangyarihan sa butil ; parental . ..

kapangyarihang pang magulang.

Autonomy, n. autonomiya ; sariling pamamahala.

Avoid, v.t. pag-iwas ; umiwas.

Award, n. gantimpala ; paggagawad ; kaloob.

Bail, n. lagak ; . . . . bond, piyansa.

Ballot, n. balota; sanctity of the . . . ., kabanalan ng halalalan.

Band, n. pangkat.

Bar, n. katipunan ng mga manananggol ; . . . integration, kaisahan ng mga manananggol; case at . . . .ang
usaping mahaharap sa hukuman; . . . . examination , pagsusulit sa pagkamanananggol. . . . of public
opinion kuro-kuro o pala-palagay ng mandla . . . . to a second action hadlang sa ikalawang sakdal.

Barangay, n. kapulungan ng mga mamamayan sa bawat nayon at purok ng bayad na likha ng kautusang
pampanguluhan blg. 86-A . . . . Captain, kapitan ng barangay (na pumalit sa kapitan del baryo).

Barrister, n. abogado; manananggol.

Barter or exchange, n. palitan.

Basis, n. saligan; batayan.

Belief, n. paniniwala.
Bequest, n. pamana.

Bequeath, v. ipinamana.

Besmirched reputation, narungisang pangalan.

Bicameral legistration, dalawang kapulungan ng mambabatas.

Bigamy, n. bigamya; dalawahang pag-aasawa.

Bilateral, adj. dalawang panig ; kabilaan.

Bill, n. panukalang batas . . . . of exchange, papel de banko.

Bind, v. italic ; talian.

Binding, adj. umiiral ; valid and . . . . , umiiral at nagkakabisa.

Board, n. lupon; voter’s registration . . . .lupong tagatala (sa halalan) . . . .of election inspectors, lupon ng
tagamasid sa halalan . . . . of canvassers, lupon ng tagabilang . . . .of examiners (now professional
regulation commission) lupon ng taga sulit . . . .of woman and minors , lupon ng mga kababaihan at
walang sapat na gulang . . . .of transportation, lupon ng pahatirang sasakyan.

Boundary, n. hangganan.

Branch, n. sangay . . . . II of the court of 1st instance , ikalawang sangay ng hukuman ng unang dulugan;
executive . . . .sangay ng tagapag paganap.
Bribe, v. manuhol ; sumuhol.

Bribery, n. panunuhol.

Brigandage, n. pangungulimbat ; panunulisan ; panghaharang.

Bureau, n. kawanihan ; . . . . Of agrarian legal assistance , kawanihan ng pambatas na tulong sa

pananakahan . . . . of commerce , kawanihan ng pangangalakal . . . . of employment services, kawanihan
ng aduana . . . . of internal revenue , kawanihan ng lurentas internas . . . . of lands , kawanihan ng lupain .
. . . of printing , kawanihan ng paglilimbag . . . . of plants industry, kawanihan ng paghahalaman.

By-laws, n. pamalagiang tuntunin.

By-pass, v. laktawan.

Cabinet, n. gabinete.

Calamity, n. laganap na kapahamakan o kapinsalaan; public . . . . kapahamakang bayan.

Calendar, n. talaarawan.

Calumny, n. paninirang puri.

Capable, adj. may kakayahan.

Capacity, n. kakayahan . . . . to contract , kakayahang makipag kontrata; legal . . . kakayahang kumilos sa
batas, na karaniwan ay sa pagsapit ng 21 taong gulang.

Capital, n. puhunan . . . . Stock, puhunang aksyon.

Case, n. usapin ; kaso ; administrative . . . . usaping pang pangasiwaan, civil, usaping sibyl; criminal . . . .
usaping criminal.

Cease, n. sanhi ; proximate . . . . kasunod o pinakamalapit na dahilan.

Century, n. siglo.

Certain, adj. tiyak.

Certainty, n. katiyakan.

Certificate, n. katibayan.

Certification, n. pagpapatunay.

Certify, v. katunayan ; katibayan.

Certiorari, n. certionari ; kahilingan sa nakakataas na hukuman na pawalaang bisa ang mga kapasiyahan
ng nakakababang hukuman o lupon.

Cession, n. paglilipat ; pagsasalin.

Chance, n. pagkakataon, game of . . . . larong sapalaran, pagtaya o pagsususgal.

Chapter, n. kabanata; sangay . . . of the book, kabanata ng aklat . . . of the red cross, sangay
panlalawigan ng krus na pula.

Character, n. katauhan; good moral . . . . mabuting pagkatao.

Chattel, n ari-ariang natitinag; . . . . mortgage , sanglaan ng ari-ariang natitinag.

Check, n. tseke.

Circular, n. palibot-kalatas.

Circumstances, n. mga pangyayari; mga bagay-bagay; aggravating . . . . nakakabigat na mga pangyayari;

mitigating . . nakakababang pangyayari; justifying . . mga pangyayaring nagbibigay matuwid, personal . . .
. katatayuan sa buhay.

Citation, n. papuring hayagan; katibayan ng pagppahalaga o pagkilala.

Cite, v. banggitin; tukuyin.

Citizenship, n. pagkamamamayan.

City, n. lungsod; siyodad.

Claim, n. karapatang mahingi o angkinin; mining . . . . karapatan sa pagmimina.

Claimant, n. ang humihiling o umaangkin.

Classification, n. kaurian ; pag-uuri.

Clearance, n. kawalang sautin ; tax . . . . certificate, katunayan ng kawalang sagutin sa buwis.

Cloud, n. kalabuan ; alinlangan . . . . upon title , alinlangan sa pagkamay-ari.

Coalition, n. pagkakaisa; pagsasama.

Code, n. kodiko ; batas.

Coequal, adj. magkapantay.

Coercion, n. pamimilit; grave and slight . . . . malubha at bahagyang pamimilit.

Cohabitation, n. pagpipisan (bilang mag asawa).

Collaborate, v. makipagtulungan.

Collate, v. pagtipunin ; pagsamasamahin.

Colleagues, n. kasamahan.

Collision, n. pagkabunggo; banggaan.

Collusion, n. sabuwatan; sapakatan.

Commencement, n. pasimula.

Commit, v. magsagawa.

Committee, n. komite; lupon.

Common carrier, n. sasakyang paupahan.

Community, n. bayan. . . . development, pagpapa-unlad ng bayan.

Commutation, n. bawas parusa.

Compel, v. pilitin.

Compensation, n. bayan; upa ; katumbas ; just . . . . karampatang bayad.

Competent, adj. maykakayahan.

Complaint, n. sumbong; habla ; counter . . . . ganting sumbong; administrative, civil or criminal . . . .

sumbong pangpangasiwaan, sibil o criminal.

Complainant, n. nagsumbong.

Complexion, n. kulay; political . . . . kulay politika.

Compliance, n. pagsunod ; pagtupad.

Compromise, n. areglo ; pakikipagkasundo (sa usapin).

Conciliation, n. pagkakasundo.

Concise, adj. maigsi.

Conclusive, adj. tiyak, walang alinlangan.

Concubinage, n. pakikiapid; pambababae.

Concur, v. umayon; concurring opinion, kuru-kurong sumasang-ayon (sa karamihan).

Condition, n. pasubali ; tadhanain.

Condonation, n. pagppatawad.

Confession, n. pagtatapat ; pag-amin.

Confiscation, n. pagsamsam ; pag ilit.

Confirmation, n. pagpapatibay.

Conjugal, adj. sasamhan ng mag-asawa . . . . partnership of gains , sa samhang kinita ng mag-asawa. . . .

property , ari-ariang sasamhan ng mag-asawa.
Connivance, n. sapakatan.

Conquer, v. lupigin ; talunin.

Consanguinity, n. magkakamag-anak sa dugo.

Conscience, n. budhi.

Consent, n. pagsang-ayon ; age of . . . . gulang na maaaring ipakasal, (16 sa lalaki , 14 sa babae).

Consignation, n. lagakhabilin .

Conspiracy, n. sabwatan; sapakatan.

Conspirator, n. kasapakat; kasabwat.

Constrained, adj. napipilitan.

Contempt, n. pagkamuhi . . . . of court , disakato; walang pakundangan sa hukuman; . . . or insult to

public authorities, pagkamuhi o pag uuyam sa mga may kapangyarihan.

Contend, v. ikatuwiran; imatuwid, contention, n. katuwiran.

Contract, n. kasunduan ; kontrata.

Convict, v. nahatulan n. bilanggo; preso ; salarin.

Corroborative, adj. nagpapatotoo.

Corruption, n. kasanaan o katiwalian sa panunungkulan; graft and . . . . pangangawat at pangunguwalta

o di-matapat na panunungkulan; . . of public officials , panunuhol sa nanunungkulan sa bayan.

Counsel, n. abugado; tagapayo.

Countercharge, n. ganting sakdal.

Counterclaim, n. ganting kahilingan.

Counterfeit, adj. huwad.

Counteroffer, n. ganting alok.

Court, n. hukuman; supreme . . . . kataastaasang hukuman; . . . court of appeals, hukuman ng

paghahabol; . . . . of 1st instance hukuman ng unang dulugan; military . . . .hukumang militar o pang
hukbo; municipal . . . hukumang pangbayan; . . . . of agrarian relations, hukuman ng samahan sa
panananakahan; superior and interior . . . nakakataas at nakakababang hukuman. . . . of tax appeals ,
hukuman ng paghahabol ng buwis; clerk of . . . punongkawani ng hukuman; district . . . . hukumang pang
purok.

Creditor, n. ang pinagkaka-utangan.

Creed, n. paniniwala; pananampalataya.

Crime, n. krimen.
Criminal, n. salarin; criminal; adj . . . case , usaping criminal . . . liability, pananagutang criminal ; . . . .
procedure, pamamaraan sa asuntong criminal.

Cross examination, n. pagtatanong (sa saksi) ; re . . . . muling pagtatanong.

Cruelty, n. kalupitan.

Culpable, adj. may kasalanan.

Culture, n. kalinangan.

Cumulative, adj. parami.

Current, adj. kalakaran; umiiral.

Curfew, n. hudyat upang mamahinga at lumigpit sa pamamahay ; . . . . hours, oras na dapat lumigpit sa
pamamamahay nasa kasalukuyan ay mula 12:00 ng gabi hanggang 4:00 ng umaga.

Custodial, n. taga-ingat.

Custody, n. pag-iingat ; pag-aalaga.

Customs, n. aduana; kaugalian . . . and tariff code , kodiko sa aduana at taripa; . . . .of the peace, mga
kaugalian ng mga lugar.

D
Damages, n. bayad pinsala.

Damage to property, paninira sa ari-arian ; . . . . thru reckless imprudence, pamiminsala sa ari-arian

sanhi ng kawalang ingat.

Death, n. pagkamatay; kamatayan; presumption of . . . . pagpapalagay na namatay.

Debate, n pagtatalo.

Debt, n. utang.

Debtor, n. may utang ; umutang.

Deceit, n. pandaraya.

Decentralization, n. pamamahagi.

Decision, n. hatol; pasya.

Declaration, n. pahayag. . . . of principles and state policies, pagpapahayag ng mga simulain at

patakaran ng pamahalaan; tax . . . . pahayag sa pamuwisan.

Decorum, n. kaayusan.

Decree, n. kautusan; presidential . . . . kautusang pangpanguluhan .

Deed, n. kasulatan ; katibayan.

Defamation, n. paninirang puri.

Default, n. pagkukulang; pagpapabaya.

Defendant, n. nasasakdal; isunusumbong.

Defense, n. tagapagtanggol; . . . counsel , abugado ng tagapagtanggol.

Delay, n. pagka-antala; pagpapatagal.

Delegate, n. kinatawan; sugo.

Deliver, n. igawad; ihatid; ibigay.

Demand, n. hingin; singilin.

Demurrer to evidence, pagtutol sa katibayang isinulit.

Deny, v. tanggihan; paghindian; itatuwa, specific denial, pagtangging tiyakan.

Department, n. kagawaran.

Deportation, pagpapatapon
Deposit, n. lagak; paglalagak

Deposition, n. pananaksing sinumpaan.

Depreciation, n. pagbaba ng halaga.

Descendant, n. inanak.

Desist, v. itigil ; huminto ; tumigil

Easement, n. karapatang maaaring ipairal sa lupa ng iba

Economy, n. pangkabuhayan, ekonomya

Edifice, n. gusali

Education, pinagaralan

Effectivity, pagkakabisa, pag-iral

Effort, n. pagpupunyagi, pagsisikap; pagsusumakit; pagpipilit.

Ejectment, n. pagpapaalis, pagtataboy.

Elapse, v. i. lumipas; dumaan.

Electioneering, n. pagkakampanya sa halalan.

Electorate, n. ang mga manghahalal.

Elevate, v. isampa; itaas.

Elicit, v. t. maihayag.

Eligible, adj. angkop mamasukan; manungkulan o lumahok; krapat dapat.

Emancipitation, n. kalayaan; pagpapalaya;

Embezzlement, n. panlulustay.

Emergency, n. kagipitan.

Eminent domain, n. pag ilit ng pamahalaan; kapangyarihang lubos ng pamahalaan na kunin ang alinman
sa nasasakupang ari arian para sa kagamitang pambayan na may katumbas na sapat na kabayaran.

Emolument, n. sahod; gantimpala.

Employment, n. Gawain pamamamasukan.

Empower, v. bigyang kapangyarihan.

Enabling act, batas na nagbibigay pahintulot gumawa.

Enact, v. t. isabatas; enactment, n. pagsasabatas.

Encroach, v. j. manghimasok; makialam.

Encumbrance, n. sagutin ng ari arian; karga; grabamen.

Endanger, v. ilagay sa panganib, manganib.

Endorse, v. paglilipat ng kasulatan sa pamamamgitan ng paglalagda sa likuran nito.

Endowment, n. katangiang taglay.

Enemy, n. kaaway; kalaban.

Enforce, v. ipatupad.

Enforcement, n. pagpapatupad.

Enhance, v. pabutihin; dagdagan.

Enjoy, v. makinabang.
Enrichment, n. pagyaman; unjust walang matuwid na pagyaman; in office, pagpapayaman sa
panunumgkulan.

Entitle, v. pamagatan; bigyang karapatan.

Entrapment, n. paggamit ng patibong; paninilo; pambibitag.

Envoy, n. padalang sugo.

Equal, adj. magkapantay; protection of the law…pantay pantay na pangangalaga ng batas.

Equality, n. pag-kakapantay-pantay.

Equitable, adj. marapat; makatwiran; makatarungan.

Equity, n. katuwiran.

Equivocal, adj. kambal-kahulugan.

Escheat, n. panunumbalik ng ari arian sa pamahalaan.

Espionage, pangeespiya; paniniktik.

Estafa, n. panlilinlang, panananso, o panggagantso.

Estoppel, n. ang makatuwirang tuntunin na ang sinumang kumilos sa isang kaparaanan o magsagawa o
magsaad ng anumang bagay ay di maaaaring magsaad o magsagawa ng tumbalik sa kaniyang ginawa o
sinaad.

Et cetera, latin, at iba pa; atbp.

Evasion, n. pagiwas, …of sentence, pagtakas; tax…pandaraya sa buwis.

Evidence, n. katibayan; ebidensya; oral… katibayang nasasaysay; documentary…, katibayang nasusulat.

Evident, adj. maliwanag; malinaw.

Exchange, n. palitan.

Excerpts, n. halaw; hango.

Exculpate, v. t. ipawalang- sala.

Excusable negligence, mapapatawad na kawalang- ingat.

Execution, n. pagpapatupad;…. Of judgment, pagpapatupad ng hatol.

Executive, n. tagapagpaganap;…. Secretary,

Kalihim Tagapagpaganap; Chief ….., Punong Tagapagpaganap.

Executor, n. tagapagpaganap, tagapagsagawa.

Executory, adj. maisasagawa.

Exemplary damages, v. pamarisan o panghalimbawang bayad- pinsala.

Exempt, adj. di-sakop; ligtas; walang- bayad.

Exhaustion of administrative remedies, pagsaid sa mga kaparaanang pangpangasiwaan.

Exhibit, n. katibayan.

Exhume, v. hukayin (ang bangkay).

Exonerate, v. patawarin; pawalang- sala.

Expedite, v. dali- dalian.

Expert, n. dalubhasa; sanay; ….. witness, saksing dalubhasa.

Explanation, n. paliwanag; paglalahad.

Expressed, adj. nasasaad; ipinahayag.

Expulsion, n. pagpapaalis.
Extension, n. palugit;…..of time, palugit na panahon.

Extinguish, v. pawiin.

Extrajudicial, adj. labas sa hukuman.

Extraordinary, adj. di- pangkaraniwan.

Extraterritoriality, n. pagiging labas sa kapangyarihang saklaw ng sumasakop na bansa.

Extrinsic, adj. nabubuhat sa labas.

Facsimile, n. kopya; sipi.

Fact, n. katotohanan; tunay na pangyayari; ultimate … -s, buod ng mga pangyayari.

Fake, adj. huwad; palsipikado.

False, adj. di- totoo.

Falsify, adj. palsipikahin; hinuwad.

Falsification, n. panghuhuwad; pagpalsipika.

Fare, n. upa sa sasakyan.

Fatal, adj. maselan; nakamamatay.

Fault, n. kamalian; pagkukulang; kasalanan; …. And negligence, pagkukulang at kawalang- ingat.

Fear, n. takot; sindak; uncontrollable …….., di mapigilang pagkatakot.

Fee, n. bayad; professional ….., bayad sa paglilingkod propesyonal.

Felony, n. krimen.

Fiduciary, n. katiwala.

Filiation, n. pagkaanak; pagiging anak.

Filipino People, n. Sambayanang Pilipino.

Final, adj. di- mababago; kahuli- hulihan; …. Judgment, pasiya ng hukumang di- mababago.

Fine, n. multa.

Fiscal, n. taga- usig sala; City ….., Taga- usig Panlunsod; Provincial ……, Taga- usig Panlalawigan.
Flag, n. watawat; bandila.

Force, n. pamimilit; lakas; …… and intimidation, pamimilit at pananakot.

Forcible, adj. sapilitan; ….. abduction, sapilitang pagtatakas (ng babae) ; …… entry and detainer,
sapilitang pagpasok at pananatili (sa pook).

Foreclose, v. ilitin.

Foreclosure, n. pagsamsam sa nakasangla.

Foreigner, n. dayuhan; banyaga.

Foreseeable, adj. nakini- kinita; un …….., di- nakini- kinita.

Forger, n. manghuhuwad (ng lagda).

Forgery, n. panghuhuwad.

Form, n. kaanyuan.

Fortuitios event, di- inaasahang pangyayari; nagkataon.

Franchise, n. prankisya; pahintulot na gawad ng pamahalaan ukol sa karapatang pambayan; voter’s

………., karapatang bumoto.
Fraternity, n. pagkakapatiran.

Fraud, n. pandaraya; panlalalang.

Fraudulent, adj. huwad; nandaya; nanlalang.

Free, adj. malaya; ligtas.

Free Patent, n. Walang- bayad na Katibayan sa lupang gawad ng pamahalaan.

Freedom, n. kalayaan; ….of speech, kalayaan sa pagsasalita; academic …., malayang makapagturo ayon
sa sariling paninindigan; ……. From want, kalayaan sa pagkagutom; ……… of religion, kalayaan sa
pananampalataya; …… of press, kalayaan ng mga lathalain na makapag- ulat sa bayan; …… from arbitrary
or illegal detention, kalayaan sa walang matuwid o labag sa batas na pagpigil (sa bilangguan); ……. Of
suffrage, kalayaan sa pagboto; …….. of access to the courts, kalayaang makadulog sa hukuman.

Frivolous, adj. di- mahalaga; walang batayan;……….. appeal, walang batayang paghahabol.

Fugitive, n. takas,………. From justice, takas na bilanggo.

Fulfilment, n. katuparan.

Fullpleged, adj. ganap.

Function, n. tungkulin; public ……….., tungkuling bayan.

Fund, n. laang salapi; pondo; general ………., pondong pangkalahatan.

Furnished copy, v. binigyan ng sipi.

Gain, n. tubo, pakinabang; intent to ………, tangkang makinabang.

Gallantry, n. kagitingan.

Gambling, n. pagsusugal; ……… and betting, pagsusugal at pagtaya.

Gavel, n. malyete.

Gazette, n. lathalain; Official ………, Gaseta Opisyal; lathalaing pampamahalaan.

General, adj. pangkalahatan; kalahatan; kalakaran,……….. orders, pangkalahatang kautusan;…….. power

of attorney, gawad na kapangyarihang pangkalahatan;……….. construction of statutes, kalakarang
pagbibigay kahulugan sa batas;…….. provisions, pangkalahatang nilalaman;……. Denial, pagtangging
kalahatan; general manager, tagapangasiwang panlahat.

Generation, n. salinlahi.

Generosity, n. kagandahang- loob.

Genuine, adj. tunay; lantay.

Gift, n. kaloob; aginaldo; pahingi.

Government, n. pamahalaan; municipal ……….., pamahalaang bayan; local ………, pamahalaang pangpook
o local; national ……….., pamahalaang pambansa.

Governor, n. gobernador; punong- lalawigan.

Graft, n. pangunguwalta; …………. And corruption, pangunguwalta at di- matapat na panunungkulan (sa
bayan).

Gratuitous, adj. walang pabayad.

Gratuity, n. bigay- pala.

Grave, adj. maselan; mabigat; ………… felony, mabigat na paglabag sa batas; less ………… felony, di
kabigatang paglabag sa batas.

Grievance, n. karaingan; redress of …….,,lunas sa mga karaingan.

Gross income, n. kalahatang kita.

Guarantee, n. panagot; garantiya.

Guarantor, n. piyador; nananagot.

Guardian, n. tagapag- alaga; taga- kupkop; tagapamanihala.

Guardianship, n. pangangalaga.
Guilty, adj. may sala; may kasalanan; nagkasala.

Habituality, n. kinagawian; pinag-kaugalian na paglabag sa batas.

Half-brother or sister, kapatid sa ama o ina.

Hearing, n. pagdinig; paglilitis; bista.

Hearsay, adj. sabi sabi; bali- balita; …evidence, katibayang batay sa sabi sabi.

Hectare, n. ektariya.

Heir, n. tagapagmana; forced…., tuwirang tagapagmana.

Hence, adv. Sagayon; samakatuwid.

Henceforth, adv. Mula ngayon.

Hereditary,adj. minana.

Hidden wealth, n. nakatagong kayamanan

Hijacking, n. pandarambong sa himpapawid.

Hire, v. upahan; alkilahin.

Hoard, v. magipon; mag imbak; magtinggal.

Holiday, n. pista opisyal.

Holyday, n. pistang pangilin (ng simbahan)

Homestead, n. lupang nilinang na gawad ng pamahalaan nang walang pabayad; ……, patent, n. ang
katibayan sa nabanggit na lupa.

Homicide, n. pagpatay; attempted…, tangkang pagpatay; frustrated….., nabigong pagpatay;….through

reckless imprudence, pagpatay sanhi ng kawalang ingat.

Honor, n. karangalan; kapurihan; dangal; defense of ….pagtatanggol sa puri (ng isang babae).

Honorable, adj. kagalang galang ….., judge, …..kgg. na hukom.

Hostile witness, kalabang testigo.

Human relations, pakikipag kapwa tao.

Ignominy, n. kahihiyan; pagkapahiya.

Ignorance, n. kamangmangan; di pagkaalam;…..of the law, di kaalaman sa batas.

Illegal , adj. labag sa batas.

Illegitimate child, anak sa labas.

Illiteracy, n. kamangmangan.

Illiterate, adj. di makabasa ni sumulat; di nag-aral

Immaterial, adj. walang kinalaman; labas sa usapan;…..and irrelevant, walang kinalaman ni kaugnayan.

Immigrant, n. nandayuhan.

Immigration, n. pandarayuhan; Commission on….and deportation, Komisyon sa pandarayuhan at

pagpapatapon.

Imminent, adj. napipinto; nalalapit; ….danger of rebellion, napipintong panganib ng himagsikan.

Immoral, adj. mahalay

Immorality, n. mahalay o maruming pamumuhay.

Immovable property, ari ariang di natitinag.

Immunity, n. kaligtasan; ….from arrest, ligtas sa pagdakip;…from suit, kaligtasansa paghahabol o habla;
presidential …., katangian ng pangpanguluhan na di maihabla ng sinumang mamamayan sa karaniwang
hukuman.
Impair, v. makasira; …..the obligation of contracts, sirain ang pananagutang naitakda ng kasunduan.

Impeachment, n. pagsasakdal at pagtitiwalag na itinakda ng konstitusyon sa mga manunungkulan, tulad

ng pangulo, mga mahistrado ng kataas taasang hukuman, at puno ng mga komisyon.

Impediment, n. hadlang; sagabal.

Impending, adj. nlalapit, nagbabala.

Imperative, adj. kailangan.

Imperfection, v. kakulangan; kapintasan; di- kaganapan.

Imperialism, n. imperyalismo; patakaran sa pagsakop at pagpapaunlad ng ibang lupain bilang

nangungunang malakas na bansa sa mundo.

Impertinent, adj. walang kaugnayan; di nararapat.

Implement, v. isakatuparan; implementation, n. pagsasakatuparan.

Implicate, v. idawit.

Implication, n. dalang kahulugan.

Imply, v. ipahiwatig, ipakahulugan.

Imprisonment, n. pagkabilango; pagkulonga; subsidiary,……karagdagang pagkabilango.

Improvement, n. kagalingan; kapakinabangan; pagpapabuti.

Imprudence, n. walang ingat.

Impugn, v. tutulan.

Impulse, n. simbuyo; bunsod.

Impunity, n. kaligtasan sa parusa.

Impute, v. bintang; paratang.

Inaccessible, adj. di maabot.

Inadequate, adj. di sapat.

Inadmissible, adj. di matatangap

Inadvertent, adj. di sinasadya.

Inalienable, adj. di maihihiwalay; di maiilipat.

Incapacity, n. kawalang kakayahan.

Incarcerate, v. ikulong sa piitan; ibilanggo.

Incessant, adj. walang humpay; patuloy.

Inauguration, n. pasinaya.

Income, n. kita; kinita; undeclared…..kinitang di ipinagbuwis, gross….kalahatang kita; net….linis na kita.

Income tax, n. buwis sa kita.

Incompatible, adj. di magkatugma; di akma.

Incompetence, n. walang kakayahan.

Inconsistent, adj. di nagkakatugmaan, taliwas.

Incorrigible, adj. di mababago; di masusupil.

Incriminatory, adj. nakadarawit; nakadaramay; nakakasangkot.

Incumbent, adj. nanunungkulan.

Incur, v. magtamo, maging sagutin.

Indemnify, v. magbayad pinsala.

Indemnity, n. bayad pinsala.

Independence, n. kalayaan; kasarinlan.

Indeterminate, adj. di matiyak.

Index, n. talatuntunan.

Indict, v. isakdal; ihabla; idemanda.

Indigent, adj. mahirap; dukha; …..litigant, nakikipag-asuntong walang kaya sa buhay.

Indirect assault, di tuwirang paglaban sa taong may kapangyarihan.

Indiscriminate, adj. walang pag uuri; walang pagbubukod bukod.

Indispensable, adj. di maaaring wala; kailangang kailangan.

Indisposed, adj. may dinaramdam.

Indisputable, adj. di pagtatalunan; di mapasubalian.

Indivisible, adj. tiyak; di mapag-aalinlanganan.

Indubitable, adj. tiyak; di mapag aalinlanganan.

Induce, v. himukin.

Inducement, n. pambubuyo; panghihimok.

Ineffective, adj. di mabisa.

Ineligible, adj. di karapat dapat.

Inevitable, adj. di maiiwasan.

Infanticide, n. pagpatay ng sanggol.

Infer, v. mahiwatigan; mahinuha; mapaghulo.

Infidelity, n. di matapat; ……in the custody of prisoners and documents, walang ingat sa pagtatanod ng
mga bilanggo at sa kasulatan.

Inflation, n. pagtaas ng halaga ng mga bilihin.

Information, n. sumbong; kabatiran; pabatid sakdal.

Infrige, v. makialam.

Inherent, adj. likas.

Inherit, v. magmana.

Inheritance, n. mana; minanang kabuhayan; Manahan.

Inhibition, n. pagbabawal sa ganang sarili.

Initiate, v. pasimulan, magpasimula.

Injunction, n. utos; atas; preliminary……, panimulang utos; mandatory…….., kautusan sa pagpapatupad;

prohibitory……kautusan sa pagbabawal.

Injury, n. pagkasugat; kasiraan; pananakit; kapinsalaan.

Injurious, adj. nakakapinsala, nakakasugat.

Injustice, n. kawalang matuwid; walang katarungan.

Inmate, n. bilanggo.

Innocent, adj. walang sala; walang muwang.

Inquest, n. pagsisiyasat.

Inquiry, n. paguusisa, pagtatanong.

Instruction, n. pinag aralan; degree of ……., taas ng pinagaralan.

Insolvency, n. di makabayad utang.

Instalment, n. hurnal; hulog; hulugan.

Instigation, n. panunulsol.

Insurrection, n. pagbabangon.

Insurance, n. pagpapaseguro.

Integrated bar, n. pinagkaisang samahan ng mga mananangol.

Intellectual creation, n. kathang isip.

Intent, n. layon; hangarin; ……to gain, layuning makinabang; ……to kill, hangad na pumatay.

Intentional; adj. sinadya.

Interchange, v. magpalitan.

Interdiction, n. pagbawalan.

Interest, n. tubo; kapakanan; pagnanais.

Interested party, ang panig na nagnanasa o humihiling.

Internal, adj. panloob.

International, adj. sabasaan; pandaigdig.

Interpose, v. sumabat; magpasok; makialam.

Interpretation, n. pagpapakahulugan.

Interpreter, n. tagapagsalin sa ibang salita.

Interrogate, v. tanungin.

Interruption, n. pagkakahinto; pagkakatigil.

Intervention, n. pamamagitan; pakikialam.

Intestate, adj. walang naiwang huling habilin; walang testamento.

Intimidation, n. pananakot, pagbabanta.

Intoxication, pagkalasing, pagkalango.

Intrinsic, adj. katutubo; …..fraud….., katiwaliang likas.

Intruder, n. taong pumasok ng walang pahintulot.

Inundation, n. pagpapalubog; pagpapabaha.

Invasion, n. panlulusob; pananalakay.

Invalid, adj. walang bisa.

Invalidity, n. kawalang saysay o bisa.

Invaluable, adj. napakahalaga

Inventory and appraisal, pagtutuos at pagpapahalaga.

Investigation, n. pagsisiyasat; preliminary…..paunang pagsisiyasat.

Investment, n. pamumuhunan, Foreign…..act, batas sa namumuhunang dayuhan.

Involvement, n. pakikilahok; pakikipag ugnayan; pakikisangkot.

Irregular, adj. tiwali; paliban liban; di pangkaraniwan.

Irrelevant, adj. walang kaugnayan.

Irremovable, adj. di maaalis; di makikibo.

Irreparable, adj. di malulunasan; di mapagtatakpan.

Irreparable, adj. di maaalis; di makikibo.

Irresistible, adj. di mapaglabanan; ….force, di mapaglabanang lakas.

Irrevocable, adj. di mababago.

Irrigation, n. patubig ; national………..administration, pambansang pangasiwaan sa patubig.

Issue, n. buod o paksang pinagtalunan; isyu.

Jail, n. piitan; bilanguan.

Jaywalker, n. isang taong tumawid sa daan ng labas sa pook tawiran.

Jeopardy, n. peligro; panganib; double……, pangalawang pamimiligro na mabilanggo.

Jetsam, n. kalakal na itinapon sa dagat mula sa barkong mapanganib ng lumubog.

Jetisson, n. pagaang tapon (sa barko).

John doe, n. balabalang pangalan na ginagamit sa usapin kung di malaman o di tiyak ang pangalan ng
isinasakdal.
Joint, adj. pinagsanib; pinag-sama; sama sama;….and solidary obligation, pinagsama at isahang
pananagutan; ………. Statement, pinagsamang salaysay..

Judge, v. hatulan; pagpasiyahan.

Judicature, n. hukuman.

Judgment, n. hatol; pasiya.

Jurat, n. nagpapatotoo (sa isang salaysay).

Juridical, adj. ukol sa batas o sa paglalapat ng katarungan.

Juridical person, n. tauhan o samahang likha ng batas; sasamhan.

Jurisdiction, n. saklaw ng kapangyarihan; territorial ………, lupang saklaw ng kapangyarihan.

Jurisprudence, n. hurisprudensiya; kalipunan ng mga hatol o pagpapasiya ng mga nakatataas na

hukuman.

Jurist, n. paham sa batas.

Jury, n. lupong tagahatol.

Juvenile and Domestic Relations , n. Pangkabataan at Pagsasamahang Pantahanan.

Jus sanguinis, batas ng dugo; ang prinsipyo na ang kamamamayan ng isang tao ay katulad ng sa kaniyang
mga magulang.

Jus soli, batas ng pook; o ang prinsipyo na ang pagkamamamayan ay tinitiyak ng pook na sinilangan.

Just, adj. makatarungan.

Just compensation, karampatang bayad sa ari- arian na inilit ng pamahalaan.

Justiciable, adj. maaaring pagpasiyahan.

]Justifiable, adj. maaaring bigyang katuwiran.

Justifying circumstances, mga pangyayaring nagbibigay katuwiran.

]Justice, n. kataastaasang Hukom; Mahistrado; Chief ………., Punong Mahistrado; Associate ……….. of the
Supreme Court, Kasangguning Mahistrado ng Kataastaasang Hukuman; Presiding …………, Nangungulong
Mahistrado.

Kidnapping, n. pagdukot; …………. For ransom, pagdukot upang ipatubos; ………….., with rape, pandurukot
na may panghahalay; ………….. of minors, pagdukot sa mga walang sapat na gulang.

Kill, v. patayin; intent to ……………., hangaring pumatay; threat to …………………, bantang pagpatay.

Knowledge, n. kaalaman; katarungan; without ……………….., walang kaalaman o kamalayan.

L

Labor, n. paggawa Dept. of …………., Kagawaran ng Paggawa; ……………. Union, kapisanan ng

manggagawa; ………….. Day, Araw ng Paggawa.

Laborer, n. manggagawa.

Lapse, v. lumipas.

Larceny, n. (American) pagnanakaw.

Law, n. batas.

Lawmaker, n. mambabatas.

Lawyer, n. manananggol.

Leading question, tanong pahiwatig.

Lease, n. pagpapaupa; sub ……………., pagpapaupa ng umuupa.

Leasehold, n. kintusan, o pamamaupa ng lupang sakahan.

Ledger, n. libro- mayor; aklat ng mga pautang at utang.

Legacy, n. pamana.

Legal, adj. naaayon sa batas.

Legal separation, paghihiwalay ng mag- asawa alinsunod sa batas.

Legible, adj. nababasa.

Legislature, n. Batasan.

Legitimate, adj. tunay; legitimated child, naging tunay na anak.

Legitime, n. mana.

Lessee, n. umuupa; namumuwisan; nangigintos.

Lessor, n. nagpapaupa; nagpapakintos o nagpapabuwis na maylupa.

Letter of Instructuion, Kalatas ng Kautusan.

Lewd designs, mahahalay o makalupang hangad.

Liability, n. utang, pananagutan; assets and liabilities, mga pangangari at mga utang.

Libel, n. libelo; paninirang- puri (nasusulat).

Liberty, n. kalayaan; civil liberties, mga kalayaan.

License, n. lisensya.

Lien, n. grabamen; kapanagutan sa batas.

Litigant, n. nag- aasunto; may usapin.

Litigate, v. nakikipag- asunto.

Literal, adj. ayon sa nasusulat; natititik.

Livestock, n. hayupan.

Loan, n. pautang; pagpapahiram.

Local, adj. pampook.

Loss, n. pagkawala.

Lump sum, kabuuang halaga.

Magistrate, n. mahistrado; hukom.

Majority, n. nakararami.

Maladministration, n. maling pangangasiwa.

Malfeasance, n. paggawa ng katiwalian.

Malicious mischief, n. pamiminsala.

Malpractice, n. di- nararapat na asal- propesyonal.

Maltreatment, ……….. of prisoners, pagmamalabis sa bilanggo.

Malversation, n. paglustay (ng salapi ng bayan).

Manager, n. tagapangasiwa; general …………, tagapangasiwang panlahat.

Mandamus, n. mandamus; pagpapasagawa.

Mandate, n. atas; kautusan.

Mandatory, adj. di- matatanggihan; ………… injunction, kautusan sa pagpapatupad.

Manhandle, v. saktan; pagbuhatan ng kamay.

Manifestation, n. pagpapahiwatig; pagpapaliwanag; pagpapahayag.

Maritime law, n. Batas Pandagat.

Marriage, n. kasal; pag-iisang- dibdib; ……. Certificate; katibayan ng pagkakasal; ………….settlement,

kasunduan ukol sa ari- arian ng mga ikinasal.

Martial Law, Batas- Hukbo.

Mass, n. pulutong ng mga tao; masa.

Massacre, v. maramihang pagpatay; pamumuksa ng tao.

Mastermind, n. utak; punong tagabalak.

Maternal, adj. pang- ina.

Materialism, n. materliyalismo; pagpapahalaga lamang sa nakikitang mga bagay.

Matrimony, n. pagkakasal.

Maturity, n. kagulangan; katampatang gulang.

Maximum, adj. pinakamataas.

Measures, n. hakbangin; mga paraan; panukalang- batas.

Meeting, n. pagpupulong, panayam.

Member, n. kasapi; kagawad; kaanib; ……… of the body, bahagi ng katawan.

Memorandum, n. memorandum; buod ng paliwanag at katuwiran.

Mercantile, adj. pangkalakal; komersiyal; pangnegosyo.

Meritorious, adj. karapat-dapat.

Military, adj. panghukbo; ………… tribunal, hukumang military o panghukbo.

Minimum, adj. pinakamababa; …………….. wage, pinakamababang sahod.

Minor, n. menor; walang sapat na gulang.

Minority, n. kabataan; di- sapat na gulang.

Minutes, n. ……….. of the meeting; katitikan ng pagpupulong.

Misappropriation, n. panlulustay.

Misfeasance, n. tiwaling panunungkulan.

Misleading question, nakaliligaw o nakalilitong tanonng.

Misinterpretation, n. maling pagpapakilala o pakikitungo.

Mitigating circumstances, nakakababang mga pangyayari.

Monopoly, n. ganap na pamimigil sa kalakalan.

Moratorium, n. palugit sa pagbabayad ng utang sa panahon ng kagipitan.

More or less, humigit- kumulang.

Mortgage, n. sanglaan; chattel ………., sanglaan ng ari- ariang natitinag; Real Estate ………, sanglaan ng
bahay at lupa.

Motion, n. mungkahi; …….. to dismiss; mungkahi sa pagpapawalang saysay; ………… for reconsideration,
mungkahi sa pagsasaalang- alang; ……….. for new trial, mungkahi sa panimuling paglilitis.

Motive, n. motibo; hangarin; layunin.

Movable, adj. ………… property, ari- ariang natitinag.

Movement, n. kilusan.

Multilateral, adj. maramihang panig.

Municipal, adj. pambayan; …………. Court, hukom pambayan; ……………. government, pamahalaang
pambayan; ………… council, sanggunian bayan.

Murder, n. sadyang pagpatay; sinadya o pinaghandaang pagpatay.

Mutilate, v.t. panunugat; pananalanta; pagputol ng mahalagang bahagi ng katawan.

Mutual, adj. nauukol sa magkabilang panig; magkatugon na gawa ng dalawang panig.

Narcotics, n. narkotiko.

National, adj. pambansa; ………. Bureau of Investigation, Pambansang Kawanihan sa Pagsisiyasat.

Nationality, n. nasyonalidad; pagkamamamayan.

Native, adj. katutubo; ………….. born, inianak sa sariling bayan.

Natural, adj. likas.

Naturalization, n. pagiging mamamayan; pagkamamamayang gawad ng hukuman o batas.

Negligence, n. kapabayaan, excusable ………………., di- sinasadyang kawalang- ingat.

Negotiable instruments, mga kasulatang naililipat (sa pamamagitan ng lagda o pagbibigay, katulad ng
tseke).

Net income, n. linis na kita.

Neutrality, n. pagkawalang kinikilingan.

Nominate, v. hirangin; italaga; imungkahi ang pangalan sa halalan; ……….. contract, mga kasunduang
may ngalan.

Non- feasance, n. di- pagganap ng tungkulin.

Notary public, n. notaryo publiko.

Notice, n. babala; pasabi.

Notorious, adj. pusakal.

Novation of contract, pagpapanibago ng kasunduan.

Nuisance, n. panggagambala; gambala; ………….candidate, panggulong kandidato; panliligalig.

Null and void, walang- bisa ni saysay.

Oath, n. panunumpa; ……….of office, sumpa sa panunungkulan; under …………..,sa ilalim ng panunumpa.

Obfuscation, n. pagdidilim at pagkalito.

Objection, n. pagtutol.

Obligation, n. sasagutin; tungkulin; pananagutan.

Obligatory, adj. sapilitan.

Obscene, adj. mahalay.

Obsolete, adj. lipas na.

Obstacle, n. hadlang.

Obstruct, v. harangan.

Occupation, n. paninirahan; pakikinabang; hanapbuhay.

Offended party, panig na napinsala.

Offer, n. pag- aalok; …………….. and acceptance, pag- aalok at pagtanggap; ………….of evidence, paghahain
ng katibayan (sa hukuman).

Office, n. tanggapan; public …………., tungkuling bayan.

Official, n. pinuno; public ……………, pinunong bayan.

Official Gazette, n. Lathalaing Pampamahalaan, Gaseta Opisyal.

Omission, n. di- pagbanggit; di- pagkakasama.

Opinion, n. kuro- kuro; palagay; concurring ………….., umaayong kuro-kuro (sa hatol); dissenting ………….
Di- umaayong kuro- kuro (sa pasiya ng karamihan); ………….. of witness, pala-palagay ng saksi.
Opponent, n. kalaban; kabilang- panig.

Opportunity, n. pagkakataon.

Opposition, n. pagsalungat; pagtutol.

Oppression, n. panlulupig; pang- aapi.

Option, n. karapatang pumili.

Optional, adj. di- sapilitan.

Oral, adj. sinalita; ……….. testimony, pagsasalaysay sa hukuman.

Oral defamation, n. paninirang- puri (sa salita).

Ordain, v. italaga; itakda.

Order, n. utos; General ……………….-s, Pangkalahatang Kautusan; public …………, kaayusang pambayan.

Ordinance, n. kautusan; municipal ………….., kautusang bayan.

Original, adj. pinaka- una; pinagmulan; ………. Certificate of Title, Pangunang Katibayan ng Pagmamay-
ari.
Organization, n. samahan; kapisanan.

Outstanding, adj. kilala; tanyag;……obligation, natira o nalalabing pananagutan.

Overrule, v. baguhin ang pasiya; di payagan; mangibabaw.

Ownership, n. pagkamayari.

Paragraph, n. talata.

Pardon, n. pagpapatawad; presidential……., pagpapatawad ng pangulo.

Parental authority, n. kapangyarihang pagkamagulang.

Parity, n. pagkamag-kapantay;……..amendment, dagdag sa saligang batas ng 1935 hingil sa

pagkakapantay pantay ng mga mamamayan ng bansang amerika ta pilipinas

Parole, n. pagpapalayang may pasubali.

Parlance, n. pananalita; legal……, salitang pambatas.

Parricide, n. parisidyo; pagpatay sa sariling anak, magulang o asawa.

Partition, n. pagbabahagi; extra judicial………, pagbabahaging labas sa hukuman.

Partner, n. kasama; kasosyo.

Party, n. partido; lapian; panig; political….partido sa politika; ….. in interest; panig na may kinalaman.

Passage, n. pagpapatibay; pagdaraan.

Passion and obfuscation, n. simbuyo ng damdamin at pagdidilim ng paningin.

Patent, n. patente; free….., karapatan sa lupang gawad ng pamahalaan.

Paternity, n. pagiging ama; pagka ama; ……and filiation, pagka ama at pagka anak.

Paymaster, n. tagapagbayad.

Payment, n. pagbabayad.

Payroll, n. talaan ng kawani.

Peace and order, n. katahimikan at kaayusan.

Pecuniary, adj. nauukol sa kuwalta.

Pedestrian, n. taong naglalakad.

Pedigree, n. angkan; linahi.

Penal code, n. kodigo penel; batas pangkrimen.

Penalize, v. parusahan.

Penalty, n. parusa.

Pending, adj. naghihintay na pasyahan; nabibinbin.

Penitentiary, n. bilangguan.

People of the Philippines, ang bayang Pilipino (ginagamit na pamagat sa usaping kriminal)

Percent, n. porsyento; bahagdan.

Pension, n. pensiyon; bigaypala.

Perception, n. nakadarama; pandama o pakiramdam.

Perdiem, n. diyetang salapi bawat araw.

Performance, n. pagganap; pagtupad.

Period, n. taning; panahon.

Perjury, n. pagsisinungaling sa ilalim ng panunumpa.

Permanent, adj. palagian……improvements; palagiang kagalingan.

Permit, n. pahintulot.

Person, n. tao; pagkatao; ……….-s and Family relations; pakikipag kapwa tao at samahang pangka
maganakan………..s in authority, mga taong maykapangyarihan.

Petition, n. kahilingan.

Physical injuries, n. panunugat; grave….., malubhang panunugat.

Pilfer, v. mang umit.

Piracy, n. pandrambong sa dagat.

Pirate, n. tulisang dagat; pirata.

Plaintiff, n. nasasakdal; nagsusumbong; nag uusig.

Plead guilty, v. umamin sa pagkakasala.

Plebiscite, n. plebesito.

Pledge, n. prenda; sangla g kagamitan.

Plot, n. maitim o masamang balak.

Police, n. pulisya; ……..man, pulis; alagad ng batas.

Policy, n. patakaran; public……., patakarang pambayan; …….of the state; patakaran ng estado;
insurance………, polisa sa seguro.

Polygamy, n. maramihang pagaasawa.

Population, n. kabuuang bilang ng nananahan sa isang pook; lahat ng naninirahan.

Pornographic, adj. mahalay na babasahin o larawan.

Port, n. daungan; pantalan.

Position, n. tungkulin; katayuan.

Positive, adj. paayon; tunay; tiyak.

Possession, n. karapatang magtamasa o gumamit; pakikinabang.

Possible, adj. maaaring mangyari; im……, di mangyayari.

Publication, n. paglalathala.

Punish, v. parusahan.

Purpose, n. layunin; hangarin; public…………….., layuning pambayan.

Pursuant, adv. alinsunod sa.

Pursuit, n. paghahanap, pagtutugis.

Quadruplicate, adj. pag apating kopya; isa sa apat na hati.

Qualification, n. katangiang kailangan.

Qualify, v.t., magkaroon ng kinakailangang katangian; ……..for office, maging karapat dapat na
manungkulan.

Quash, v. pawalang saysay; motion to…….., mungkahi sa pagpapawalang saysay.

Quasi, contract, n. animo kontrato; may kulay kasunduan.

Quasi-delict, n. mala krimen.

Query, n. katanungan; pag uusisa.

Question, n. tanong; leading…….,tanong pahiwatig, mis leading…….., nakaliligaw na tanong.

Quitclaim, n. pagtalikod sa karapatang maghabol.

Quorum, n. korum; sapat na bilang ng dumalo upang magpasiya ang kapulungan.

Quota, n. toka; takdang bahagi.

Quo warranto, n. usapin sa pagtuligsa sa karapatang humawak ng tunkulin o magkaroon ng prankisya.

Race, n. lagi; lipi.

Racket, n. panananso; pandaraya.

Raid, n. pagsalakay.

Railroad, n. daang bakal; perokaril.

Rampant, adj. laganap.

Rank, n. antas; ranggo.

Rape, n. panghahalay; paglapastangan; panggagahasa.

Ratify, v. pagtibayin.

Ratification, n. pagpapatibay.

Ratio decidendi, ang batayan ng hatol.

Rationale, n. katuwirang nasasalikuran; nakatagong dahilan o batayan.

Reasonable, n. makatuwiran; may dahilan; beyond …….doubt, walang bahid alinlangan.

Rebel, n. rebelde; manghihimagsik.

Rebellion, n. panghihimagsik; himagsikan.

Rebuttal, n. ganting matuwid; pagpapabulaan.

Recall, v. bawiin.

Recantation of witness, pagbawi o pagtatakwil ng saksi sa kaniyang naunang sinabi.

Recidivism, n. kinagawiang paglabag sa batas.

Reciprocal, adj. gantihan; sagutan.

Reciprocity, n. paggagantihan.

Reckless, adj. di maingat; …….imprudence, kawalang ingat.

Recognition of children, pagkilala sa anak.

Recognizance, n. lagak, panagot.

Recommendation, n. tagubilin.

Reconsideration, n. pagsasaalng alang na muli.

Reconstruct, v. muling buuin.

Reconveyance, n. pagsasauli.

Records, n. tala; kasulatan; papeles.

Recovery, n. pagkabawi.

Re cross examination, n. muling pagtatanong.

Redemption, n. katubusan; pagtubos; period, taning sa pagtubos.

Redirect examination, n. muling tanungin ng tuwiran.

Redound, v.t. magbunga.

Redress, v. lunasan; pagwawasto; ……..of grievances, lunasan ang mga karaingan

Referendum, n. reperendum; pagpapasya ng mamamayan.

Reformation of instruments, pagwawasto ng kasulatan.

Refund, v.t. pagsasauli ng salapi.

Refusal, n. pagtanggi.

Refutation, n. pagpapabulaan.

Regime, n. pamumuno; pamamahala; pangasiwaan.

Register, v. itala; irehistro.

Register of deeds, n. tagapagtala ng mga kasulatan.

Registration, n. pagpapatala.

Registry of property, n. patalaan ng mga lupain.

Regulation, n. pagpapalakad ng maayos; alituntunin.

Rehabilitation, n. pagbabagong tatag; …….of prisoners, panunumbalik sa maayos na pamumuhayng mga

bilanggo.

Reimbursement, n. pagsasauling bayad.

Reinstatement in office, n. pagbabalik na muli sa tungkulin.

Reinsurance, n. dalawahang pagseseguro.

Reiterate, v. ulitin; muling banggitin.

Reiteration, n. pag ulit ng pagkakasala.

Reinvestigation, n. muling pagsisiyasat.

Rejoinder, n. tugon; panimuling sagot.

Relationship, n. kaugnayan.

Release, v. kalagan; pawalan ng pananagutan

Relevant, adj. may kaugnayan; nauukol.

Relief, n. kaginhawaan; alwan.

Relinquish, v. isuko; ipaubaya; talikuran.

Remand, v. ibalik na muli.

Remedy, n. lunas.
Remuneration, n. bayad kaupahan.

Renounce, v. itatuwa; itakwil.

Renovate, v. kumpunihin; gawaing bago.

Rental, n. upa sa bahay.

Reparation, n. pagbabayad pinsala

Repatriation, n. pagbabalik sa sariling pagkamamamayan.

Repeal, n. pagpapawalang bisa; implied…..nahihiwatigang pagpapawalang bisa; express………, nasasaad

na pagpapawalang bisa.

Repel, v. paurungin; pigilin.

Reply, n. sagot.

Representative, n. kinatawan.

Representation, n. pagpapakilala.

Reprieve, n. palugitanang parusang kamatayan.

Rescind, v. isantabi; pawalang bisa.

Rescission, n. pagbali; pagsasantabi; pagpapawalang saysay.

Residence certificate, katibayan sa paninirahan.

Resignation, n. pagbibitiw sa tungkulin.

Resistance, n. paglaban; pagsalungat; ………and disobedience to persons in authority, paglaban at di pag

sunod sa may kapangyarihan na pinarurusahan sa ilalim ng pangkat ika 151 ng kodigo penal.

Resolution, n. kapasiyahan, pasiya.

Responsive, adj. katugon; akma.

Responsibility; n. pananagutan; tungkulin; sagutin.

Restitution, n. pagsasauli.

Restraint, n. kahinahunan; pagpipigil.

Restrict, v. takdaan; higpitan.

Retail, n. pagtitingi; trade, pagbibili ng tingi; …………..trade nationalization law, batas na nagpapaubaya sa
mga Pilipino na magbili ng tingi.

Retaliate, v. gumanti.
Retirement, n. pamamahinga; retiro.

Retraction, n. pagbawi ng salaysay.

Revamp, n. pagbabago.

Revelation, n. pagbubunyag; paghahayag.

Review, n. repaso; muling pagaaral; pagbabalik aral, pagsasaalang alang ng hukuman; petition for ……….,
kahilingan sa pagsasaalang alang.

Revised penal code, n. binagong kodigo penal.

Revoke, v. pawalang saysay; putulin.

Reward, n. gatimpala; pabuya.

Right, n. karapatan; ……..of action, karapatang maghabol; ………..of way, karapatang dumaan.

Robbery, n. panloloob; …….in band, panloloob na maramihan.

Rules of court, n. alituntunin ng hukuman.

Sabotage, n. sabotahe; pamiminsala.

Safety, n. kaligtasan; public……, kaligtasang pambayan.

Salary, n. pasahod; suweldo; kita; gana.

Sale, n. bilihan; absolute…….bilihang lubusan;………with right to repurchase, pagbibiling muling mabili.

Scandal, n. iskandalo; alingasngas; grave……..,malubhang pagiiskandalo.

Search, n. paghahanap; …..and seizure, paghahalughog at pagsamsam; ……..warrant, kautusan sa

paghahalughog.

Seashore, n. baybay dagat, dalampasigan.

Secession, n. pagtiwalag; pag urong; movement; kilusan sa pagtiwalag ng mga muslim.

Secret service, n. sangay ng paniniktik.

Security, katiwasayan; kapanatagan; social………kapanatagang panlipunan.

Sedition, n. panggugulo ng bayan.

Seduction, n. panrarahuyo ng babae.

Self defense, n. pagtatanggol sa sarili.

Self explanatory, adj. malinaw na nasasaad.

Segregation, n. paghihiwalay; pagbabahagi.

Seizure, n. pananamsam.

Seniority, n. kaunahan; katandaan; nakatataas o nakatatanda sa mga nanunungkulan.

Sentence, n. hatol; pasiya.

Separation, n. paghihiwalay; legal……….,paghihiwalay ng mag asawa sa batas.

Sequence, n. pagkakasunod sunod.

Seargent at arms, n. taga ayos.

Series, n. sunod sunod.

Servant, n. utusan; alila.

Service, n. paglilingkod; public………paglilingkd pambayan; civil………serbisyo sibyl.

Servitude, n. pagka alipin; involuntary………., sapilitang paninilbihan; pag aalila.

Session, n. pulong; special……..,natatanging pulong; general…….., sisyong panlahat.

Share, n. kabahagi; aksiyon.

Sheriff, n. serip.
Shorthand, n. takigrapiya.

Signatory, adj. kasama sa paglagda.

Signature, n. lagda.

Significance, n. kahulugan.

Simulation, n. pagkukunwari.

Simultaneous, adj. magkasabay.

Single, adj. walang asawa.

Situated, adj. nakatayo; matatagpuan.

Skilled, adj. sanay; bihasa.

Slander by deed, paninirang puri sa gawa.

Slavery, n. pagka alipin; pang aalipin.

Smuggler, n. kontrabandista; mamumuslit.

Smuggling, n. pagpupuslit; palihim na pagaangkat ng kalakal.

Social, adj. panlipunan; ……….justice, katarungang panlipunan; ……..welfare, kapakanang panlipunan;

welfare, kapakanang panlipunan.

Society, n. lipunan; kapisanan; samahan.

Solemnize, v. ipagdiwang.

Solicitor general, n. tagausig panlahat.

Solidary, adj. isahan; minsanan; joint and…….samasama at isahan.

Solidarity, n. pagkakaisa.

Solon, n. mambabatas.

Solvency, n. kakayahang makabayad.

Solvent, adj. maykayang makabayad.

South, n. timog.

Sovereign, n. ang makapangyarihan.

Sovereignity,.n. kapangyarihang pambayan.

Special, adj. di karaniwan; tangi.

Specific, adj. tiyak.

Specification, n. pagtiyak.

Speculation, n. pakikipagsapalaran,

Spokesman, n. tagapagsalita.

Spouse, n. asawa; ……..surviving………,ang natitirang buhay na asawa; ang balo.

Spurious, adj. di tunay; huwad; palsipiksdo…….child, anak sa labas ng mga magulang na may sagabal na
pakasal sa isat isa.

Spy, n. ispiya.

Square meter, n. metrong parisukat.

Stabilize, v. patatagin.

Standard, n. pamantayan.

State, n. katayuan; estado; ……..policy, patakarang pampamahalaan.

Statement, n. salaysay; pahayag; ; sworn……sinumpaang salaysay.

Statesman, n. estadista.

Status, n. kalagayan; katatayuan sa buhay.

Statute, n. batas na nasusulat; ………… books, mga aklat sa batas.

Steal, v. magnakaw.

Stealth, n. gawang palihim; strategy and ……………., binalak at naglihim.

Stenographer, n. takigrapo.

Stipulate, v. makipagkayari; itakda.

Stipulation, n. kasunduan, kayarian, takda.

Stock, n. aksiyon; capital ………….., puhunang aksiyon; ……… holder, kasosyo; aksiyonista; ………… in trade,
kalakal- paninda.

Stockade, n. kuta; put in ………., ikulong sa kuta.

Strike, n. aklasan; welga.

Subdivide, v. bahagihin; hatiin.

Subdivision, n. pagbabahagi; paghahati; ………. Agreement; kasunduan sa paghihiwalay (ng lupa).

Subject- matter, n. paksang pinag- uusapan o pinagtatalunan.

Submit, v. ihain; iharap.

Subordinate, n. nakakababa ng ranggo; tagasunod.

Subpoena, n. subpoena; sitasyon.

Subrogate, v. ihalili.

Subscribed, adj. nilagdaan.

Subscription, n. suskripsyon.

Subsequent, adj. sumusunod.

Subservient, adj. naninilbihan; mapagsilbi.

Subsidiary, adj. tumutulong; ……….. imprisonment, karagdagang pagkabilanggo; ……… company, sangay
ng kompaniya.

Subsidy, n. abuloy; tulong na salapi.

Subsist, v. manatiling nabubuhay.

Subsistence, n. pagkabuhay.

Substantial, adj. malaki; mahalaga.

Substantiate, v. patunayan.

Substitute, n. kahalili; kapalit.

Subversion, n. paglaban sa pamahalaan.

Subversive, n. subersibo; laban sa pamahalaan.

Succession, n. pagmamanahan; ……… in office, pagsusunod- sunod na panunungkulan.

Successor, n. kahalili; kapalit.

Sue, v. ihabla; idimanda.

Sufficient, adj. sapat; husto; kasiya; ……… consideration, sapat na kabayaran.

Suffrage, n. karapatang bumoto o maghalal.

Sum, n. halaga; lump …………, buong halaga; ……………. Total, kabuuan.

Suicide, n. pagpapakamatay.
Summons, n. patawag; sitwasyon.

Superintendent, n. tagapamahala.

Superior, n. puno; nakatataas.

Superior strength, adj. nakatataas na lakas.

Supersede, v.t. halinhan; pinalitan.

Supervening, v.t. sumunod na pangyayari.

Supplementary, adj. karagdagan.

Support, n. pagtataguyod; sustento; tustos sa ikabubuhay.

Supremacy, n. pananaig; pangingibabaw.

Supreme Court, Kataas- taasang Hukuman.

Surety, n. piyador; nananagot.

Surname, n. apelyido.

Surrender, v. sumuko; voluntary …………n. kusang- loob na pagsuko.

Survey, v. sukatin.

Surviving, adj. natitirang buhay.

Suspension, n. pagtigil; pansamantalang paghinto.

Suspect, n. taong pinaghihinalaan.

Suspicion, n. hinala; bintang.

Sustain, v.t. pagtibayin; sinang- ayunan; ………. Wounds, magatmo ng sugat; …… the judgment,
pinagtibay na hatol.

Sustenance, n. sustento; pakain.

Swindle, v.t. linlangin; dayain.

Swindling, n. panlilinlang; pandaraya; panunuba.

Sworn, adj. sinumpaan; …………… statement, sinumpaang salysay.

System, n. balangkas; kaparaanan.

Tangible, adj. nahihipo; madarama; nasasalat.

Tax, n. buwis; income …………., buwis sa kita.

Taxation, n. pagbubuwis.

Technical description, n. baybay- sukat.

Technicality, n. teknikalidad.

Temporary, adj. pansamantala; ……… visitor, pansamantalang salta (na dayuhan).

Tenancy, n. pananakahan.

Tenant, n. manggagawa sa lupang sakahan; landlord and ……… nagpapaupa at umuupa.

Tender of payment, pag- aalok ng kabayaran.

Tenement, n. bahay- tirahan; bahay- paupahan.

Tentative, adj. pansamantala.

Tenure of office, n. panahon ng panunungkulan.

Term, n. taning; panahon; termino.

Termination, n. pagtatapos; katapusan.

Terminology, n. katawagan.

Territory, n. nasasakupang lupa; national ………….,

teritoryong pambansa; territorial jurisdiction, lupang saklaw ng kapangyarihan.

Terror, n. matinding takot; kilabot; sindak.

Terrorize, v. takutin; sindakin.

Terrorism, n. pananakot.

Testament, n. testamento; pagpapasiya; Last Will and ……….., Huling Habilin at Pagpapasiya.

Testate, adj. may iniwang testamento.

Testator, n. nagtatagubilin (sa testamento), nagpapamana.

Testify, v. sumaksi.

Testimony, n. pahayag bilang saksi.

Theft, n. pagnanakaw.

Thereafter, adv. pagkatapos.

Therefore, adv. kung kaya; samakatuwid.

Third, adj. ikatlo; …….. party, ikatlong panig; ………….

Person, pangatlong tauhan.

Though, conj. Bagamat.

Threat, n. pagbabanta; ………. To kill, bantang pagpatay; grave ……..-s, malubhangpagbabanta.

Title, n. pamagat; titulo.

Treasury, n. Ingatang yaman; National …………, Kabang bayan; Pambayanang Tesoreriya.

Treaty, n. kasunduan ng mga bansa; Treaty of Paris, Kasunduan ng bansang Amerika at Espanya na
isinagawa sa Paris, Pransia, noong 1898 na sa pamamagitan nito ay isinalin ng Espanya ang Pilipinas sa
bansang Amerika sa halagang 20 milyon.

Trespass, n. pagpasok ng walang pahintulot; qualified ………… to dwelling, walang pahintulot na

pagpasok sa pamamahay.

Trial, n. paglilitis; pagdinig; public ……….., hayag sa madlang paglilitis; new ………, panimulang pagdinig.

Tribujnal, n. hukuman; tribuna; Supreme …………, Kataas- taasang Hukuman.

Truism, n. kasabihan; katotohanang nasasaad.

Trust, n. paglalagak; pagtitwala; …….. and confidence, pagtitiwala at pananalig.

Trustee, n. katiwala; trusteeship, n. pagkakatiwala.

Truth, n. katotohanan.

Tumultuous affray, n. magulong pag- aaway.

Turpitude, n. kabuhungan; moral ………., katutubong kasamaan o kabuhungan.

Tyranny, n. kalupitan.

Ultimate, adj. panghuli; ………….facts, buod ng mga pangyayari.

Ultimatum, n. huling- sabi.

Unanimous, adj. buong pagkakaisa.

Unarmed, adj. walang sandata.

Unavoidable, adj. di- maiiwasan.

Unborn, adj. di pa naisisilang; ………… child, batang nasa sinapupunan.

Uncertain, adj. di- tiyak; alinlangan; alanganin.

Unconditional, adj. walag pasubali.

Unconscionable, adj. di- maatim ng budhi; napakataas.

Underage, adj. kulang sa gulang.

Underlying, v.t. nababatay.

Underpriveledge, adj. kulang- palad.

Undersigned, adj. lumagda; nakalagda.

Undertake, v. magsagawa.

Underwriter, n. ahente ng seguro.

Unequivocal, adj. tiyak na kahulugan; malinaw.

Unfit, adj. di- karapat- dapat.

Unfortunate, adj. kapus- palad.

Ungrateful, adj. walang utang na loob.

Unicameral legislature, n. isang kapulungan ng mambabatas.

Unilateral, adj. isahang panig.

Uninterrupted, adj. di- mapuputol; patuloy.

Union, n. pagkakaisa; unyon.

Unjust vexation, walag matuwid na pangyayamot; pang- iinis.

Unknown, adj. di- kilala; di- alam.

Unlawful, adj. labag sa batas.

Uprising, n. pag- aalsa.

Urban, adj. di- panlunsod.

Urgent, adj. apurahan; madalian.

Usage, n. kaugalian.

Usufruct, n. pakikinabang sa ari- arian ng iba; gamit- bunga; usprukto.

Usurer, n. usurero.

Usury, n. labis na pagpapatubo.

Usurpation, n. pangangagaw ng walang matuwid; …….. of authority, pagpapanggap; ………… of real rights,
pangangamkam.

Usury, n. sobrang pagpapatubo.

Utterance, n. pagsasalita; pagbigkas; pagpapahayag.

Vacancy, n. puwang; bakante.

Vacate, v. alsin; ………….. the premises; umalis sa lugal; iwanan; …….. the judgment, ibahin ang pasiya.

Vacation, n. bakasyon.

Vagrancy, n. bagansiya; pagiging palaboy na pinarurusahan ng batas.

Vagrant, n. gumagala; taong palaboy; lagalag.

Vague, adj. Malabo.

Valid, adj. may- bisa.

Validate, v. bigyang bisa.

Validity, n. pagkakabisa; pag iral.

Valuable, adj. mahalaga.

Valuation, n. pagbibigay halaga.

Value, n. halaga.

Vendee, n. bumili.

Vendor, n. nagbili.

Ventilate, v. pagusapanvenue, n. pook ng paglilitis.

Verdict, n. hatol; pasya.

Verification, n. patotoo.

Vernacular, n. katutubong wika.

Versus, prep. Laban kay.

Veto, v. di dasang ayunan.; di pagtibayin.

Vexation, n. pagkayamot; pagkainis; unjust….., walang matuwid na pangyayamot.

Vicinity, n. kalapit; kaugnay.

Victim, n. biktima; ang nasawi.

Vigilance, n. maingat na pagbabantay.

Vindicate, v. ipagtanggol.

Vindictive, adj. mapaghiganti.

Violate, v. labagin; …….the contract, labagin ang kontrato; ……the honor, halayin ang puri; ……the
domicile, pagpasok ng walang pahintulotsa tahanan.

Violation, n. paglabag.

Violence, n. karahasan.

Virgin, adj. birhen; malinis.

Visible, adj. nakikita.

Vitiate, v. sirain.
Void, adj. walang bisa.

Voluntary, adj. kusang loob.

Vote, v. bumoto; iboto; ihalal.

Voter, n. manghahalal; botante; registered………., nakatalang manghahalal.

Vow, n. panagako.

Wage, n. pasahod; bayad; upa; minimum ……….., pinakamababang pasahod.

Waive, v. ipaubaya; talikdan.

Waiver, n. pagtalikod; pagpapaubaya.

Want, n. pangangailangan; freedom from ……………., kalayaan sa pangangailangan.

Warden, n. karselero; tagapamahala ng bilangguan.

Warehouse, n. bodega.
Warrant, v. panagutan; garantiyahan; warranty in sales, pananagot ng may- ari sa bilihan.

Warrant of arrest, n. kautusan sa pagdakip; treasury ……., patunay ng dapat tanggaping salapi sa
tesoreriya.

Wealth, n. kayamanan; hidden ………., nakatagong kayamanan.

Weapon, n. sandata; deadly ………, sandatang nakamamatay.

Welfare, n. kapakanan; social ………., kapakanang panlipunan.

Whatsoever,pron, anuman.

Whereabouts, adv. kinaroroonan.

Whereas, conj. Yayamang.

Whereby, adv. conj. Sa pamamagitan ng.

Wherefore, adv. dahilan ditto; bunga nito.

Wholesale, adj. pakyaw.

Withhold, v. ibawas; pigilin.

Witness, n. saksi; ……… stand, bankilyo ng testigo; eye …………., nakakitang saksi.
Will, n. testamento; habilin.

Worship, n. pagsamba; freedom of ………., kalayaan sa pagsamba.

Writing, n. sulat; titik; akda.

Written, adj. nakasulat.

2

-Kalashnikov

CRIMINAL LAW (P-4)

Allegiance: is meant obligation of fidelity and obedience ,which the individuals owe to the state under
which they live or to their sovereign, in return for the protection they receive.

Alternative Circumstance: are those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating
according to the nature and effect of the crime and other conditions attending its commission.
(RELATIONSHIP, INTOXICATION, DEGREE OF INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION OF THE OFFENDER)

Amicus Curiae: A friend of the court who is allowed to introduce argument, authority or evidence upon
some matter of law about which the court is mistaken or doubtful.
Anticipation of Duties of a Public Office: offense charge to any person who shall assume the
performance of the duties and powers of any public officer or employment without first being sworn in
or having given the bond required by law.

Arbitrary Detention: felony where a public officer or employee restrain and confine a person without
legal grounds.

Arresto Mayor: correctional penalty , the duration is one month and one day to six months.

Arresto mENOR: A light penalty. one day to thirty days with a fine not exceeding 200 pesos.

Arson: malicious and willful destruction of property by fire.

assasination: killing of an individual by treacherous means of design.

assualt and battery: physical attack or is a threat to strike someone. the act of striking is referred to as
battery.

attack: offensive or antagonistic movement or action of any kind.

band: more than 3 malefactors acting together in the commission of an offense.

bigamy: unlawful act of any person who shall contract a second or subsequent marriage before the
former marriage has been legally dissolved.

bill of attainder: legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial.

bribery: unlawful act of any public officer or employee who accepts an offer of bribe from any person

brigandage: committed by more than 3 persons who form a band of robbers for the purpose of
committing robbery in the highway, or kidnapping persons for the purpose of extortion or to obtain
ransom, or any other purpose to be attained by means of force and violence.

-delilah

CRIMINAL LAW (P-3)

Act of God: an inevitable event occuring by reason of the operations of nature not the result of human
agency or negligence. also known as FORCE MAJEURE.

Acts of Lasciviousness: felony by any person who commits any act of lasciviousness or lewdness that is
done under any of the following circumstances: using force or intimidation or when offended party is
deprived by reason otherwise unconcious, or when the offended party is under 12 years of age.

Adherence to the Enemy: intent to betray exists when a citizen intellectually or emotionally favors the
enemy and harbors sympathies or convictions disloyal his country's policy or interest.

Adjective Law: Law on procedure and court organization; opposite to substantive law.

Adjudicate: means to determine judicially - JUDGEMENT

Administer: introducing any dangerous drugs into the body.

Adultery: a private crime committed by a married woman who shall have sexual intercourse with
another man not her husband and a man who shall have carnal knowledge with a married woman.

Ad Verbatim : to the letter, word for word.

Affidavit: sworn statement in writing; declaration in writing made under oath before an authorized
officer.

Affray: unlawful fighting which terrifies others of a reasonably firm character. consisting of two or more
persons in a public place.

Aggravating CircumstanceS: ARE THOse conditions which is attendant in the commission of the crime
serve to increase the penalty without however, exceeding the maximum penalty provided by law for the
offense.

Aggression: destructive and injurious behavior that is socially defined as hostile and violent on the basis
of several factors pertaining to the performer and the person making the evaluation.

Aid and abet: to act as an accessory in the commission of a crime.

Alevosia: act with treachery

Alias: a name other than ones own name, an assumed name.

-DELILAH.

CRIMINAL LAW (P-2)

Absulatory Cause: are those where the act committed is a crime but for reason of public policy and
sentiment there is no penalty imposed.

Abuse of Discretion: Failure to render or exercise sound and reasonable judgement.

Accessory: are those having knowledge to the commission of the crime and without having participated
therein, either as principals or accomplices., take part subsequent to its commission in any of the
following manners: By profiting themselves or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the crime.
By concealing or destroying the body of the crime or the effects of the instruments thereof, in order to
prevent discovery, By harboring concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principals of the crime,
provided the accessory acts with abuse of his public functions or whenever the author of the crime is
guilty of treason, parricide ,murder, or an attempt to take the life of the chief executive, or is known to
be habitually guilty of some other crime.

Abuse of Confidence: an element of estafa and qualified theft it is determined from the trust reposed by
the offended party to the offender. it may also refer to the nature of the work of the offender which
must necessarily involve trust and confidence.

Accessory Penalty: refers to that penalty which is deemed included in the imposition of the principal
penalty.

Accident: refers to anything that occur outside the sway of man's will.

Accomplice: in order for a person to be considered as accomplice, the ff requisites must concur: there
must be a community of design, that is, knowing the criminal design of the principal by direct
participation, he concurs with the latter in his purpose; he cooperates in the execution of the offense by
previous or simultaneous acts, with the intention of supplying material or moral aid in the execution of
the crime in an efficacious way and there must be a relation between the acts done by the principal and
those attributed to the person charged as accomplice.

Act: Refers to any bodily, movement tending to produce some effect in the external world.
-Delilah

CRIMINAL LAW (P-1)

Abandoning a minor: in order to hold one criminally liable for this crime, the offender must have
abandoned the child with deliberate intent. the purpose of the offender must solely be avoidance of the
obligation of taking care of the minor.

Abandonment: willful desertion or forsaking of parental duties.

Abandonment of office or position: a felony committed by any public officer who, before the acceptance
of his resignation, shall abscond his office to the detriment of the public.

Abandonment of person in danger and abandonment of one's victim: a felony committed by failing to
render assistance to any person whom the offender finds in an inhabited place wounded or in danger of
dying, when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself, unless such omission shall
constitute a more serious offense.

Abduction: act of taking away woman from her house or other place where she may be for the purpose
of carrying her to another place with intent to corrupt or marry her.

Aberratio Ictus: Mistake in the blow. occurs when the offender intending to do an injury to one person
actually inflicts it on another.

Abet: the act of inducing another to commit a crime.

Ab Initio: Latin word which means from the beginning.

Abortion: Refers to violent expulsion of the embryo from the material womb which results in death of
the fetus. or the willful killing of the fetus in the uterus.

Abrogation: the annulment or destruction of another law.

-delilah

CDI-5 PART 2

THEORIES

1. There is no complex crime of arson with homicide.

The late Mr. Chief Justice Ramon C. Aquino cited –

“. . . When fire is used with the intent to kill a particular person who may be in a house and that
objective is attained by burning the house, the crime is murder only. When the Penal Code declares that
killing committed by means of fire is murder, it intends that fire should be purposely adopted as a means
to that end. There can be no murder without a design to take life. In other words, if the main object of
the offender is to kill by means of fire, the offense is murder. But if the main objective is the burning of
the building, the resulting homicide may be absorbed by the crime of arson.”

“. .In the classification of crimes committed by fire, attention must be given to the intention of the
author. When fire is used with intent to kill a person who may be in shelter, and that objective is
secured, the crime is murder. Murder or homicide in a juridical sense would exist if the killing were the
objective of the malefactor and the burning of the building was resorted only as the means of
accomplishing his purpose. The rule is otherwise when arson is itself the end and death is a mere
consequence. The crime in such a case would be arson only, absorbing the homicide.”
2. Murder and arson can be committed chronologically in one occasion.

If death results by reason or on the occasion of arson, the crime is simply arson although the imposable
penalty as provided in Sec. 5 of PD 1613, which expressly repealed Arts. 320 to 326-B of the Revised
Penal Code is reclusion perpetua to death (now it is only reclusion perpetua as provided by Sec. 2 of RA
9346). If the objective of the offender is to kill and arson is resorted to as the means to accomplish the
crime, the offender can be charged with murder only. But if the objective is to kill - and in fact the
offender has already done so - and arson is resorted to as a means to cover up the killing, the offender
may be convicted of two separate crimes of either homicide or murder, and arson.

3. Arson can be committed to conceal another crime.

For example, when appellants were seen in the vicinity of the burning house and they were not there to
save lives and property but rather to escape from the locus criminis and avoid being made to answer for
the consequences of their wicked act. In other words, they were not there to save the lives and
valuables of the victims but to save their own. The court is convinced that appellants conspired to inflict
fatal blows on the victims which cost their lives and thereafter set their house on fire to conceal the
dastardly deed. Conspiracy, as the court said, may be inferred from the acts of the accused when such
acts point to a joint purpose or design.

4. Circumstantial evidence as basis of conviction in the case of arson.

The court has repeatedly ruled that guilt may be established through circumstantial evidence provided
that:

a. there is more than one circumstance;

b. the facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and,

c. The combination of all the circumstances is sufficient to produce conviction beyond reasonable doubt.

5. There is no complex crime of arson with homicide.

The late Mr. Chief Justice Ramon C. Aquino cited -

“. . . When fire is used with the intent to kill a particular person who may be in a house and that
objective is attained by burning the house, the crime is murder only. When the Penal Code declares that
killing committed by means of fire is murder, it intends that fire should be purposely adopted as a means
to that end. There can be no murder without a design to take life. In other words, if the main object of
the offender is to kill by means of fire, the offense is murder. But if the main objective is the burning of
the building, the resulting homicide may be absorbed by the crime of arson.”

6. Murder and arson can be committed chronologically in one occasion.

If death results by reason or on the occasion of arson, the crime is simply arson although the imposable
penalty as provided in Sec. 5 of PD 1613, which expressly repealed Arts. 320 to 326-B of the Revised
Penal Code is reclusion perpetua to death (now it is only reclusion perpetua as provided by Sec. 2 of RA
9346). If the objective of the offender is to kill and arson is resorted to as the means to accomplish the
crime, the offender can be charged with murder only. But if the objective is to kill - and in fact the
offender has already done so - and arson is resorted to as a means to cover up the killing, the offender
may be convicted of two separate crimes of either homicide or murder, and arson.

7. Establishing the Role of First Responders

The systematic approach recommended is that of the scientific method, which is used in the
physical sciences.

This method provides for the organizational and analytical process so desirable and necessary in a
successful fire investigation.

A. Observe the Fire and Scene Conditions

 While approaching a fire scene, first responders should observe and mentally note the following
conditions and activities and, as soon as conditions permit, initiate permanent documentation of the
information (e.g., written notes, voice recordings, videotapes):

1. The presence, location, and condition of victims and witnesses.

2. Vehicles leaving the scene, bystanders, or unusual activities near the scene.

3. Flame and smoke conditions (e.g., the volume of flames and smoke; the color, height, and
location of the flames; the direction in which the flames and smoke are moving).

4. The type of occupancy and use of the structure (e.g., a residential occupancy being used as a
business).

5. Conditions of the structure (e.g., lights turned on; fire through the roof; walls standing; open,
closed, or broken windows and doors).

6. Conditions surrounding the scene (e.g., blocked driveways, debris, and damage to other
structures).

7. Weather conditions.

8. Unusual characteristics of the scene (e.g., the presence of containers, exterior burning or
charring on the building, the absence of normal contents, unusual odors, fire trailers4).

9. The fire suppression techniques used, including ventilation, forcible entry, and utility shutoff
measures.

10. The status of fire alarms, security alarms, and sprinklers.

B. Exercise Scene Safety

Upon arrival at the scene, first responders should:

1. Evaluate the scene for safety hazards (e.g., structural collapse of the building; smoke;
electrical, chemical, or biological hazards; other health risks).
2. Establish safety/hazard zones.

3. Communicate hazards to other personnel arriving at the scene.

4. Use tools and personal protective equipment appropriate to the task during all operations.

C. Preserve the Fire Scene

To preserve evidence, first responders should:

1. Observe and mentally note evidence that may be present at the scene, such as:

☺ Fire patterns (including multiple fire locations).

☺ Burn injuries to victims and fire patterns on clothing.

☺ Trailers, ignitable liquids, or other unusual fuel distribution (e.g., piles of newspapers, furniture
pushed together).

☺ Incendiary/ignition/explosive devices (e.g., lighters, matches, timing devices).

☺ Shoe prints and tire impressions.

☺ Broken windows and doors.

☺ Distribution of broken glass and debris.

☺ Indications of forced entry (tools and tool marks).

☺ Containers.

☺ Discarded clothing.
☺ Trace evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, fingerprints, blood, other body fluids).

☺ Evidence of crimes in addition to the possible arson (e.g., weapons, bodies, drugs, clandestine drug
laboratory equipment).

☺ Witnesses, bystanders, and victims.

☺ Any other unusual items or the absence of normal contents or structural components.

2. Recognize threats to evidence (i.e., its movement, removal, contamination, or destruction) from any
of the following sources:

❀ Fire suppression activities, such as a straight stream applied at the point of origin or deluge
applications that may wash away or dilute potential evidence.

❀ Overhaul activities that destroy fire patterns.

❀ Salvage activities that involve moving or removing potential physical evidence.

❀ Use of a tool in any manner that causes destruction of evidence.

❀ Movement of knobs, switches, and controls on appliances and utilities.

❀ Weather conditions that affect transient evidence (i.e., wind, precipitation, or temperature changes).

❀ Personnel walking through the scene.

❀ Witnesses and victims leaving the scene.

❀ Medical intervention and treatment of victims (e.g., by damaging evidence at the scene or destroying
victims’ clothing).

❀ Premature removal or movement of bodies.

❀ Vehicles at the scene (e.g., that introduce fluid to the scene through vehicle leaks or destroy other
evidence, including shoe prints and tire impressions).
❀ Contamination from external sources, such as fuel-powered tools or equipment.

3. Protect Evidence by:

✵ Limiting excessive fire suppression, overhaul, and salvage.

✵ Avoiding needless destruction of property.

✵ Leaving bodies undisturbed.

✵ Flagging items of evidence with cones or markers.

✵ Recording observations through written notes or voice recordings.

✵ Covering items or areas containing evidence with objects that will not contaminate the evidence (e.g.,
clean boxes or tarpaulins).

✵ Isolating items or areas containing evidence with rope, barrier tape, barricades, or sentries.

✵ Retaining and securing clothing items removed from victims and suspects.

✵ Obtaining information about victims and witnesses (i.e., their names, addresses, and telephone
numbers).

✵ Preserving transient evidence (e.g., trace evidence, shoe prints, tire impressions).

✵ Removing evidence at risk of imminent destruction by the fire or the structural collapse of the
damaged building.

✵ Ensuring that later arriving investigators are fully apprised of the evidence discovered.

D. Establish Security and Control

1. Set up a security perimeter (e.g., using barrier tape, fire line, and sentry).

2. Control access into the scene through the security perimeter.

3. Initiate documentation of the sc

E. Coordinate Activities

To coordinate activities at the scene, first responders should:

1. Establish a command post and implement an incident command system (i.e., a point of contact and
line of communication and authority for public safety

Personnel).

2. Establish staging areas to ensure that emergency and support vehicles have access into the area.

3. Request additional personnel resources, such as firefighters, EMS personnel, law enforcement
officers, investigators, and representatives of utility companies.

4. Inform authorities about the status of the incident, hazards, injuries, witnesses, the location of
evidence, and other pertinent facts.

8. SPALLING is the breakdown in surface tensile strength of concrete, masonry, or brick caused by
exposure to high temperatures and rates of heating resulting in mechanical forces within the material.

9. CLEAN BURN is a phenomenon that appears on noncombustible surfaces when the soot and smoke
condensate that would normally be found adhering to the surface is burned off.

This produces a clean area adjacent to areas darkened by products of combustion. Clean burn is
produced most commonly by direct flame contact or intense radiated heat.
10. The appearance of the V SHAPED PATTERNS is created by flames, convective or radiated heat from
hot fire gases, and smoke within the fire plume. The V pattern often appears as lines of demarcation,
defining the borders of the fire plume and less heated areas outside the plume.

11. INVERTED CONES are commonly caused by the vertical flame plumes of the burning volatile fuels not
reaching the ceiling.

12. U PATTERNS are similar to the more sharply angled V patterns but display gently curved lines of
demarcation and curved rather than angled lower vertices.

13. TRUNCATED CONE PATTERNS, also called truncated plumes, are three-dimensional fire patterns
displayed on both horizontal and vertical surfaces.

14. Irregularly shaped pattern on floor carpeting resulting from poured ignitable liquid. Burned match
can be seen at lower left.

15. “SADDLE BURNS” are distinctive U- or saddle-shaped patterns that are sometimes found on the top
edges of floor joists. They are caused by fire burning downward through the floor above the effected
joist. Saddle burns display deep charring, and the fire patterns are highly localized and gently curved.
16. In many incendiary fires, when fuels are intentionally distributed or “trailed” from one area to
another, the elongated patterns may be visible. Such fire patterns, known as “TRAILERS,” can be found
along floors to connect separate fire sets, or up stairways to move fires from one floor or level within a
structure to another. Fuels used for trailers may be ignitable liquids, solids, or combinations of these.

-Kalashnikov

CDI-5 (ARSON INVESTIGATION)

PART 1

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. AREA OF ORIGIN – the room or area where the fire began.

2. ARROW PATTERN – a fire pattern displayed on the cross section of a burned wooden structural
member.

3. ARSON – the crime of maliciously and intentionally, or recklessly, starting a fire or causing an
explosion. Precise legal definitions vary among jurisdictions, wherein it is defined by statutes and
judicial decisions.

4. BACKDRAFT – an explosion resulting from the sudden introduction of air (i.e., oxygen) into a confined
space containing oxygen-deficient superheated products of incomplete combustion.

5. CEILING LAYER – a buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment.

6. CHAR – carbonaceous material that has been burned and has a blackened appearance.

7. CHAR BLISTERS – convex segments of carbonized material separated by cracks or crevasses that form
on the surface of char, forming on materials such as wood as the result of pyrolysis or burning.
8. DROP DOWN – the spread of fire by the dropping or falling of burning materials. This is synonymous
with "Fall Down”.

9. FIRE ANALYSIS – the process of determining the origin, cause, development, and responsibility as well
as the failure analysis of a fire or explosion.

10. FIRE CAUSE – the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and all ignition source together with
proper air or oxygen.

11. FIRE INVESTIGATION – the process of deterll1illlllg the origin, cause, and development of a fire or
explosion.

12. FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION – the process of recreating the physical scene during fire scene
analysis through the removal of debris and the replacement of contents or structural elements in their
pre-fire positions.

13. FLASH FIRE – a fire that spreads rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an
ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure.

14. FLASH POINT OF A LIQUID – the lowest temperature of a liquid, as determined by specific laboratory
tests, at which the liquid gives off vapors at a sufficient rate to support a momentary flame across its
surface.

15. FLASHOVER – a transition phase in the development of a contained fire in which surfaces exposed to
thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly
throughout the space.

16. FLASH FIRE – a fire that spreads rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an
ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure.

17. FLASH POINT OF A LIQUID – the lowest temperature of a liquid, as determined by specific laboratory
tests, at which the liquid gives off vapors at a sufficient rate to support a momentary flame across its
surface.

18. FLASHOVER – a transition phase in the development of a contained fire in which surfaces exposed to
thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly
throughout the space.

19. HAZARD – any arrangement of materials and heat sources that presents the potential for harm, such
as personal injury or ignition of combustibles.

20. IGNITION – the process of initiating self-sustained combustion.

21. ISOCHAR - a line on a diagram connecting points of equal char depth.

22. MATERIAL FIRST IGNITED - the fuel that is first set on fire by the heat of ignition. To be meaningful,
both a type of material and a form of material should be identified.
23. HAZARD – any arrangement of materials and heat sources that presents the potential for harm, such
as personal injury or ignition of combustibles.

24. IGNITION – the process of initiating self-sustained combustion.

25. ISOCHAR - a line on a diagram connecting points of equal char depth.

26. MATERIAL FIRST IGNITED - the fuel that is first set on fire by the heat of ignition. To be meaningful,
both a type of material and a form of material should be identified.

27. OCCUPANCY- The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

28. OXIDIZING MATERIAL- A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or
support combustion.

29. PLUME – the column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire. Also called convection
column, thermal updraft, or thermal column.

30. POINT OF ORIGIN – the exact physical location where a heat source and a fuel come in contact with
each other and a fire begins. P

31. POINTER - the difference in height of a series of fire damaged vertical wood members ranging from
high being the farthest away from a source of heating to the shortest being closer.

32. UBLIC WAY- Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded
or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use.

33. PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BUILDING- Any building or structure where fifty or more people congregate,
gather or assembled for any purposes.

34. PYROLYSIS – the transformation of a Compound into one or more other substances by heat alone.
Pyrolysis often precedes combustion.

35. PYROPHORIC - Descriptive of any substances that ignited spontaneously when exposed to air

36. SCIENTIFIC METHOD – the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and
formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment and the
formulation and testing of a hypothesis.

37. SEAT OF EXPLOSION - a craterlike indentation created at the point of origin of an explosion.

38. SECONDARY EXPLOSION – any subsequent explosion resulting from an initial explosion.

39. SELF-CLOSING DOORS- Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and
delay the spread of fire.
40. SELF-HEATING – the result of exothermic reactions, occurring spontaneously in some materials
under certain conditions, whereby heat is liberated at a rate sufficient to raise the temperature of the
material.

41. SELF-IGNITION - ignition resulting from self-heating. This is synonymous with spontaneous ignition.

42. SELF-IGNITION TEMPERATURE – the minimum temperature at which the self-heating properties of a
material lead to ignition.

43. SOOT – black particles of carbon produced ill a flame.

44. SPALLING – chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

45. SPARK – a small, incandescent particle.

46. SPONTANEOUS HEATING – process whereby a material increases in temperature without drawing
heat from its surroundings. The process results from oxidation often aided by bacterial action where
agricultural products are involved.

47. SPONTANEOUS IGNITION – initiation of combustion of a material by an internal chemical or

biological reaction that has produced sufficient heat to ignite the material.

48. TIME LINE – graphical representation of the events in the fire incident displayed in chronological
order.

49. FIRE PATTERNS are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. These include
thermal effects on materials, such as charring, oxidation, consumption of combustibles, smoke and soot
deposits, distortion, melting, color changes, changes in the character of materials, structural collapse,
and other effects.

50. VESTIBULE- A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a
house or a building.

51. VERTICAL SHAFT- An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as
from the base to the top of the building.

-Kalashnikov

CRIMINALISTICS (RANDOM)

(scan nyo sa baba ng page namin yung iba pang reviewer about criminalistics)
4 KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW

1. GENERAL VIEW: total take all angles, overall view

2. MEDIUM VIEW: divided into zone

3. CLOSE UP VIEW: physical evidence

4. EXTREME CLOSE UP: details of physical evidence and crime scene micrography and macrography

3 CHEMICAL PROCESS

THE PROCESS OF MAKING THE LATENT IMAGE VISIBLE AND PERMANENT

1. DEVELOPMENT: (USE OF EITHER D-76, DEKTOL OR UNIVERSAL SOLUTION) IS THE PROCESS NECESSARY
FOR REDUCING THE SILVER HALIDES TO FORM THE IMAGE. (ELON, HYDROQUENONE IS USED AS MAIN
DEVELOPING AGENTS)

2. STOP BATH: normally composed of water with little amount of delute acetic acid that serves as a
means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.

3. FIXATION : is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or removed from the
emulsion surface and making the image more permanent

STAGES OF FILM DEVELOPMENT

Pre Development

Development

Stop Bath

Fixation

Drying

Washing

4 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

1. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY: Difference by J.C mayer

2. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY: Reliable by Samuel Clemens

3. PRINCIPLE CONSTANCY : Permanent by Herman Welcker

4. PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLICITY : personal identification, greater similarities, greater probabilities,

conclusion

THE 3 FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

1. ARCH: 5%

2. LOOP: 65%

3. WHORL: 30%

FINGERPRINT: CHINESE: Hua Chi

ARCHES AND WHORLS: LO (snail)

LOOPS: XI (sieve or winnowing basket)

RELATED SCIENCES IN THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINT

1.CHIROSCOPY: (GREEK WORD: CHEIR means hand, SKOPEIN means examine) science that deals with
the study of the prints of the palms of the hand.

2.PODOSCOPY (GREEK WORD: PODO means foot. and Skopein means examine) science that deals with
the study of the footprints.

3. POROSCOPY: (GREEK WORD: POROS means pare then skopein means examine) scientific study of the
arrangement of the sweat pores.

2 KINDS OF GUN

1. ARTILLERY OR LARGE ARMS: barrel is more than 1 inch measurement e.g cannon, bazooka

2. FIRE ARMS OR SMALL ARMS : barrel is less than 1 inch in measurement e.g pistol, rifle
KINDS OF FIREARMS

Action

Single Action

Double Action

Loading mechanism

Semi Automatic

Automatic

Firing mechanism

single fire

machine and submachine

3 DIVISIONS OF BALLISTICS

1. INTERNAL : inside, percussion action, firing pin, primer, flame, gunpowder, explosion, bullet, barrel

2. EXTERNAL: outside, muzzleblast, muzzle energy, trajectory, velocity, range (accurate, effective and
maximum ranges)

4. TERMINAL: effect, bullet, target

*TERMINAL ENERGY: IMPACT

*TERMINAL VELOCITY: SPEED

*TERMINAL ACCURACY: GROUPING

* TERMINAL PENETRATION: DEPTH

3 KINDS OF MOTION OF PROJECTILE

1. DIRECT MOTION: forward

2. ROTATORY MOTION: twisting, forward

3. TRANSLATIONAL MOTION: ricochet, bouncing, deplection, change direction

4 STAGES OF MAKING OR MANUFACTURING A BARREL

1. DRILLING: hole, boring, caliber

2. REAMING: cleaning of extra metal chips

3. RIFLING: engraving lands and grooves

*HOOK: cutter

*SCRAPE: scraper

*BROACHING: broach

*BUTTON: button

*LAPPING: smoothening of the barrel surface, last process.

3 KINDS OF TEST IN BALLISTICS

1. DERMAL NITRATE TEST OR PARAFIN TEST: gunpowder residue and blue specks

2. ALPHONETIAMINE: distance of firer or gun to target

3. SODIUM RHODIZONATE: presence of lead

-DELILAH

CDI-6 (SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION)

PART 1
DIFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Preventive response- prevention through deterrence is sometimes achieved by arresting the criminal
and by aggressive prosecutions.

2. Recognition/ identification- it involves the effects of identifying data, including physical things that
may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.

3. Collection- this is act of gathering those identified data or facts or physical things that are significant
to the case under investigation.

4. Prevention- this is a function that is continuously performed during the collection stage. It includes act
of keeping the collected pieces of evidence in their true and original.

5. Evaluation- this is the process of the determining the probative value of collected pieces of evidence.

6. Probative value- refers to the evidence or its worth in successful establishing a proof that a crime has
in fact committed and that the suspect/ accuses is the one who is responsible for it.
7. Presentation- this function is primary manifested inside the court.

8. Physical evidence- is any solid, semi- solid or liquid materials that may aid in determining the truth
during the investigation.

9. Corpus deictic- objects or substance which is essential parts of the body of crime.

10. Associate evidence- evidence which links the suspects to the crime scene or offense

11. Tracing evidence- articles which assist the investigation in locating the suspects.

12. Movable evidence- which can be picked- up at the crime scene or any other location transported.

13. Fixed or immovable evidence- which cannot be readily removed from the crime scene because of its
size, shape or make up.

14. Crime scene search- is a location at which a suspect’s criminal offense has occurred.
15. Rough sketch- made by the investigator at the crime scene. Scale and proportion is ignored and
everything is approximated.

16. Finished sketch- made primary for court room presentation. Scale and proportion is observed.

17. Sketch of locality- gives the picture of the scene of the crime and its environs including such items as
neigh boring and roads leading to the location to the crime scene.

18. Sketch of the ground- pictures the scene of crime with its nearest physical surroundings, the
gardens, the number of the flooring of the building and others.

19. Sketch of details- describes the immediate scene only for instance the room in which the crime
scene was committed and the details.

20. Rectangular coordinate method- this employs the practice of measuring an object from two fixed
points of reference.

21. Triangulation method- it is the bird’s eye view of the scene, utilizing fixed objects from which to
measure. This is particularly useful for sketching outdoor crime scene where there are no easily
identifiable.
22. Cross projection method- it is used in indoor crime scenes. It is basically a top- down view of the
crime scene where the walls the of the room have been “folded” down to reveal locations of evidence.

23. Deductive approach- is done by assuming a theory on how and why was the crime committed and
then attempting to support it by collecting corroborative information.

24. Inductive approach- is done by collective information then carefully analyzing and evaluating them
to develop a theory of the crime.

25. Administrative worksheets- documentation of the major events times and movement relating to the
search efforts.

26. Narrative description- documentation of the general appearance of the scene as first observed.

27. Photographic log- documentation of the process of scene photography which records the over- all
medium.

28. Diagram/ sketch- documentation of the physical evidence locations, as well as measurement
showing pertinent size and distance, relationship in the crime scene area.
29. Evidence recovery log- documentation of the recognition, collection, marking and packaging of
physical evidence for administrative and chain of custody purpose.

30. Latent print lift log- documentation of the recognition, collection and marking and packaging of lift
made of latent print discovered at the scene.

31. Criminal investigator- a person who is in charge with the duty of carrying out the objectives of
criminal investigation.

32. Homicide investigation- it is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and circumstances
surrounding the death of the person which is expected to be criminal or unlawful.

33. Necropsy report- it is a document stating the cause of death of victim.

34. Recording notes- notes that are gathered in chronological order corresponding to the investigative
steps or receipt of the information.

35. Contusion- an injury found in the substance if the skin, discoloration of the surface due to the
extravasations of blood. This is due to the application of blunt instrument.
36. Abrasion- an injury characterized by the removable of the superficial epithelial layer of the skin
brought about by the friction against a hard rough surface.

37. Hematoma- this is the extravasations of blood in the newly formed cavity.

38. Incised wounds- this is produced by forcible contact on the body by sharp edged instrument like
bolos, knives, axe, broken glass or sharp edge of oyster.

39. Stab wounds- this is produced by the application of a sharp instrument which is edge and sharp
pointed.

40. Punctured wounds- this is produced by sharp pointed instrument like ice picks, nails pins, etc.

41. Lacerated declaration- made by the tearing of the skin due to forcible contact a blunt instrument.

42. Dying declaration- made by the person under a consciousness or an impending death regarding the
cause and surrounding of the injury which subsequently produces his death.

43. Battered child syndrome- the clinical term commonly used to describe physically abused children.
44. Child abuse- it is an act that endangers or impairs a child emotional health and development.

45. Child pornography- the sexual explicit reproduction of a child’s image, including sexually explicit
photographs, negatives, slides, magazines, movies, videographer and computer disks.

46. Domestic abuse- the form of a conflict between married persons, the abuse may be directed
towards children.

47. Mushroom factor- diligent investigation of child molester likely to lead to exposure of a network of
paedophiles.

48. Pedophilia (chicken hawks) - it is sexual perversion in which children are the preferred sexual object.

49. Ambush- it is the least planned of all and is based on the element of surprise.

50. Selection raid- it involves a minimum of planning but some casing of the robbery scene.

51. Planned operation-it is the carefully structured and the robbery group examines all aspects of the
situation.
52. Amadeus- type of robbers motivated by greed, want, the desire for a thrill, or need for self-testing.

53. Professionals- type of robbers describe as those persons who worked at robbery as a trade making it
their living and having no other means of income.

-Kalashnikov

LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (RANDOM) *part 2*

5 POLICE MODELS/ SYSTEMS OF MODERN POLICING

1. NEIGHBORHOOD ORIENTED POLICING: a philosophy of police suggesting that problem solving is best
done at the neighborhood level where issues originate not a far-off central headquarters

2. PRO ACTIVE POLICING: aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative
against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur

3. PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING: a style of police management that stresses pro active problem solving
instead of reactive crime fighting

4. COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING : designed to bring the police and the public closer

5. REACTIVE POLICING : opposite of pro active where the police wait for the crime to occur

3 ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS : Those that perform primary or line functions (patrol, traffic, investigation , vice
control)
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: those that perform the administrative functions (personnel, finance,
planning, training)

3. SERVICE UNITS : performs auxiliary functions (communication, records, management, supplies)

2 THEORIES OF PATROL

1. THEORY OF POLICE OMNIPRESENCE : High police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals
think twice before executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police.

2. LOW PROFILE THEORY: increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals. theory similar to covert
operation.

RESPONDING TIME TO CRIME- TOTAL RESPONSE TIME- 4 DIMENSIONS

1. DISCOVERY TIME: interval between the commission of the crime and its discovery

2. REPORTING TIME: interval between the discovery of the crime and when it is reported to the police

3. PROCESSING TIME: interval between receiving the call and dispatching the officers for service

4. TRAVEL TIME: the amount of time it takes for the police to travel to the scene of the crime

4 PROCESSES OR STEPS OF INTELLIGENCE CYCLES

*PLANNING

*COLLECTION

*PROCESSING

*DISSEMINATION

3 KINDS OF SURVEILLANCE

1. TAILING OR SHADOWING: Surveillance of persons

2. CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE: surveillance of places

3. ROPING: surveillance of other things, events and activities

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND SENSITIVITY

1. DISCREET: subject to be watch is unaware that he is under observation

2. CLOSE: subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions

3. LOOSE: applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each occasion

ACCORDING TO METHODS USE

1. STATIONARY: places like bookie stall, a gambling , joint , residence where illegal acts are on going
(fixed position)

2. MOVING : follow subject from place to place

3. TECHNICAL: the use of communication and electronics

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PROVIDING THE DEGREE OF SECURITY

1. RELATIVE CRITICALITY: the importance of the product or services that the company is giving or
producing

2. RELATIVE VULNERABILITY: how susceptible is the establishment,property, and person of the particular
sabotage, espionage, loss is life, and limb or property.

8 TYPES OF FILING AND STORAGE SYSTEM

1. SPINDLE FILE

2. PIGEONHOLE FILE

3. BELLOW FILE

4. BOX FILE

5. VERTICAL FILE (BEST FILING FOR POLICE RECORDS)

6. SHANNON FILE

7. SOFTWARE FILE

5 METHODS OF FILING DOCUMENTS

1. ALPHABETICAL- ALPHABET

2. GEOGRAPHICAL - LOCATION

3. NUMERIC - NUMBER

4. CHRONOLOGICAL - EVENTS

5. COMPUTER SOFTWARE - TECHNICAL

INTERPOL- INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE OFFICIAL LANGAUGE ( SAFE : SPANISH, ARABIC, FRENCH,
ENGLISH)

*THE LARGEST INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORG IN THE WORLD*

HEADQUARTERS: LYON, FRANCE

190 MEMBER COUNTRIES

-Delilah

LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (RANDOM) *part 1*

2 KINDS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS : highly structured 2. INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONS: without structures

3 TYPES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES

1. LINE: the oldest and simplest kind; also called military TYPE, defined by its clear chain of command
from the highest to the lowest and vice versa. It depicts the line functions of the organization and orders
or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out and involves few
departments.

2. FUNCTIONAL: structure according to functions and specialized units, depicts staff fucntions of the
organization
3. LINE AND STAFF : a combination ofbthe line and functional kind. Combines the flow of information
from the line structure with the staff departments that service, advise , and support them. Generally
more formal in nature and has many departments.

2 POLICE THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. HOME RULE THEORY: The police is the servant of the people (theory that the PNP adopts)

2. CONTINENTAL THEORY: The police is the servant of the higher authorities (adopted by the European
Countries)

11 PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF OBJECTIVES

2. PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATION EFFICIENCY

3. SCALAR PRINCIPLE: Line of Authority and chain of command, Span of Control, Delegation of Authority,
Unity of Command

4. FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE

5. LINE AND STAFF

6. PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE

7. PRINCIPLE OF DELEGATION BY RESULTS

8. PRINCIPLE OF ABSOLUTENESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

9. PRINCIPLE OF PARITY AND RESPONSIBILITY

10. AUTHORITY LEVEL PRINCIPLE

11. PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY

4 CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. CLASSICAL APPROACH : scientific management, bureaucratic management, administrative

management

2. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH: heirarchy of needs theory

3. HUMAN RELATION APPROACH: increase productivity

4. CONTEMPORARY APPROACH: system theory (looking at the organization as a system) and contingency
theory (recognizing internal and external variables affecting organization

7 POLICE PROCESSES IN POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

1. PLANNING: setting performance objectives

2. ORGANIZING: dividing the work to be done

3. STAFFING: filing the org. with the right people/position

4. DIRECTING: making decisions

5. COORDINATING: interrelating various parts of work

6. REPORTING: keeping the commander informed 7. BUDGETING: fiscal planning, accounting and control

3 KINDS OF POLICE FUNCTIONS IN POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS: carry out the major purposes of the organization, delivering the
services and dealing directly with the public

2. STAFF OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS: designed to support the line, assist the performance of the
line

3. AUXILLARY FUNCTIONS: logistical operation of organization (training, communication, maintenance,

records management, supplies and equipments

(part 2 to be followed)

-delilah

Jurisprudence (Random)
3 Cardinal Characteristics of Criminal Law.

1. Generality : Binding

2. Territoriality : Applicable

3. Prospectivity : No Retroactive effect or Futuristic Approach

7 Juridical Conditions of Penalty

1. Personal : Nobody

2. Legal : Law

3. Commensurate : Appropriate

4. Productive : Better Result

5. Certain : No one can escape

6. Equal : Fair

7. Correctional : Reformative

3 systems of criminal procedures

1. Accusatorial: right of the citizens to formulate charges to accused someone; right of the offender to
confront accuser and right to public trial

2. Inquisitorial : detection and prosecution of offender left to the initiative of officials. Inquiry is secret
where violence is used to extract confession.

3. Mixed : combination of accusatorial and inquisitorial now adopted in the Philippines.

2 types of court system

1. Adversarial : the accused is innocent until proven guilty

2. Inquisitorial : the accused is guilty until proven innocent

Order of the Examination of a Witness:

1.Direct-Proponent

2.Cross-Opponent

3.Redirect-Proponent

4.Recross-Opponent

DIRECT: IN CHIEF, MOST IMPORTANT, PRIMARY

CROSS: VALIDATE, CHECK

REDIRECT: ADDITIONAL, SUPPLEMENTAL

RECROSS: REVALIDATE, RECHECK

Jurisdiction of Court:

General: empowered to decide all disputes which may come before it, except those assigned to other
courts.

Limited: has authority to hear and determine only a few specified cases.

Original: try and decide a case for the first time.

Appelate: Take a case already heard and decided by a lower court removed from it by appeal.

Exclusive: Try and decide a case which cannot be presented before any other court.

Concurrent : two or more courts may take cognizance of a case.

-Delilah
Special laws 😊

ACT 1524 Act Providing for Enforcement of Condition of Pardon

BP 9Illegal Possession of Deadly Bladed Weapon

BP 22 Bouncing Check Law

BP 39 Foreign Agents Act of 1979

BP 337 Local Government Code

BP 702 Act Prohibiting the Demand of Deposits or Advance Payments for the Confinement or Treatment
of Patients in Hospitals and Medical Clinics in certain Cases

BP 881 Omnibus Election Code

PD 46 Act Punishing the Receiving and Giving of Gifts of Public Officials and Employees

PD 133 Qualified Theft

PD 169 Decree Requiring Attending Physicians and/or Persons Treating Injuries Resulting from any form
of violence, to Report such Fact to the Philippine Constabulary

PD 449 Cockfighting Law of 1974

PD 483 Decree Penalizing Game-Fixing, Point shaving and Game Machination

PD 532 Anti-Piracy And Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 197

PD 533 Anti-Cattle Rustling Law of 1974

PD 603 The Child and Youth Welfare Code

PD 704 Decree Penalizing Unauthorized Installation of Water, Electrical or Telephone Connections

PD 705 Revised Forestry Code

PD 825 Sanitation Code of the Philippines

PD 856 Improper Disposal of Garbage Law.

PD 890 Penalizing the Unauthorized Salvage of Vessels, Wrecks, Derelicts and other Hazards to
Navigation as well as cargoes carried by Sunken Vessels

PD 968 Probation Law of 1976

PD 979 Marine Pollution Degree

PD 1067 The water code of the Philippines

PD 1069 Philippine Extradition Law

PD 1602 Degree Increasing the Penalties for Illegal Numbers Games

PD 1612 Anti-Fencing Law of 1979

PD 1613 The Law on Arson

PD 1866 AS AMENDED BY Republic Act No. 8294 and further amended by republic act No. 9516 (on
Explosives)- Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal and Unlawful possession, Manufacture, Dealing in,
Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives

PD 1689 Decree increasing the penalty for certain forms of Estafa

PD 1731 Decree Providing for Rewards and Incentives to Government Witnesses and informer

PD 1829 Degree Penalizing Obstruction of Apprehension and Prosecution of Criminal Offenses

PD 2018 As amended by Republic Act No. 8042-Degree making Illegal Recruitment a Crime of Economic
Sabotage

RA 1405 Bank Secrecy Law

RA 4136 Land transportation Code of the Philippines

RA 6235 Acts inimical to aviation (Skyjacking)

RA 6539 The Anti-Carnapping Law

RA 6981 Witness Protection Act

RA 7877 Anti-Sexual Harassment Law

RA 8049 THE ANTI-HAZINGLAW

RA 8203 Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs

RA 8293 Phil Passport Act of 1996

RA 8294 Lowering the penalties for illegal possession of FA, Ammunitions and Explosives amending PD
1602

RA 8368 Anti-Squatting Law

RA 8493 SPEEDY TRIAL ACT

RA 8792E- Commerce Law or Electonic Commerce Act of 2000

RA 9160 Anti-Money Laundering Law

RA 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation Act

RA 9175Chainsaw Act of 2002

RA 9262 Domestic Violence or the VAWC Law

RA 9287 INCREASING THE PENALTIES FOR ILLEGAL NUMBER GAMES AMENDING PD 1602

RA 9372 Human Security Act of the Anti-Terror Law

RA 9775 Anti-Child Pornography Act

-Kalashnikov

#NewAdmin

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION

Juvenile delinquency- an anti-social behavior or act which does not conform with the standards of
society.

Juvenile- a child or a young person, who, under the legal system may be dealt with for an offense in a
manner different from that of an adult.

Age of majority- majority commences at the age of eighteen (18) years

R.A 6809- the law amending the age of majority

-lowered the age majority from twenty-one (21) to eighteen (18) years.

-approved on December 13 1989.

Emancipation-freedom from parental authority, both over his person and property

Delinquent- one who has committed an offense that violated the approved norms of conduct and is
guilty of a misdeed.

Paren patriae ("father of the country")-the doctrine that does not consider delinquent acts as a criminal
violation, thus making delinquents non-criminal persons and cannot be found guilty of a crime and
punished like an adult criminal.

TYPES OF DELINQUENT YOUTH

1.Social-an aggressive youth who resents authority of anyone who makes an effort to control his
behavior.

2.Neurotic-one who has internalized his conflicts and is preoccupued with his own feelings.

3.Asocial-one whose delinquent acts have a cold, brutal and vicious quality for which the youth feels no
remorse.

4.Accidental-one who is essentially sociable and law-abiding but happens to be at the wrong time and
place and becomes involved in delinquent acts not typical of his general behavior.

Family-the first an most basic institution of society responsible for developing a child's potential an all its
aspects like physical, emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social.

School-considered the second home of a child, with teachers as the second parents.

-institution responsible for the training of young person's intellectual, moral, as well as social skills
which they need for them to grow up as productive, law-abiding and responsible citizens.

Juvenile court- a court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by statute as juveniles and
alleged to be delinquents or status offenders.

DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

PD 603-child and youth welfare code

RA 7610-anti child abuse law

RA 8552 AND RA 8043-laws on adoption

RA 9208-anti trafficking in persons act

RA 9231-law amending RA 7610 on working children

RA 9262-anti violence against women and their children

RA 9344-juvenile justice and welfare act

RA 9775-anti child pornography act

-tatak mckeveins

CDI: Special Crime Investigation: RAPE R.A 8353 (ANTI RAPE LAW OF 1997)

1. Virginity- the condition of a woman where hymen of her vagina is still intact or unrupted.

NOTE: VIRGINITY IS NOT AN ELEMENT IN THE CRIME OF RAPE.

2. If rape is committed through SEXUAL INTERCOURSE: (RECLUSION PERPETUA imprisonment from 20 to

40 years)

3. If rape was committed through ORAL OR ANAL SEX OR THROUGH THE USE OF ANY OBJECT OR
INSTRUMENT THAT WAS INSERTED INTO THE MOUTH OR ANAL ORIFICE OF THE WOMAN: (PRISION
MAYOR imprisonment from 6 to 12 years)

4. STATUTORY RAPE- when the victim of rape is TWELVE YEARS OF AGE AND BELOW.

-Robert Peel 👮
CDI: SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

(Postmortem Changes in The Body)

1. POSTMORTEM- is in reference to events or changes that occur AFTER DEATH.

2. ANTIMORTEM- Is in reference to events or changes that occur BEFORE DEATH.

3. ALGOR MORTIS- Body Cooling

4. LIVOR MORTIS- Purplish discoloration of the body.

5. RIGOR MORTIS- the condition in which the muscle body become HARDENED.

-Robert Peel 👮

LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (Police organization and administration):

The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:

Functional Units:

1. Bureau ~ the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of
divisions.

2. Division ~ a primary subdivision of a bureau.

3. Section ~ functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

4. Unit ~ functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an organization.

Territorial Units :

1. Post ~ a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or
office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.

2. Route ~ a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.

3. Beat ~ an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

4. Sector ~ an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.

5. District ~ a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.

6. Area ~ a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

OTHER ITEMS AND TERMINOLOGIES:

1. Sworn Officers ~ all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses the power to
arrest.

2. Superior Officer ~ one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently, over
officers of lower rank.
3. Commanding Officer ~ an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a division, an area,
or a district.

4. Ranking Officer ~ the officer who has the senior rank in a team or group.

5. Length of Service ~ the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered.
Previous active services may be included or added.

6. On Duty ~ the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.

7. Off Duty ~ the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

8. Special Duty ~the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from the
performance of his active regular duty.

9. Leave of Absence ~ period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any valid\acceptable
reason, approved by higher authority.

10. Sick leave ~ period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.

11. Suspension ~ a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of
performing his duties as result of violating directives or other department regulations.

12. Department Rules ~ rules established by department directors\superiors to control the conduct of
the members of the police force.
13. Duty Manual ~ describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to specified post
or position.

14. Order ~ an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either:

a. General Order,

b. Special, or

c. Personal

15. Report ~ usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal
reports should be confirmed by written communication.

READ. READ. READ

YOU WILL TOP THE BOARD EXAM!!!!!!

LIKE AND SHARE Criminology RC

-CesareLombroso

<<FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY>>

(Take_Note)

Greek: Photos/phos = light; Grapho= writing or Graphia = to draw.

Utmost Used (very used) =Record Purposes

First Used = Personal Identification (Alphonse Bertillon).

----
Views:

1. General View (Long range) = over-all area, location of the crime scene. (short focus lens/wide angle)

2. Medium = ( 8 to 12 feet) nature of the crime scene. Dividing the area.

3. Close-Up = (5 feet away) details of the crime scene (Individual shot/Mug shot)

4. Extreme Close-Up = details of the Physical Evidence.

Total take = photograph in all angles.

Eye Level = best level of shot.

---

Photomicrography = process of photographing with the use of microscope to show minute details.
( ballistics marks/ line quality)

Photomicrograph = the photograph of the result of microscopic examination.

Photomacrography = process of enlarging using macro or extended tube lens.

Photomacrograph = enlarged photograph also called macrophotograph.

Microphotography = process of reducing.

Microphotograph = reduced photograph.

Telephotography = the process of surveillance photography.

---

LIGHT = Electro magnetic energy.

Reflected = bouncing

Refraction = bending

Transmitted = passed-through (Transparent)

Defraction = falls around the object

Absorbed = block (Opaque object)

Direct light/Front lighting = used in photographing.

Side Light = one side, used for erasure.

Oblique Light = one side at a very low angle, erasure and Indented writing.
Transmitted light = from the back or bottom.

Backlighting = bad image.

X-Rays = (.01 to 30) Roentgen Rays, Shadow Method, Internal.

Ultra-Violet = Black light, used for erasure, invisible writing, contact writing, semen, fibers and latent
prints.

Visible Light

Infra-red= Heat rays, used for addition, obliteration, insertion, charred document.

Millimicron or nanometer = one millionth part of mm.

Angstrom = ten millionth part of mm.

Laser Light = Coherent light (aligned), Three-Dimensional Enlargement. (3D). Hologram.

Concurrent light = scattered.

Visible = 400 – 700 millimicron.

Invisible = too short or too long.

Natural = nature’s creation.

Man-Made/Artificial = man’s creation.

Bright sunlight = uniformed shadow. (F-11)

Hazy Sunlight = bluish or transparent shadow. (F-8)

Dull sunlight = no shadow. (F-5.6)

----

Camera = light tight box, to Exclude unwanted or unnecessary light.

Shutter = (Eyelid) used to control the light reaching the sensitized material.

Fast Shutter = to freeze moving object.

B-Shutter = for night photography

Lens = image forming device.

Convex/Converging/Positive = thick at the center.

Concave/Divergence/Negative = thin at the center.

Film Holder= holds the film

View Finder =to view the coverage. For better perspective.

1. View Finder Type = most smallest/smiplest

2. SLR = interchangeable lens, Ideal for police photography.

3. TLR = two lens system

4. View or Press = largest, expensive type of camera.

One time Used Camera = disposable.

---

Miniature = smallest camera.

DCS-100 = digital and SLR camera combined.

Wide Angle/Short focus = less than 35 mm (diagonal half of the negative. For short distance but wide
coverage, makes the image reduce in size.

Normal Angle/Medium Focus = based on human eye.

Long Focus/Telephoto =more than 70mm, for long distance but narrow area, makes the image enlarge.

Zoom lens = variable focal length. Combination of positive and negative lens.

Focal length = from film plane to the optic center of the lens. Controls both area coverage and size of
object.

Lens Opening = f-number. Controls Depth of Field.

Meniscus lens = used in simplest camera.

Distortion = defect in shape (Rapid Rectillinear lens)

Astigmatism = defect in vertical and horizontal lines (Anastigmat lens).

Chromatic Abberation = defect in color blurredness (Achromatic lens).

Spherical Abberation = light passing the center is sharp, those at the side becomes blurred.

Lateral abberation/Coma = straight light is blurred, oblique light becomes sharp.

----

Depth of Field = distance from the nearest to the farthest object that becomes sharp.
Depth of Focus = the range of distance at which the lens can be move at a sharp focus.

Hyperfocal Distance = nearest distance between the lens and the nearest object that would give a
maximum depth of field.

Smaller lens opening –wider depth of field.

The smaller the F-number the wider the depth of field.

Depth of Field = distance from the nearest to the farthest object that becomes sharp.

Depth of Focus = the range of distance at which the lens can be move at a sharp focus.

Hyperfocal Distance = nearest distance between the lens and the nearest object that would give a
maximum depth of field.

Smaller lens opening –wider depth of field.

The smaller the F-number the wider the depth of field.

-----

Sensitized Material:

Silver Halides = substances sensitive to light.

Emulsion, Anti-Halation backing & Base.

Othochromatic = sensitive up to Green

Panchromatic = sensitive to all the colors of the visible light.

Infra-red = sensitive up to Infra-red light. Film with the longest sensitivity.

ASA = Arithmetic

DIN = Logarithmic

ISO = (Combination of ASA and DIN)

Photopaper = (Silver Bromide, single weight, white, gloss, No. 2)

---------------(Courtesy by: New Breed Criminologist)--------------------

GODBLESS

<<admin_@Cesare>>
<<FORENSIC BALLISTICS>>

(Take_Note)

1. Internal = before leaving the muzzle, while inside the barrel, from breech to muzzle.

2. External = before reaching the target, upon leaving the muzzle, while in flight, from muzzle to target.

3. Terminal = upon reaching the target.

4. Forensic Ballistics = science of Firearms Identification. Identification & Investigation of ammunition &
firearms.

Col. Calvin H. Goddard = Father of Ballistics

----

Trigger – hammer – firing pin – primer – gunpowder.

Percussion action = ignition of priming mixture.

Alexander John Forsyth

Firearms = (Sec. 877,RAC)

P.D. 1866

R.A. 8294.

1. Artillery = more than 1 Inch

2. Small Arms = Less than 1 inch

Machine Gun = automatic/ continuous firing.

Sub-machine gun (grease gun)

----

Shoulder Arm

Smooth bore = musket (ancient/muzzle loading)

= Shotgun (breech loading/ a number of lead pellets.

Cylinder type = equal diameter

Choke = reducing diameter

Paradox = with rifling a few inch from the muzzle point.

Rifles Bore = Rifle (with rifling)

Carbine = short barrel rifle, less than 22 inches.

Hand gun = Pistol ; Revolver (cylinder)

Single action = manual cocking

Double Action = both cock and release the hammer.

Barrel of any firearm is a complete firearm.

Kolibre = smallest pistol

Zip gun = home made gun

Freakish gun = a tool to which a firearm mechanism is attached.

Tool gun= looks like a firearm.

Single shot= one firing for every loading; chamber feed.

Repeating arms = several shot for very press of the trigger.

Automatic = continuous firing in a single press.

----

(cartridge is found at the scene of firing).

Ammunition = loaded shell

Dummy = fake

Blank = without bullet.

Drill = without gun powder.

Live = complete unfired unit (Cartridge)

Shotgun Cartridge = consists of pellet, wads, shell, gunpowder and primer.

Cartridge = consists of bullet, shell, gun powder and primer.

Cartridge (Latin= charta “paper”; French “Cartouche” = rolled paper.)

Four classes of cartridge according to type of firearms: (revolver, pistol, rifle & shotgun)

---

Parts of the Cartridge

1. Bullet = French “Boulette” = a small ball.

metallic or non-metallic ball propel from a firearm.

3. Cartridge case =tabular container.

4. Gun powder or propellant or powder charge.

Black powder=75% KNO3, 15%Charcoal,10%Sulfur.

Smokeless= Nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine

5. Primer = ignition system.

Priming mixture = KCLO3, Charcoal & Sulfur.

----

Classes:

Rim-fire =powder is located at the cavity rim.

Center-fire = powder is located at the center cap.

Pin-fire = with built-in pin. (obsolete already)

1. Rimmed type = the rim diameter is greater than the body diameter.

2. Semi-rimmed = “slightly greater”

3. Rimless = Rim D. is equal to the Body D.

4. Rebated = Rim. D. is smaller than the Body D.

5. Belted = with metal belt around the body of the shell used in high power gun such as shotgun.

----

Bullet = metallic or non-metallic ball propel from a firearm. (usually fired from small arms).
Shot = other name for bullet.

Slugs = police term for bullet.

Pellets = used in shotgun.

Missile = usually used in artillery firearm.

1. Ball type = for personnel

Lead (revolver) jacketed ( outer covering is jacket)

2. Armour Piercing = for metallic target.

3. Incendiary = used to set fire. (Blue –tip)

4. Tracer = emits a bright flame, used at night. (red-tip)

5. Explosives = designed for explosion.

Expanding Bullet = hallow point and the Soft-point. Also called mushroom bullet.

Dum-Dum = made in India for greater damage.

Baton Round = anti-riot bullet. Also called rubber bullet.

Discarding Sabot (Accelarator bullet)= designed for greater velocity.

Frangible = paint bullet.

-----

Explosives

1. Low Explosives = those which function but burning producing gases. (Gunpowders)

2. High Explosives =

a. Primary High = those which ignites upon friction or shock (priming mixture).

b. Secondary High = those which explodes (TNT Dynamite, DRX, C-4 and Nitrogylcerine liquid bomb)

Caliber = measured with the used of a caliper or micrometer.

Firearms = Bore diameter (distance from two opposite lands).

Bullet = base diameter

Shell = body diameter

Torsion balance = use to measure caliber of bullet based on weight.

Pitch of Rifling = distance in one complete turn of the bullet. (measured by Helixometer)

Velocity = speed by unit of time (ft/sec) . Measured by Chronograph.

Class Characteristics = determined even before the manufacture.

Individual Char. = determined after the manufacture .

Rifling = helical groove inside the barrel.

---

Steyer = 4RG=L

Smith and Wesson = 5RG=L

Colt = 6LG2X

Browing = 6RG2X

Striation marks = minutes scratches.

Shaving marks = due to poor alignment.

Skid mark = due to forward movement before it rotates.

Stripping = due to worn-out barrel (corrosion/Erosion)

Slippage = due to oily or oversized barrel.

Class characteristics = common or found in others.

Individual char. = peculiar or not found in other f/a.

Ballistics Engineer/ Firearms Examiner/ Ballistician = concerns with weapons and projectile.

Bullet recovery box = used to obtain test bullet/test shell (at least 3 cartridges)

Bullet Comparison Microscope = used for simultaneous comparison of bullets/shells.

Juxtaposition = same image, magnification etc.

Pseudo Match different image

Stylus = used for marking

Bullet = marks at BASE, OGIVE or NOSE

Shell = Body or Side, Near outside or near Inside open mouth.

---------(Courtesy by: New Breed Criminologist)--------

GODBLESS

<<admin_@Cesare>>

POLICE INTELLIGENCE

EVALUATION GUIDE:

RELIABILITY ACCURACY

OF INFORMATION OF INFORMATION

A- COMPLETELY 1- CONFIRMED by

RELIABLE other sources

B- USUALLY 2- PROBABLY

RELIABLE TRUE

C- FAIRLY 3- POSSIBLY

RELIABLE TRUE

D- NOT USUALLY 4- DOUBTFULLY

 RELIABLE TRUE

E- UNRELIABLE 5- IMPROBABLE

F- RELIABILITY cannot 6- TRUTH cannot

be judge be judged

KEYWORD: CUFNURCPPDIT

Lumabas yan last june examination. 😎

LIKE AND SHARE Criminology RC

-CesareLombroso

Forensic Ballistics:

Ballistics ~ study of the motion of projectiles. *Origin of the term BALLISTICS:

*Greek word BALLO or BALLEIN which means TO THROW.

*Roman war machine BALLISTA, a GIGANTIC BOW OR CATAPULT.

Forensic Ballistics ~ is the science of firearms identification by means of the ammunition fired through
them.

Science ~ systematized body of knowledge.

Projectile ~ refers to the bullet/slug/ball/pellet/flechette that passes through the barrel of firearm.
Motion ~ movement of projectile inside and outside barrel.

KINDS OF MOTION:

1. Direct Motion

2. Rotary Motion

3. Translational Motion

Branches of Ballistics:

A. Interior Ballistics ~ also called Internal Ballistics, study of projectile while inside the gun barrel; from
Breech to the Muzzle of the gun barrel.

B. Exterior Ballistics ~ also called External Ballistics, study of the projectile while on flight going to the
target; just after leaving the muzzle and before hitting the target.

*It involves the following:

1. Muzzle Blast ~ noise or sound created at the muzzle.

2. Muzzle Energy ~ the energy generated at the muzzle.

3. Trajectory ~ the actual curve path of the bullet.

4. Range ~ between muzzle and target.

5. Velocity ~ rate of speed of the bullet (feet per second)

6. Air Resistance ~ the capacity of the bullet to resist air during its flight from the muzzle of the gun.

7. Pull of gravity ~ the downward movement of the bullet after reaching its maximum range.

8. Penetration ~ the entry of the bullet in the target.

9. Ricochet ~ the bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface.

C. Terminal Ballistics ~ the study of effects/impact of projectile to the target.

1. Terminal accuracy ~ size of the bullet grouping on the target.

 2. Terminal energy ~ energy of the projectile upon striking the target.

3. Terminal penetration ~ depth of the bullet penetration on the target.

4. Terminal velocity ~ speed of the bullet inside the target.

D. Forensic Ballistics ~ science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through them.

Read. Read. Read.

You will pass the Board Exam!

Like and Share Criminology RC

-CesareLombroso

Court Jurisdiction and Venue of Trial:

Jurisdiction ~ is the authority to hear and the right to act in a case. It is the power of the judges to
administer justice, that is, to try and decide the cases in accordance with the laws.

* In order for a court to have authority to have a particular case, it must have jurisdiction of the
following;

1. the subject matter

2. the person of the accused

3. the territory where the offense was committed.

* to TRY OR HEAR A CASE simply means to recieve evidence from the parties (including their
arguments), according to fixed rules. To DECIDE OR DETERMINE a case means to resolve the dispute by
applying the law to the facts (established by the evidence).
VENUE ~ refers to the place where a case should be heard, tried, and decided.

TYPES OF COURT JURISDICTION:

1. General Jurisdiction ~ when the court is empowered to decide all disputes that may come before it
except those assigned to other courts.

2. Limited Jurisdiction ~ when the court has authority to hear and determine only a few specified cases.

3. Original Jurisdiction ~ when it can try and decide a case presented for the first time.

4. Appellate Jurisdiction ~ when it can try a case already hear and decided at the lower court removed
from the latter by appeal.

5.Exclusive Jurisdiction ~ when it can try and decide a case that cannot be presented to any other court.

6. Concurrent Jurisdiction ~ when any of two or more courts may take cognizance of a case.

7. Criminal Jurisdiction ~ jurisdiction to try a case where there is punishment or penalty provided by the
law.

8. Civil Jurisdiction ~ jurisdiction that exists when the subject matter is not of criminal nature.

9. Territorial Jurisdiction ~ jurisdiction that exist basing on the place of commission of the offense.

Please take time to read and analyze.

#CesareLombroso

POLYGRAPHY AND LIE DETECTION:

Definition of Terms:
Polygraphy ~ is defined as the scientific detection of deception through the use or aid of a polygraph.

Polygraph ~ is a device or an instrument capable of recording changes in blood pressure/pulse beats,

respiration, and galvanic-skin-reflex or GSR as indicative of emotional excitement, especially of lying
when questioned. It is derived from two Greek words "poly" which means many or more and "graphos"
means writing or graph.

Deception ~ is an act of deceiving or misleading which is accomplished by lying.

Detection ~ is the act of discovering the existence or presence of something hidden or obscured.

Lying ~ as commonly used in our study, creating a false or misleading impression with the intention of
wrongfully affecting the acts, opinion, or affection of another.

Stimulus ~ is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the
preceptors.

Response ~ is any reaction, usually of muscular or glandular processes, that depends upon stimulation.

Specific Response ~ is one that is exhibited by the subject to a particular question, which is a deviation
from the norm.

Subject ~ as often used in our discussion, refers to any person undergoing polygraph examination.

NOTE: The subject may be the suspect, the complainant, the witness, the victims or relative of the victim
or suspect (in cases of criminal investigation or interrogation) or he may be an aspiring job applicant (in
cases of employment in a government or private institution undergoing screening through loyalty test or
integrity checking).

Polygraph Examiner/Polygraphist or merely Examiner/Expert ~ is the one conducting the test or

examination.

Requesting Party ~ the person or persons who ask for the services of the examiner to help verify the
truthfulness of a subject's statement or testimony; usually the investigator of a criminal case under
scrutiny.

Polygraph Examination ~ this is a form of Psychophysiological Veracity Examination (PVE) which involves
the examination of a subject using the polygraph machine that officially covers the moment the subject
enters the polygraph suite until he/she leaves; it may however include the time when the examiner
officially accepted the case and commenced gathering information from the requesting party.

Polygraph Test ~ the specific part of the polygraph examination that transpires from the moment the
chart drive (Kymograph) is turned on until it is turned off.

Polygraph Chart ~ the paper where the detected physiological responses of the subject are recorded.
Polygram ~ the polygraph chart tracings obtained from a subject consisting of polygraph chart and the
tracings of a subject from specific stimuli.

Polygraph Suite ~ a well designed room or set of rooms, neither an office nor a laboratory, where
polygraph examination takes place.

Specific Stimulus ~ a well-phrased question that is designed to cause a response from a subject.

Instrumentation ~ the part of polygraph examination whereby polygraph instrument is actually used
while asking questions to the subject; it covers chart colkection and chart analysis.

Post-test Questioning ~ the questioning that concludes the PVE, either in the form of post-test interview
or post-test questioning.

~~yan lang muna~~😇😇😇

#CesareLombroso

PRINCIPLE OF REPORT WRITING:

"If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science. You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or
innocent person to ruin or save.

You must bear witness, within the limits of science. "

CARDINAL PRINCIPLES IN REPORT WRITING:

1. Accuracy ~ the words used is easily to understood.

2. Brevity ~ the report is concise/short but complete.

3. Fairness/Impartiality ~ the conclusions are based on the findings.

4. Fore/Form and Style ~ the report follows standard format.

GoodMorning.. yan lng muna... 😇😇😇

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INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIMES:

Criminological Classification of Crimes:

1. Acquisitive Crime ~ when the offender acquires something as a consequences of his criminal act.

2. Extinctive Crime ~ it is extinctive if the result of the criminal act is destruction.

3. Seasonal Crime ~ committed only at certain period of the year.

4. Situational Crime ~ crime committed only when given a situation conductive to its commission.

5. Episodal Crime ~ serial crime, committed by series of acts within a lenghty period of time.

6. Instant Crime ~ committed the shortest possible time.

7. Static Crime ~ committed only in one place.

8. Continuing Crime ~ committed in several places.

9. Rational Crime ~ committed with intent, offender is in full possession of his mental faculties.

10. Irrational Crime ~ committed without intent, offender does not know the nature of his act.

11. White Collar Crime ~ committed by a person of responsibility in the course of his occupation.

12. Blue Collar Crime ~ committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood.

13. Upper World Crime ~ committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of society.

14. Under World Crime ~ committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of society.
15. Crime by Imitation ~ "copy cat" crime, committed by merely duplication of what was done by others.

16. Crime by Passion ~ committed because of the fit of great emotion, such as anger.

17. Occupational (service-related) Crime ~ committed by rendering all service to satisfy the desire of
another.

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MISfeasance - Improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done (MISS (MIS) - ginawa mo
trabaho mo,kaso sablay)

MALfeasance - performance of an act which ought not to be done. (MALING TRABAHO (MAL) may
ginawa ka, pero hindi mo naman trabaho)

NONfeasance- omission of some act which ought to be done ( NON - WALA kang ginawa, nagpabaya ka
sa trabaho mo)

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LATIN TERMS AND LEGAL MAXIMS:

Verba legis non est decendendum - from the words of the law there can be no departure.

Dura lex sed lex - the law may be harsh but it is the law.

Ignorantia legis neminem excusat - ignorance of the law excuses no one.

Ignorantia facti excusat - mistake of fact excuses.

Praeter Intentionem - different from that which was intended.

Error in personae - mistake in identity.

Abberatio Ictus - mistake in the blow.

Nulum crimen, nulla poena sine lege - there is no crime when there is no law punishing the same.

Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea - the act cannot be criminal where the mind is not criminal.

Actus mi invictu reus, nisi mens facit reum - an act done by me against my will is not my act.

Mens rea - guilty mind.

Actus reus - guilty act.

Res ipsa loquitor - the thing speaks for itself.

Causa Proxima - proximate cause which produced the immediate effect.

Prima Facie - at first glance.

Locus Criminis - scene of the crime or crime scene.

Pro reo - principle in criminal law which states that where the statute admits of several interpretations,
the one most favorable to the accused shall be adopted.

Res Gestae - the thing itself.

Falsus in unum, falsus in omnibus - false in one part of the statement would render the entire statement
false (NOTE: this maxim is not recognized in our jurisdiction).

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A. INTRO. TO CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINAL – is a person who had committed or omitted an act in violation of the law and was been
convicted through final judgment by the court having the jurisdiction of the case.

CRIME – is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it.

FELONY – is an act committed in violation of the revised penal code

Intentional Felony - those committed with malice

Culpable Felony – those committed because of negligence, lack of foresight and imprudence

OFFENSE – is an act committed in violation of special laws.

MISDEMEANOR – is an act committed in violation of simple rules and regulations and is usually
committed by minors.
SEASONAL CRIMES- are those that are committed only at a certain period of the year.

Situational Crimes - are those which are committed only when given a situation conducive to its
commission.

Ordinary Criminal- considered as the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career. He doesn’t stick to
crime as a profession but rather pushed to commit crimes due to great opportunity.

Professional Criminal – a person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill. He usually
practices crime as a profession to maintain a living.

Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)

- He discovered, basing on the research that “crimes against persons increased during summer and
crimes against property tends to increase during winter.

Stages in the Commission of Crime

1. ATTEMPTED - commences the commission of a felony but failed to perform all the acts of execution
for various reasons.

2. FRUSTRATED - all the acts of execution were performed but failed to produce the felony by reasons or
causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.

3. CONSUMATED - when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are all present
to produce a felony.

B. CORRECTION
Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as the oldest code
prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years older.

Punishment:

- It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involves pain
and suffering.

- It is also the penalty imposed of an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

Banishment or Exile – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been
removed.

Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the
purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole
officer.

Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which does
not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court
and under the supervision of a probation officer.

PRISON Defined:

- A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted of major/

serious crimes.

- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of taking safe custody or
confinement of criminals.

- A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offenses against the laws of the land.

The Two Rival Prison System in the History of Correction

A. The Auburn Prison System – the prison system called the “Congregate System”.

- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops during the
day. Complete silence was enforced.

B. The Pennsylvania Prison System – the prisons system called “Solitary System”.

- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and
receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. They are required to read the Bible.

PRISONER

- A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A person, who by reason of his
criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a court, may be deprived of his liberty or freedom.

- A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal offense or
convicted and serving in a penal institution.

- A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the following reasons: To
serve a sentence after conviction – Trial – Investigation –

General Classification of Prisoners

1. Detention Prisoners – those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting trial. - A
detainee in a lock up jail.

- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of Courts.

2. Sentenced Prisoners – offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their
sentence after final conviction by a competent court.

- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.

3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping – includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to
protect the community against their harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged individuals, insane person.

Classification of Sentenced Prisoners:

1. Insular or National Prisoners

- Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment.

- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgment and
unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty.

2. Provincial Prisoners

- Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or a
fine not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or

- Those detained therein waiting for preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by the RTC.

3. City Prisoners

- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of not more than
1,000 pesos or both.

- Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.

- Those detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC and under Preliminary Investigation.

4. Municipal Prisoners

- Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.

- Those detained therein whose trials of their cases are pending with the MTC.

Classification of Prisoners According to Degree of Security:

1. Super Maximum Security Prisoners

- A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly dangerous persons who
are the source of constant disturbances even in a maximum security prison.

- They wear orange color of uniform.

2. Maximum Security Prisoners

- The group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or to the security of the state.

- It consist of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super maximum-security prisoners.
Their movements are restricted and they are not allowed to work outside the institution but rather
assigned to industrial shops with in the prison compound.

- They are confined at the Maximum Security Prison (NBP Main Building), they wear orange color of
uniform.

- Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or those whose sentenced are
under the review of the Supreme Court, and offenders who are criminally insane having severe
personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow offenders or staff members.

3. Medium Security Prisoners

- Those that can not be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum security
prisoners in case they escape.

- It consists of groups of prisoners who maybe allowed to work outside the fence or walls of the penal
institution under guards or with escorts.

- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue color of uniforms.
Generally, they are employed as agricultural workers.

- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and life-sentenced prisoners who
served at least 10 years inside a maximum security prison.

4. Minimum Security Prisoners

- A group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open conditions”.

- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments without the
presence of guards.

- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown color uniforms.

C. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Warrant of Arrest is

- An order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines;

- signed by a judge;

- directed to a peace officer, commanding him to arrest the person designated and take him into
custody of the law in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.

Complaint - is a sworn written statement charging a person or a group of persons of an offense that is
subscribed by the offended party such as the victim/s of the offense committed, or any other peace
officer charged with the enforcement of the law violated.

INFORMATION is an accusation in writing charging a person or a group of persons of an offense that is

subscribed by the prosecutor or fiscal. It is substantiated on oath and includes the name of the party,
the offense committed, facts of the offense and other factors relevant.

-- It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal
activities.

INTERVIEW is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator. In account of the
interview, the witnesses voluntarily give their accounts about the commission of a crime.

INTERROGATION is the process of obtaining an admission or confession from those suspects who
committed the crime. It is confrontational in nature, which means that the suspect is confronted about
his participation in the commission in an offense. is the act or process of questioning somebody closely,
often in an aggressive manner, especially as part of an official investigation or trial

INSTRUMENTATION = This is sometimes called Criminalistics. It is the process of applying instruments or

tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and detection. This is the use of the Police
Laboratory in the examination of physical evidences.

The General Kinds of Sketch

1. Rough Sketch is the sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important
details but without the scale of proportion. This is used as the basis for the finished sketch.

2. Finished sketch is the sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by a draftsman which can be used
for court presentation. Rough and finished sketches if requested by the court shall be presented by the
draftsman to clear doubts of the jury.

Legend = This is usually placed at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene. Numbers
represent the objects in the crime or letters in order not to unnecessarily crowd the graphic
presentation. Their descriptions are found in the legend.

THE SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCH

1. Sketch of Locality – It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include
neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene. This kind of sketch is applied
in conflagrations, suspected to be arson, indicating the origin of the fire and how is spread naturally or
unnaturally against the wind.

2. Sketch of Grounds – This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the nearest
physical surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the number
of floors of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures.

3. Sketch of Details – It includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the crime
scene. It describes the immediate scene only like the room which the crime was committed and the
details of items in the room.

4. Cross Projection – It also describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room as the scene
of the crime. The room is treated as the cardboard box where the side and the cover are collapsed to
the same plane as the bottom. The bottom serves as the floor, the four sides representing the walls and
the cover representing the ceiling.

CLASSES OF EVIDENCE
1. Testimonial Evidence – most common form of evidence obtained by interview and interrogation of
which witnesses smell, hear, taste and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.

2. Documentary Evidence – are writings, including official records, or contents “could speak for
themselves” when read by the investigation and the court. They may be collected through voluntary
relinquishment or by a Subpoena Duces Tecum (court order) which compels the party to bring the
records to the court.

3. Physical or Real Evidence – are physical objects used as evidence w/c are obtained through searches
at the scene of the crime. Articles and material found in connection with investigation, which aid in
establishing the identity of the perpetrator.

D. POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

Classification of Police Plan

According to coverage:

Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and station), Regional Plans, and
National Plans.

According to Time: Police Plans are classified as:

1. Strategic Long Range Plan—It relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application, and it
determine the organizations original goals and strategy.
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning—It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality
efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that can
make or provide with allocated resources.

3. Operational or Short Range Planning—refers to the production of plans, which determine the
schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plan that
addresses immediately.

Reactive plans (Assault)– are developed as a result of crisis to resolved.

Proactive plans (Planning)– are develop in anticipation of problems.

E. FORENSIC BALLISTICS

BALLISTICS – deals with the study of motion of projectiles.

- drived from the greek word “BALLO” or “BALLEIN” which means to throw BALLISTA – A gigantic bow
or catapult that hurls stones in killing enemies and wild animals.

BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS

1. INTERIOR BALLISTCS – refers to the motion of projectiles while still inside the firearms.

2. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS – refers to the motion of projectile after leaving the muzzle of the gun barrel.

3. TERMINAL BALLISTICS – refers to the effect of impact of the bullet towards the target.

4. FORENSIC BALLISTICS – science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through
them.
KOLIBRI AUTO PISTOL – the smallest center firearms.

MAGNUM .44 now CALIBER .50 – the most powerful handgun in the world manufactured in ISRAEL.

MAGNUM was originated from ENGLAND.

REVOLVER – hand firearms which has a rotating cylinder .

PISTOL – a hand firearms usually applies to single shot and automatic loading.

SINGLE ACTION – weapon in which pressure upon the trigger releases the hammer that must be
manually cocked.

DOUBLE ACTION – weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both cocks and releases the hammer.

AUTOMATIC – when the mechanism is so arranged that it will fire continuously while the trigger is
depressed.

AIR RIFLE - a type of weapon designed to shoot pellets by means of compressed air.

FIRE ARMS – is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of the expansive force of
gases coming from the burning powder.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS

1. SMOTH-BORE FIREARMS - firearms that does not contain rifling or perfectly smooth from end to end.
2. RIFLED ARMS – firearms that contains rifling

AMMUNITION – shall mean loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun, revolvers and pistol from
which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missiles maybe fired.

CARTRIDGE – a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, primer cartridge case and gun powder.

PRIMER – used for igniting propellant

GUN POWDER – any of various powder used in firearms as propellant charge.

BULLET – a projectile propelled from a firearm

- a metallic or non metallic cylindrical projectile.

- Originated from the French word “BOULETTE” means a small ball

LEAD BULLET – used in almost all revolver ammunition.

JACKETED BULLET – used for automatic pistol ammunition and medium and high power rifle
ammunition.

ARMOR-PIERCING BULLET – is a pointed bullet used to penetrate armored vehicles.

TRACER BULLET – these are intended primarily for machine gun, these bullets when fired emits a bright
red flame from their base.

INCENDIARY BULLET – similar to tracer bullet, for identification purposes this has a light blue color.
MARKS FOUND ON FIRED BULLET

LAND MARKS – depressed portion caused by the land.

GROOVE MARKS – raised on elevated portion cause by the grooves.

SKIDMARK – when the bullet enters the rifled bore from a stationary position and is forced abruptly into
the rifling, its natural tendency is to go straight toward before encountering the regular rifling twist.

SLIPPAGE MARK – bullets fired from a worn-out barrel, oily barrels and slightly over sized barrels.

SHAVING MARKS – most commonly these marks are found on bullets fired from a revolver due to a poor
alignment of the cylinder with the bore.

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – are those characteristics which are determinable prior or before the
manufacture of the firearm.

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – are those characteristics which are determinable only after the
manufacture of the firearm.

TYPES OF RIFLINGS

STYRE TYPE – 4 lands and 4 grooves, right hand twist.

SMITH AND WESSON TYPE – 5 lands and five grooves, right hand twist.

BROWNING TYPE – 6 lands and 6 grooves, right hand twist.

COLT TYPE - 6 lands and 6 grooves, left hand twist.

WEBLEY TYPE – 7 lands and seven grooves, right hand twist.

ARMY TYPE – 4 lands and 4 grooves, right hand twist.

EQUIPMENT USED IN A BALLISTICS LABORATORY

COMPARISON PROJECTOR - two fired bullets or two fired shells can be compared in one setting.

MEASURING PROJECTOR – Determines the width of the lands, width of grooves, diameter and twist of a
fired bullet.

VERNIER CALIPER – this instrument determines the bullet diameter and barrel length.

ANALYTICAL BALANCE – determines the weight of the bullets, shots and pellets for possible type.

TAPER GAUGE – used for determining the bore diameter of the firearm.

ONOSCOPE – for examining the interior surface of the gun barrel.

HELIXOMETER – for measuring the pitch of rifling/rifling.

CHRONOGRAPH – for determining the speed of the bullet or the muzzle velocity of the bullet.
F. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENT – is any written document by which a right is established or an obligation is extinguished.

KINDS OF DOCUMENTS

PUBLIC DOCUMENT – is any instrument notarized by a notary public official with solemnities required
by law.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – any instrument issued by the government or its agent or its officer having the
authority to do so and the office.

PRIVATE DOCUMENT – every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention
of a notary public or of any other person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or
agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.

COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – any instrument executed in accordance in the code of commerce or any
mercantile law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations.

G. POLYGRAPHY

REVIEW THE TYPES OF ORDEAL

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