CHAPTER VI Global Migration

Lesson 1 Factors of Global Migration

Lesson 2 Push and Pull Factors of Migration
Lesson 3 Overseas Filipino Workers

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

1.1Identify factors of Global Migration
1.2 Examine the problems encountered by the OFW

International migration has four components – “the in - migration of persons to a

country other than that of their place of birth or citizenship; the return migration of nationals
to their home country after residing abroad; the out - migration of nationals from their home
country, and the out - migration of foreigners from a foreign country to which they had
previously immigrated” (Kritz 2008). Our primary concern in this section will be with the out -
migration of nationals and their in - migration to other countries.

There are interesting and important changes in the nature of today’s migrants. First, the
proportion of international migrants from the developed world has actually declined. Second,
there has been a large increase in the number of migrants from the developing world Global

Migrant Pattern:
The map shows the route of Human Migration from 40,000 years ago….
 a. Factors of Global Migration

Push and pull factors of migration are driven by the push of conflict, extreme hardship,
war, lack of economic opportunities, etc. combined with the pull of more jobs, the promise
of a better life, freedom to practice one’s religion, etc.

There can also be social push factors that are often linked to economic reasons. Some
social push factors could include the lack of suitable medical facilities in the country of
origin, the lack of free or affordable education of an acceptable standard, or anything else
that would offer them a better standard of living in a different country, also including a
high crime rate in the country of origin. Also, people tend to migrate to countries where
they already know people they are close to, for example, friends or family.

Push Factors

Push factors are those that make people decide to leave their country and go somewhere
else.

The main political and economic push factors people migrate to the United States,
Canada, or Western European countries may include the following:

Generally, migrants leave their countries because they are escaping poverty,
unemployment, and fear of either political persecution or violent crime.

These are the most common political and economic push factors:

 Poor infrastructure that results in services that fall short of being adequate.
 Famine often caused by bad crops or unfavorable weather conditions.
 Lack of adequate medical care.
 High levels of long-term unemployment.
 Extreme poverty and lack of socio-economic upward mobility.
 Few career and educational opportunities.
 The fear caused by high crime rates.
 Poor standards of living.
 The fear of political persecution that could even result in jail time.

Where the Pull Factors :

Pull factors, on the other hand, are the ones that make people decide to go to a different
country. A useful way of thinking about pull factors is what attracts migrants to go to a
specific country.

So, what are the main pull factors that attract migrants to the United States,
Canada, Australia, and the most prosperous European countries include the following
(Ramos, 2017):

 Migrants are in search of personal and financial safety; or opportunity in terms of

employment, education, social class mobility. They are also looking for freedom and
stability.

The most common political and economic pull factors:

 Better infrastructure that results in inadequate facilities and services.

 Better healthcare and medical facilities such as hospitals.
 Better job and educational opportunities.
 Lower crime rates as a result of a combination of generally higher living standards and
better, less corrupt, and more efficient police force.
 Democratic political stability.
 A generally higher standard of living.
 More entertainment and better cultural options, which are a result of higher standards of
living, higher education levels, and more disposable income.
Overseas Filipino Workers

Overseas Filipinos are people of full or partial Filipino origin, i.e. people who trace their
ancestry to the Philippines and who live reside outside of the country. This term generally
applies both to people of Filipino ancestry and to citizens abroad. As of 2019, there are over 12
million overseas Filipinos.

The sacrifices overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) make just to provide a better life for their
families earned them the title of the nation’s bagong bayani (new heroes).

In recent years, the improvement of the economy often attributed to their remittances further
cemented their mark in the Philippines.

To recognize their invaluable contribution to the Philippines, December each year is marked as
the Month of Overseas Filipinos through Proclamation No. 276 signed by President Corazon
Aquino in 1988.

Here are important facts about the Philippines’ bagong bayani:

1. Number of OFWs deployed are increasing each year.

According to the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), there were a total
of 1,844,406 OFWs in 2015 – 1,437,875 land-based and 406,531 sea-based. Data over the years
suggest that there is an increasing trend in the number of OFWs.
These are the common challenges that OFWs face abroad and ways on how to cope with
them.

1. Homesickness – One of the biggest challenges of an OFW is homesickness. It is distressing

when they miss important events, special occasions and not seeing their kids grow up. Good
thing, nowadays, it is easy to communicate with their loved ones through Facebook, Viber, or
Skype.
2. Communication gap and culture differences – Working in another country, dealing with the
locales and communicating with them can be exhausting. It may take awhile to adjust and
adapt, but don’t stop learning their language and understanding their culture. There are lots of
ways to do it, given that information is just at the tip of your fingers.
3. Financial – Most Filipinos think that working abroad will earn them big money but
sometimes, they don’t receive the high income that they expected. Since they send almost all
of their income to their families back home, they need to make sacrifices and even neglect
their basic needs while living abroad.
Instead of buying expensive gadgets for the family or splurging on vacation in the Philippines,
remember to set a budget and save money before spending. Allot a percentage of your income
for savings since you are not sure if your employment contract will be renewed yearly.

1. Maltreatment and other possible risks – We have heard stories told by OFWs about how
they were maltreated abroad.
2. As an OFW, keep these three things in mind: (a) know the location of the Philippine
Embassy; (b) know the nearest offices that oversee the needs of Filipino workers
abroad; (c) be aware of the REPUBLIC ACT No. 10022.

QUIZ 1 Multiple Choice:

1.Which of the statement does not belong the group?

a. Better infrastructure that results in inadequate facilities and services.

b.Better healthcare and medical facilities such as hospitals.
c.Better job and educational opportunities.
d.Better salary and enjoyable life.

2. The emergence of a “__________” which seeks to contain the movement of migrants not
only between, but even within, national borders.
a. population
b. illegal migrants
c. community
d. mobility regime
3. _______ factors are those that make people decide to leave their country and go
somewhere else.
a. Economic
b. Push
c. Pull
d. Crisis
4. One of the biggest challenges of an OFW is _________. It is distressing when they miss
important events, special occasions and not seeing their kids grow up.
a. Parental Problems
b. abusive employer
c. Homesickness
d. no salary
5. The most common political and economic push factors are the following but which not
included in the group.
a. Poor infrastructure that results in services that fall short of being adequate.
b. Famine often caused by bad crops or unfavorable weather conditions.
c. Lack of adequate medical care.
c.High levels of long-term employment.

QUIZ 2. Write T if the Statement is True and Write F if the statement is False.

__________1. Most Filipinos think that working abroad will earn them big money but
sometimes, they don’t receive the high income that they expected.
___________2. Migrants are in search of personal and financial safety.
___________3. Push factor only of migration are driven by the push of conflict, extreme
hardship, war, lack of economic opportunities.
__________4. A key development in terms of investment involved TNCs, especially American
based firms in fields like automobiles and computers.
__________5. If nations routinely lost large numbers of such workers, their ability to compete
in the global marketplace would suffer.

QUIZ 3 :Let’s Reflect

Interview an OFW (Ex-OFW or a present OFW) based on their personal views or opinion let
them answer this following question. You can interview them online or mobile phone to avoid
direct contact with them.

Guide Questions:
1. How their life as an OFW?
2. For you ,What do you mean by Economic Crisis?
3. Being an OFW , is it an obligation to help our country? Yes? Why….
No? Why……..
KEY WORDS: You can based your discussion on the given pictures

A. How do the factors affects the Global Migration ?

B. Explain each factors.(Based on the given pictures above)

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