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{\operator DELL}{\creatim \yr2022 \mo10 \dy29 \hr1 \min7 }{\revtim \yr2022 \mo10 \
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fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qno1(a)what do
you mean by safety? discuss the need of safety in construction.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \
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kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The working environment
of a workman can be termed as \uc1 \u8216 ?safe\uc1 \u8217 ? when }{\fs32 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 effective measures have been taken to guard him or her and
others present in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the work area from
sustaining any physical injury or other impairment. Safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
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af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of a workman can thus be defined as maintaining a safe working
}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 environment. However,
maintaining a safe working environment not only requires total commitment of the
higher management or the site-in-charge but }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
the workman too. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 In the construction
industry safety assumes additional importance since }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 working conditions can be very dangerous. The workmen are
often required }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to perform hazardous
tasks and risky manoeuvres which can result in a host }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of maladies ranging from a minor injury to a lifelong physical
impairment or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 even death. General
health can also be affected on a short or long term. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
Construction work often needs to be carried out in busy areas teeming with }{\
fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 people. Safety of workmen and
passer-by\uc1 \u8217 ?s assumes extra importance there }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 as collateral damage can be very high in case of an accident.}
{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
Construction industry, compared to other industries in India, is inherently }{\fs32
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 prone to injury and illness due to the nature
of work involved, resulting in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 higher
rates of impairment to the persons concerned. Being only second to }{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 agriculture in economic scale and being a
labour intensive industry, accidents }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and
injuries to human workforce in the construction industry are considerably }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 higher in proportion to other industries. This
not only results in human }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
suffering but also adds to the cost in terms of lost man-days and medical }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 expenses. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
It is therefore imperative that proper safety practices are put in place in the }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 construction industry to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions leading }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to less human suffering and waste of capital. While the
underlying causes of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 accidents during
construction are generally known, suitable preventive }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 measures are scarce. To alleviate the construction industry
workforce from }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 this situation we need
to have effective safety policies following international }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 standards and implement them with diligence.}{\fs32 \kerning2
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qno1(b)Describe the most
causes of accidents.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The immediate and visible causes of accidents are usually
termed as root }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
\lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
cf14 cause, but failure of the management or site supervisor to ensure safe }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 working conditions and inculcate safe working
habits among the workmen }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 are
often the underlying causes of such accidents. Keeping proper checks }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from the design stage to material procurement
and final execution with safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 being
allotted the right priority is the key to avoid/minimise accidents. }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Some examples of the unsafe acts and conditions
are given below: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Unsafe acts }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Entering an area marked as unsafe
without protective gear }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Working
without training and authority }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \
u8226 ? Failure to use or wear personal protective equipment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Using defective equipment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Removing safety devices like guards for
convenience of working }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
u8226 ? Failure to warn others of danger }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Leaving equipment in an unsafe condition }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Faulty use of equipment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Over loading or faulty loading of vehicles }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Failure to lift
loads correctly }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Faulty or
no maintenance of heavy mobile equipment used in site }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Smoking in prohibited areas }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Drinking alcohol or using drugs during work }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Unsafe conditions }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Fire hazards without proper
warning and prevention methods }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
u8226 ? Hazardous environmental conditions }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
Conceptual Detailed }{\fs32
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par
}\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Engineering}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Procurement Constrcution Start Up}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Start Date Projec t Schedule }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 End Date}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Ability to Influence Safety}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Low
Ability to Influence Safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
uc1 \u8226 ? Inadequate light in working area }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Unsuitable or defective tools and equipment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Moving parts of machines not provided with
proper guards }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Platform
guardrails defective or missing }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
u8226 ? Noise pollution }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Improper
housekeeping }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Secondary causes of
accidents }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Proper quality control systems not in
place }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Guiding quality standards not
available }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Lack of commitment from management and
workforce }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Improper risk assessment and inadequacy
of knowledge }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Management pressures
for faster completion of jobs }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
Financial restrictions leading to inadequate safety equipment and }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 procedures }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Inadequate training and awareness on unsafe conditions }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Often prevalent practices and attitudes in the society can be
reasons for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 accidents }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? In India safety consciousness has
very little priority among workmen }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200
\lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? In a
group of workmen the risk-taking attitudes of seniors are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 adopted by the juniors and the cycle goes on }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? People in general resist changes
and quite often unsafe practices in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the
industry being followed from the past are deep rooted }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Time pressures to finish a job also result in
safety being }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 compromised}{\fs32 \
Qno2(a)}{\fs36 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf1 E}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 nlist various accident causation theory. discuss any three in
detail.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 THESE ARE:}{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The Domino Theory}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Multiple Causation Theory}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
The Pure Chance Theory}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Biased Liability
Theory}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Accident Proneness Theory}{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The Energy Transfer Theory}{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The \uc1 \u8220 ?Symptoms Versus Causes\uc1 \u8221 ? Theory}
af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Multiple Causation Theory}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino
theory, but it }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 postulates that for a
single accident there may be many contributory factors, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 causes and sub-causes, and that certain combinations of these
give rise to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 accidents. According to
this theory, the contributory factors can be grouped }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 into the following two categories: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Behavioural. This category includes factors pertaining to the
worker, such as }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \
improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and mental condition. }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Environmental. This category
includes improper guarding of other hazardous }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 procedures. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The
major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that rarely, if }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ever, is an accident the
result of a single cause or act. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \
The Pure Chance Theory}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
According to the pure chance theory, every one of any given set of workers }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 has an equal chance of being
involved in an accident. It further implies that }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 there is no single discernible pattern of events that leads to
an accident. In }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 this theory, all
accidents are treated as corresponding to Heinrich\uc1 \u8217 ?s acts of }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 God, and it is held that there exist no
interventions to prevent them.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The Energy Transfer Theory}{\b1 \fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Those who accept the energy transfer theory put
forward the claim that a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 worker
incurs injury or equipment suffers damage through a change of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 energy, and that for every change of energy there is a
source, a path and a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 receiver. This theory
is useful for determining injury causation and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 evaluating energy hazards and control methodology. Strategies
can be }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 developed which are either preventive,
limiting or ameliorating with respect }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to the
energy transfer. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Control of energy
transfer at the source can be achieved by the following }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 means: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
u8226 ? elimination of the source }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
u8226 ? changes made to the design or specification of elements of the work }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 station }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? preventive maintenance. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
The path of energy transfer can be modified by: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? enclosure of the path }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? installation of barriers }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? installation of absorbers }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? positioning of isolators. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The receiver of energy transfer can be assisted by adopting
the following }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 measures: }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? limitation of exposure }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? use of personal protective
equipment.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Q3.
Describe the various accident prevention techniques in construction with suitable
examples.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Eliminate the root cause of hazard at the design stage }{\b1 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The best way to avoid
accidents is to remove the possible sources during }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 planning itself. Depending on workmen and supervisors to carry
out an }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 activity maintaining all safety aspects
is leaving the door open for accidents }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to
happen. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Examples: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 a) When new construction is being done by demolishing a
previous }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 structure or in a highly populated
locale, it is possible that underground }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 live
electrical lines are present on the site which may cause fatal injuries }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 if excavation is done without exact knowledge.
This needs to be taken }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 care
at the design stage specifying the exact hazard spots identified from }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 previous site plans. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 b) Bamboo scaffoldings are prone to human error of improper
tying or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 using tying ropes liable to fail. If the
design itself specifies metal }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
scaffolding with double guard-rail the risk of working at heights is }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 greatly reduced.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Remove the hazard at the source }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Even if a hazard is not eliminated at the design stage
suitable planning }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 before the construction
starts can substantially reduce potential causes }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 for accidents. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
Example: In a site where materials are to be taken uphill but proper roads }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 are absent or a small trench
is to be crossed, it will be worthwhile in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
terms of safety and cost to the organization to build a road first or a }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 suitable bridge over the trench or better still
a conveyor to carry }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 materials uphill
depending on the distance and cost involved. For short }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 uphill distance and a huge construction project, a conveyor
will be }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 beneficial in all aspects of health,
safety and cost.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1 \fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Attach
due importance to Ergonomics }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Often
more emphasis is laid on designing the work area to suit material }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 movement rather than ease of working for the persons.
Providing }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ergonomic methods for workmen is
beneficial to their long term health }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and reduced risks of
accidents. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Example: Providing brick and mortar on a
platform of suitable height to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
workman constructing a wall, eliminates the need to bend his back }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 every time he picks up a brick. This reduces his fatigue and
allows him }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to work longer in a day and throughout
his working life.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Adapting technology }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Use of existing mechanization processes or adapting to newer
improved }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 technology benefits the organization both
in terms of cost and safety. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Examples: Employing a simple pulley mechanism to lift materials for }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 construction of higher floors in a building
instead of workmen carrying }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 them
physically up the stairs, saves time, money and reduces risk of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 accidents to the workmen. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Buying a less noisy model of a machine during replacement or
fresh }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 purchase reduces the noise pollution for
all concerned. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 . }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Secure the work
area to ensure safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Personal protective
equipment (PPE) can never be the end all in safety. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 PPE can be a protective measure to reduce the impact of an
accident. To }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ensure all round safety
to all concerned, securing the work area from all }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 possible hazards is the only way. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Example: Extensive work on a flat roof may require the
presence of a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 large number of workers
from different employers, in addition to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
supervisory staff, clients, etc. In these circumstances, the appropriate }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 protection would be provided by perimeter
barriers, rather than by giving }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
everyone\uc1 \u8217 ? a safety harness. Installing permanent edge protection during
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the main construction process
instead of at the end gives protection to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
both constructors and end users. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Example: When demolition work of a large building on a busy road is }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 taken up, it is not possible to provide every
passer-by with PPE. One }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 needs to secure the
whole area and ensure all falling or flying objects are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 arrested with suitable screens and nets. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Safety Training }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
To train everybody concerned on the safety procedures is of prime }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 importance to ensure accident free construction work.
Distribution of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 safety instructions
with the hope that everybody will read and abide by }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 them is never going to work. Safety consciousness has to be
built up }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 through regular sessions on safety, mock
drills and site inspections. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Example: Workmen with long experience tend to follow the same unsafe }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 practices they are used to and juniors follow
suit. Safe working }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 procedures depending on
the needs of the particular site, has to be }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
inculcated into the whole team\uc1 \u8217 ?s psyche. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 .}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 No exceptions to safety rules }{\b1 \fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Any senior person from the management ignoring
the safety procedures }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 can have a disastrous
effect on the whole team. His negligence of safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 rules on a single occasion can jeopardize the whole project
and even }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 result in loss of lives. }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Example: Often due to demurrage clause
applicable
for a project not }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 completed in time,
senior management often pressurize the site in-charge }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and he in turn may neglect to strictly follow the safety
rules. This can }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 lead to major accidents
including loss of lives and also a case for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
criminal prosecution against the person.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Q4(a) what precautions should
be taken to avoid accident during tunneling operations?}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Adequate safety
measures should be taken while performing critical activities }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 involved in any excavation, earthworks, underground works or
tunnels. These }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 activities can be
safely performed by following some basic safety measures }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 such as: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 a) by
suitable shoring, sheeting, putting wire mesh, rock anchoring or }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 otherwise, to guard against danger to workers
from a fall or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dislodgement of earth,
rock or other material; }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 b) to guard workmen\uc1
\u8217 ?s performing these critical activities against hazards }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 arising from the fall of persons, materials or objects or the
inrush of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 water into the excavation, shaft,
earthworks, underground works or tunnel; }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
c) by providing adequate aeriation at every workplace so as to maintain an
atmosphere fit for respiration and to limit any fumes, gases, vapours, }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dust or other impurities to levels which are
not dangerous or injurious to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 health
and are within limits laid down by national laws or regulations; }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 d) providing safe access and egress to reach a
safe place in the event of fire, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 or an
inrush of water or material; }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 e)
avoiding risk to workers arising from underground dangers such as the }{\fs32 \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
cf14 circulation of fluids or the presence of pockets of gas, by undertaking }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 appropriate investigations to
locate them: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 i) Excavation and other
underground works: Shoring or other support }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
for any part of an excavation, earthworks, underground works or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 tunnel should not be erected, altered or dismantled except
under the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 supervision of a competent person. }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ii) Every part of construction
site where activities such as excavation, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
earthworks, underground works and tunnel where person are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 employed should be inspected in addition to persons deployed
for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9
\cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 their safety gears and health
by a competent person at times and in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
frequency / cases prescribed by national laws or regulations, and the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 results recorded and monitored. }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iii) Work should not commence therein until
the inspection by the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 competent person as
prescribed by national laws or regulations has }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 been carried out and the activities of excavation, earthworks,
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 underground works or underpass
has been found safe for work.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Q4(b)what is ventilation? discuss different type
of ventilation in tunnels.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Ventilation may be defined as the process by which fresh air
(normally }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 outdoor air) is intentionally provided to
a closed space and stale air is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
removed. Underground workings should be traversed by a regular fresh air }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 current to keep them in a fit state for working
and, in particular: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 a) to avoid excessive
rises in temperature at the construction site; }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 b) to dilute or eliminate harmful dusts, gases, vapors and
fumes to safe }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 concentrations; }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 c) to prevent the oxygen content of the
atmosphere from falling below 17% }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 or a
level prescribed in national laws and regulations.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Ventilation air
diminishes dust through both dilution and displacement }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 method. When workers are surrounded by dust cloud & additional
air serves }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to reduce the dust concentration by
diluting the cloud. The displacement }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
mechanism operates when personnel are upwind of dust sources and the air }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 velocity is high enough to reliably keep the
dust downwind. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Dilution Ventilation }
{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The basic theory behind dilution
ventilation is to provide more air and dilute }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
the dust present around the workmen\uc1 \u8217 ?s surrounding. Most of the time the
dust }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 is concentrated roughly in proportion to
the increase in airflow, but not }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
always. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Displacement Ventilation }{\b1 \fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The elementary principle behind displacement
ventilation is to use the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 workers by putting dust downwind of the
workers. For every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust
downwind of workers uses }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
displacement ventilation. In mines, unceasing miner faces or tunnel boring }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 machines on exhaust
ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, laterally
with extraction of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dusty air from the
enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Displacement
ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 is most effective dust control technique available, and it is
worth considerable }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 effort to get it right.
The difficulty in this situation is that when workers are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping
them upwind }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 requires a substantial
air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always sufficient
air available to achieve these velocities.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn5(a)describe various methods
for controlling dust at a construction site.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The following are some
procedures to be adopted in controlling of dust in the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 site of a construction project: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 a) Wetting }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control where air }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 circulation is limited. The amount of dust
particles created during }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the broken material. Wetting this broken
material ensures that dust }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
particles stays attached to each other or to grounded. As a result, adding }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 extra water can usually (but
not always) be counted on to reduce dust. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
For example, coal mine operatives have been able to reduce the dust }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from higher longwall production levels by
raising the shearer water flow }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 rate
to an average of 100 gpm. Compared to this amount of coal mined, }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 on a weight basis, this 100 gpm is equivalent
to 1.9% added moisture }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from
the shearer alone}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 b) Airborne capture. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\rin0
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 In
actual mining conditions, the typical water spray operating at 100 psi }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and 1-2 gpm gives no more than 30% airborne
capture of respirable dust. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 c)
Dust collectors }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Dust collectors plays a
valuable role in dust reduction\uc1 \u8212 ?if space is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 available to locate the collector and if the collector
efficiency is high. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Dust collectors can
range from low-volume filtration systems used in the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 cabs of mining equipment to high-volume wet collectors used on
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 continuous miners in coal
mines.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
Collectors also exhibit many design and maintenance problems, few of them }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 are: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \
i) Design problems}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 . The designers of dust collection systems have to take }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 many shortcuts to cut costs
and decrease the amount of maintenance }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
required due to which efficiency of some of the dust collector is also }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 reduced. For example, some of the fiber filters
on cab filtration systems }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and
the flooded-bed panels on continuous miners has been found to be }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 too porous. A porous filter permits more
airflow & allows for a smaller }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 fan
but exhibits a poor collection efficiency for hard-to-trap respirable }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dust. In recent years, continuous miner booms
have been redesigned to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 move the collector
inlets from the boom to the hinge point. This has many benefits in cost and
maintenance, but this location is farther from }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the dust source & thus has lowered the inlet capture
efficiency. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ii) Maintenance
problems}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf14 . Dust collectors installed in tunnels or mines }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 can be high-maintenance equipment and Screens and filters
clog often, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200
\lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
sometimes more than once per shift. Gaskets disappear and access doors }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 leak. Often, filters are not seated properly }
{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \cf14 and}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 dusty air leaks around them. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Holes can be found in filters installed due to mishandling }{\
fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \cf14 and}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
abrasion by larger-sized particulate. Ductwork leading to the collector }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 filled with coarse particulate, cutting off the
airflow. Fans located at inlet }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 side
of the collector suffer rapid erosion of their blades and are usually }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 not designed for convenient blade replacement.
High dust levels are the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
result. It is observed that a major reason for excessive silica exposure }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 during coal mine roof bolting is lack of
maintenance on the bolting machine dust collector.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Q5(b)Discuss different
safety aspects to be followed in underground projects.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The following are the
safety aspects to be followed in underground projects: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Ventilation :}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
Adequate ventilation should be ensured for workmen\uc1 \u8217 ?s working in }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 pipeline and in case if pipe is laid in water-
bearing ground, a flood gate }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 should
be provided at the end section.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Escape Systems :}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 When bodies of water or
explosive gases may be encountered, trial }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
boreholes should be drilled ahead of the workings at opposite place to }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 escape the gases from the work space. Some of
the site controls have }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 been
shown in Figure 2.17. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Communication
Systems :}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
Reliable means of communication between workers inside pipes and }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 persons outside should be provided and it is to
be ensured that it remains }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 in
working condition at all the time while work is in progress.. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Infrastructure Systems ;}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It should be ensured that workers employed in piping reaches a
safe }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 place quickly, if any emergency arises.
Adequate arrangements should be }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 made
to rescue workers who are in danger while working are properly }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 aware of the facilities and trained in that system to reach
the safe place in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 that particular site.}
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Notification and Communication Requirements }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Any time an employer receives a notification of
a hazardous condition, all }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
oncoming shifts must be notified of occurrences or conditions that either }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 have affected or might affect their safety.
Examples of this type of situation }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 include
equipment failures, earth or rockslides, cave-ins, flooding, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 explosions, or release of gas. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The employer has to maintain open lines of communication with
other }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 employees at the worksite to ensure a
rapid and complete exchange of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
information concerning events or situations that may impact worker safety. }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Communication systems shall be
tested upon initial entry of each shift to the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 underground and as often as necessary at a later time to
ensure they are in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 working order. Powered
communication systems must operate on an }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
independent power supply }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf14 ,}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to be installed so that the use of or
disruption of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 any
single communication device or signal location do not disturbs the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 operation of the system in any other
location. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 In the case of an individual employee
working alone underground at a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
hazardous location who is out of range of natural unassisted voice }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 communication }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf14 ,}{\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 not able to be
observed by other employees, the employer }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
shall provide an effective means of obtaining assistance in the event of an }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 emergency. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 All shafts are used for personnel access or hoisting require
two effective }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 means of communication.
In addition, hoist operatives must have a closed\'02circuit voice communication
system connected to each landing station, with }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 speaker microphones located so that the operator can
communicate with }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 individual stations
while the hoist is in use.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn6(a)Describe different type of Ladders in
brief. Enlist the common causes of ladder accidents}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Stock Ladders }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Stock ladders or single ladders are made of a
single section and their length is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 not more than 10
m. These are lean-to ladders which means that one end is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 supported on a surface and the other leans against a wall. The
side rails of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 these ladders may
either be parallel or tapering towards the top. The distance }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 between rungs shall be between 250mm to 350mm.The width
between side }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 rails can be between
290mm to 3m in length. A stock ladder must be able to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 support 4 times its maximum load.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf14 Step Ladders }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 These
are A shaped ladders which are self supporting. They are hinged at the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 upper end and have a spreader arrangement.
Overall height of these ladders }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 should
not be more than 6 m. The minimum width at the top should be 30 cm }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 wide and there should be a spread of 25 mm for
every 30 cm length. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Like in the general
case of ladders, step ladders must be placed in level }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 surface while in use and preferably at right angle to the
work. They are to be }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 drawn out to the
maximum extent before use. If step ladders are used for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 longer duration of work, make sure that there is sufficient
handhold}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
Extension Ladders }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Extension ladders are
also called as portable ladders. The heights of these }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ladders is extendable using brackets or guides.Over-all length
not to exceed }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 18 m; Sliding section
not to exceed two in number}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 CAUSES:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
More than half of the accidents associated with ladders are caused because }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the ladders are not firmly
resting on the ground or they slip from the top. The }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 base of the ladder is to be rested on flat and level surface.
If the ground is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 uneven, either make it
leveled or if it is possible, insert the ladder bottom }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 into the ground. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
order to avoid the risk of tipping at the top of the ladder, the ladders are to }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 be placed in such a way that
at least 1 m of the ladder extends above the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 landing place. This would imply that sufficiently long ladders
are to be used. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
cf14 If the ladder falls short, under no circumstances can they be placed over }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 another object ( like vehicle,
drum box) etc to increase the reach of the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
ladder. The thumb rule for placing the ladder is that the ladder should be }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 placed at a distance of 1m
from the base for every 4m height of the ladder or at an angle of 75 degrees. For
steeper angles, the ladder has to be secured at }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the top.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 While
using metal ladders, there is a risk of electrocuting if the ladder gets in }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 contact with overhead electric lines and hence
the site has to be checked for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 this
risk prior to the use of ladders. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 At the
landing place, the person climbing the ladder must have the ease to }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 step off to the working place directly without
the obstruction of guard rails or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 toe
boards}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
Qn6(b)describe different type of scaffold and safety aspects related to each in
brief.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Independent Tied
Scaffolds }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 As the name suggests, these scaffolds are
stand-alone structures, anchored to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
ground using its own mechanism .It may be tied to the building or }{\fs32 \kerning2
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 structure but does not taking support of it. }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 This kind of scaffolding consists of a
framework of tubular members in }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
horizontal and vertical directions connected to each other using coupling }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 members. The vertical members are called
uprights or standards and they }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
secured to the ground. The horizontal tubes are secured to these uprights }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and run in two directions-one 90 degrees to the
building and one running }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
parallel to the face of the building. The ones running parallel to the face of }{\
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the
building are called ledgers and the ones which run 90 degrees to the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 building are called transoms. The platform of
the scaffolding rests on these }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
horizontal members i.e. ledgers and transoms.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Single Pole or Putlog Scaffolds }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Single pole or put log scaffolds are also called bricklayer\
uc1 \u8217 ?s scaffold. In this }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 type
of scaffold, the weight rests partially on uprights and partially on the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 building under construction which is typically
at a bricklaying stage. Holes }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
left in the brick work and ledgers ( transoms) inserted into these gaps }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 (\uc1 \u8220 ?put log\uc1 \u8221 ?)and the
other side rests on the uprights. As they rest on the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 building under construction instead of freestanding on the
ground, they are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 quite stable and
resistant to the wind force etc}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Tower Scaffolds }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Tower scaffolds are free standing structures used for work at
height and used }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 as alternatives for
ladders. They are also called by the names \uc1 \u8220 ?access }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 towers\uc1 \u8221 ? or a \uc1 \u8220 ?scaffold towers\uc1 \
u8221 ?. As opposed to ladders, they can be used for }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 work at heights which involves long duration and eliminates
the risk of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 imbalance which the
ladders are prone to. This is because unlike ladders, they }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 are self supporting and not leaning on to a wall or any other
vertical support }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 system. They consists
of work platforms which help in a wider range of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 movements for the employee which a ladder cannot be provide.}
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Suspended Scaffolds }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
Sometimes the ground conditions may not allow the erection of scaffolds }{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from the ground. One
example of this would be constructions on a busy }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 street where movement of people prevents securing the
scaffolds on the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ground. In such cases,
we use suspended scaffolds. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 They
take support from the building itself and various fastening mechanisms }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 are used to secure them to the building. These
scaffolds are accessed either }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 from
the ground level or from the roof level. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
The various types of suspended scaffolds are as given below; }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Suspended platforms }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Cradles}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Safety aspects in suspended
scaffolds :}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Most of the accidents in a suspended
scaffold arises out of a) problems }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 while alighting
and climbing into the suspended cradle b) counterweight }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 which are not adequately secured. The access to the suspended
scaffold }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 is to be made at the roof level or the
ground level. A fall arrest device }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 needs to be
provided along with a secondary rope. Always wear the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 safety harness while working inside a suspended scaffold. An }
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 experienced and competent
person should always supervise the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 installation and
use of the suspended scaffold.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn7(a) What is need os afety training?Describe
various componenents of training.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 NEED
FOR TRAINING}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 As a matter of fact,
construction is the second largest unorganised sector after }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 agriculture which provides employment to a huge work force
comprising of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 unskilled, semi-skilled
and skilled workers. This sector gives boost to the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 economy of the country through infrastructure development
which is the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 backbone of growth of
businesses. It is a great irony that despite being one }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of the driver to the economy, its work force does not find any
place in the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 education and training
system of the country. There is no formal institute }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 which imparts training to workers engaged in different trades
of construction }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 sector. Generally,
workforce of majority of the construction trades gets its }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 training in ancestral system where father-son training system
is the only }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 teaching -learning
platform. In some cases a prospective worker gets attached }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 with an experienced tradesman as his/her assistant to learn
the tricks of the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 trade over a time. This
system of training is crippled with the problem that }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 whatever right or wrong the trainer is acquainted with
transfers the same to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the disciple.}{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 COMPONENTS:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Training for Personal Safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Personal safety at work site is the most important aspect of
safety training. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Workers can ensure
their safety by wearing proper protective equipment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 (PPE) while working at site. These equipment include the
following: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 i) Hard Helmet:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It is essential
to wear hard helmet to protect the head }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
from falling, flying and overhead objects. Majority of fatal accidents }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 have been reported due to falling and flying
objects or hitting of head by }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
overhead objects. Head is the most sensitive part of our body and any }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
serious injury to it may lead to impairment of any body part or even }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 casualty. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
ii) Eye Wear:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\langnp9 \cf14 It protects eyes from any harm caused by blowing dust and }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 other particulate matter, metal shavings, acids
and their fumes, caustic }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
liquids and welding light. Protection of eyes is very important as any }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 injury may lead to loss of eye sight which will
result in loss of job and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 also
will make the person dependent on others for the whole life. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iii) Ear Plug:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Some tools and machineries produce
sound of high noise }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 level during operation
which may harm the ear of a worker. High decibel }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 noise may also be produced by poorly maintained equipment. To
avoid }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 any harm to ears due to such noises, it
is always required to use ear }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 plugs.
}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9
\cf14 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iv) Dust Mask:}{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It
protects workers from respiratory hazards caused by dust }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and other particulate matter. Dust and other particulate
matter are present }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 in the air due to
movement of vehicles and machineries on the site, loading/unloading of construction
material at site, stacking of materials }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
(like cement bags) in the store, taking out materials from store and also }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 due to various construction operations like
excavation for foundation, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
grinding/rubbing of surfaces. In case of high level respirator threats dust }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 mask will not be sufficient and respirators may
be necessitated in such }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 conditions. }{\fs32 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 v) Safety Glove:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Gloves provide
protection to hands from sharp and hot }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
objects and also any type of chemical, biological and electrical hazard. }{\fs32 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 vi) Protective Boots:}{\fs32 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Boots provide
safety to feet from any injury caused by }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
falling and rolling objects, sharp or heavy objects. These also facilitate }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 working on wet or slippery
surfaces, uneven surfaces and hot surfaces. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
Boots also provide protection from electrical hazards. The boots should }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 be made of slip-resistant and puncture-
resistant soles. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 vii) Safety Lanyards:}
cf14 Safety lanyards are a workers vital link to their fall }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 protection anchor point. Lanyards are typically short
sections of webbing }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 or cable that are
usually attached to the D-ring of a workers safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 harness. Lanyards can have a shock absorbing feature or simply
be a }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 short connection that connects to a
lifeline or fall protection anchor }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 point. }{\fs32 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 viii) Reflective Jacket:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Vehicular
movement for transportation of materials }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4
and other purposes causes accidents at site if driver is distracted due to }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 some reason. High visibility
of reflective clothing may alert the driver to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 avoid such accidents. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
ix) Chap Pants:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It is especially useful while working with chain saw to
protect legs of a worker.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Q7(b)Describe various type of training. discuss
the essentials of good training.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The training of workers may be classified in to
following categories: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 i) Induction
Training }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ii) Follow-up or
Refresh Training }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iii) Site specific
Training}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
Induction Training }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Provisions should be
made to provide Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 orientation training to all new employees to ensure they are
apprised of the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 basic site rules of
work at / on the site and of personal protection and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 preventing injury to fellow employees. \uc1 \u183 ? Training
should consist of basic }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 hazard awareness, site
specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as
appropriate. Any site\'02specific hazard or color coding in use should be
thoroughly reviewed as part }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of
orientation training.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Follow-up or Refresh
Training: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It is a general tendency that after some
time of training workers starts taking }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
things causally when there is no accident or any major incident that may }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 warn them to stick to safety guidelines. In
such conditions follow-up or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
refersh training follow-up plays an important role so that workers may be }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 reminded for the importance of safety measures.
In addition this there are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 some
other conditions which makes the follow-up train important and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Essential}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of good training }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 There
situations areas follows. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 i)
Introduction of new construction tools and machinery }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ii) Introduction of new construction materials which may pose
health and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 other hazards }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iii) Introduction of new construction methods and techniques
which carries }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 new challenges and
risks with them }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 iv) Changes in
legislation related to environmental pollution and safety }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
hich \af0
\loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf14 standards}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Site Specific Training }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 In construction industry every project is unique and is
different from other }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 projects in some sense.
The difference may be due to topography of the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 region, environmental sensitivity, level of work
(underground/at ground }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
level/at height), construction material used, tools and machinery used and }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 construction techniques
employed. In addition to the basic safety training }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 workers has to be trained for safety measures which are to
specific site }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 conditions, work
process/equipment, any special and typical site problems }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 being faced at workplace. Training should be used on site to
disseminate }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 good practice guidance
relevant to a particular project.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn8.Discuss different type of pollution at a
construction site.}{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Construction pollution is mainly the pollution on the sites of
construction and demolition by various construction activities. It may be in the
form of air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, or soil pollution,
depending on the nature of the activities being practiced at the site. Dust
pollution is a major variant of construction pollution and can be witnessed most
readily.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 There
are a number of causes of pollution at any construction site, and we will identify
the main causes for you:-}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 1. Air Pollution from Construction}{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 (a) Dust Pollution}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Dust pollution on construction sites is a very common and
dominating phenomenon. Different kinds of dust are present in humongous amounts at
a construction site. Dust piles are often at the sites from which the winds carry
them and travel to other parts of the city or state, increasing pollution areas in
other areas also. Wooden dust can also be found, which is due to the grilling and
drilling of the wood during construction. Last but not least, any and every
material that was used in the building for its construction, gets amalgamated as
particulate matter in the air during the demolition of the building. This can also
include silica dust and other toxic fibers that will have long-term effects on your
lungs upon breathing.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Air is the most important component of the environment which
is affected by }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 various sources and
activities construction site. Potential sources of air }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 pollution on construction sites are as follows: }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? exhaust gases from vehicles and
machinery }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? exhaust material from
chippers. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? dust pollution during
unloading and stacking of construction material, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 excavation and movement of earth }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Air pollution is one of the biggest polluters within a
construction site and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 comes in many forms,
although the three most common pollutants include }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 large amounts of dust, the emission of a number of gases, and
the presence of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 large amounts of smoke.
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Air pollution is not limited
to just the build itself, and can also occur during }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 excavation, land clearing, demolition, the burning of
materials, the operation }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 of
vehicles and equipment, and when construction workers are working with }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 toxic materials. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 (b) Emissions from
Construction Machines}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 A lot of heavy-type
vehicles are used during construction that run on diesel. There are a number of
machines like the excavator, crane, bulldozers, and cement mix trailer. This
construction machinery emits a large number of CO2, SO2, and CO into the air. The
emissions from this heavy-duty machinery are worse than our usual vehicles as they
have no proper emission control system and thus are a bigger concern to the
environment.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 (c) Large Amount of Energy Usage}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 A large amount of energy usage has been detected at the
construction sites, and as we all know, producing energy causes air pollution. The
construction industry has been a user of 40% of the energy used in the world, as
per a study by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 2. Noise Pollution}{\
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Noise pollution is simply the loud
noises caused by the heavy-duty machines, the falling of heavy material during
demolition, and the generators also create a lot of noise. All of this combined
makes any construction and demolition site a hotspot for noise pollution.}{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 3.
Water Pollution}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Throwing the toxic
waste from construction into water bodies causes water pollution. Common liquids
like cement, paint, and glue are some of the things that can be found in the liquid
waste at construction sites.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The
main water pollution issue is the deposition of construction materials }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 into waterways that feature wildlife or are
connected to waterways with }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
wildlife in them. Not only can the toxic chemicals get into the water, but }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 pollutants can also soak
through the ground and leach into the groundwater. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Many groundwater sites are also used for human consumption and
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 contaminated groundwater is a
lot harder to treat than surface water. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
Another aspect to water pollution is during the land clearing process. When }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the land is cleared, the silt and soil can
erode and travels as sediments which }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 enter
the local waterways \uc1 \u8212 ? and this can destroy the local wildlife by }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 making the waterway turbid and
restricting the amount of sunlight entering }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
the waterway. On the other hand, the presence of building materials in
high\'02urban environments can lead to blockage of the underground sewers, which }
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 then poses further health
risks. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The main ways to prevent water pollution
include; minimizing the land }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
disturbance (whilst leaving as much vegetation as possible during the }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 excavation process), covering up all drains on
a construction site, using non\'02toxic chemicals where possible (and tightly cover
and monitor toxic }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 substances when they
have to be used), covering building materials so the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 risk of them being washed away during rain (or other natural
conditions) is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 minimized, and
collecting and treating the wastewater before it is discharged }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 as an effluent \uc1 \u8212 ? where the clean water
can be discharged and the sediment }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 sludge can be
collected and thrown away}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn9(a)Describe the risk management process in
detail.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Risk management is the development of an action plan,
including measures }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and strategies, which
reduce significant risks to acceptable levels. Risk }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 management should be applied to pre-construction planning for
the most cost }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 effective environmental
outcomes. Risk assessment and management should }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 be continually updated during the construction phase.
Precautions and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 measures to prevent
environmental problems are preferred to structural }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 controls that either reduce or control risks. }{\fs32 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Avoiding risks }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The most effective approach is to avoid risk by modifying the
design. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Selecting a route that bypasses a
sensitive environmental area, avoiding areas }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 with high erosion potential, or retaining existing topography
wherever }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 practical rather than undertaking major
land shaping, are examples of risk }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 avoidance. }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Reducing risks }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 There are several strategies that can be
implemented to reduce environmental }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 risks.
For example, sequence works so that small sections of the site are }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 worked on at any one time. If rehabilitation is
commenced immediately }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 works are completed,
the risk of erosion, contaminated run-off and dust is }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 reduced. Keeping haul roads to a minimum and routing them to
avoid }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
cf14 erodible areas, such as sloping terrain, will also help reduce dust and
erosion }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 problems. Another way of reducing risk is
to avoid scheduling works on }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 areas
that pose a very high risk of erosion during periods when heavy rains }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 and strong winds are expected. }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 These are some of the approaches that can be
taken to reduce risk. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ? Increase
inspection, surveillance and monitoring frequency so that new }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 or underestimated risks are quickly identified and managed,
and anyfailures or imminent failures in controls are promptly identified and }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 repaired. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 \uc1 \u8226 ?Implement a preventative maintenance program for
pollution-control }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 installations to reduce
the risk of equipment failure. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
u8226 ? Implement contingency plans, such as ensuring that corrective action on }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 a failing control measure is
prompt. Such contingency plans will reduce }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
the environmental impact of a hazard. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
Controlling risks }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 It is possible to
manage risks by installing control measures. For example, by }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 constructing a sediment pond it is possible to trap silt and
treat contaminated }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 water. Paving haul
roads to reduce the generation of dust is another control }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 which can be adopted. Large structural controls need to be
planned and }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 installed before
construction commences. These include, but are not restricted }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to, sediment retention basins and artificial wetlands to
treat contaminated }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 stormwater, and
structures to reduce water velocities. As a general principle, }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 various sediment interception and control devices should be
installed as close }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to the source as
possible. For example, install wheel washes and rumble grids }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 to prevent dirt being taken off-site rather than instituting
road sweeping.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Qn9(b)what are the precautions which may be considered before
and during the demolition}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 .}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The important precautions to be followed before
and during demolition are }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 given
below: }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1 \fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Demolition work}{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shall
not be commenced prior to approval }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
implementation of precautionary measures. It is advisable to informadjoining
neighbors prior to the demolition so that they may close }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 windows or take other measures. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 All electrical}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 cables and apparatus which is not used
for demolition work }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shall be
removed/disconnected before commencement of demolition of }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 work, which are liable to be a source of danger. }{\fs32 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 An experienced}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 foreman or demolisher shall
be deployed for continuous }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
supervision of the work. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1
\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
Unless otherwise}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 expressly approved, demolition shall be executed }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 storey by storey commencing at the roof and
working downward. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
case }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \cf14 of removal of a framed or partially framed building, all }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 practicable precaution shall be taken to avoid
danger of collapse. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 When
the demolition }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 site adjoins a street or public walkway, a 2.4 metre }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 high solid hoarding shall be erected on the
street boundary unless the }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
building is setback at least twice its height from the street boundary, in }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 which
case a security fence having a minimum height of 1.5 metres may }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 be utilised. Notices lettered, displaying the
words \uc1 \u8220 ?WARNING }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
DEMOLITION IN PROGRESS\uc1 \u8221 ? to be fixed to the hoarding or security }{\fs32
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 fence. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\cf14 The demolished material}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shall be removed from the floor or structure,
if }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the weight of the material exceeds the
safe carrying capacity of the floor }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 or
structure and it shall be ensured that such material does not endanger }{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 workmen and to be removed as soon as
practicable. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The materials }{\fs32
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 which
may create dust must be thoroughly damped or }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 lowered by hoisting apparatus. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Chutes}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shall be completely enclosed, and a danger sign
shall be placed at }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 the discharge end of
every chute. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 No wall}{\fs32 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 ,
chimney or other structure or part of a structure shall be left }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
\lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 unattended or unsupported in such a condition that it may
collapse due to }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 wind or vibration or
otherwise become dangerous. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 }{\b1
\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14
Protective outriggers}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shall be installed where necessary to guard against }{\
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 danger to life or property or
when required by the Building Surveyor. }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\cf14 Upon completion of the work}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 , notification shall be given to the Building }
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Surveyor that the work has
been completed satisfactorily.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Q10 . }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf1 Case study on accident in
construction}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Brief Description:}{\
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 The victim along with fellow worker was engaged
for de-shuttering works of RCC foundation when the incident happened. The victim
was standing on the concrete foundation and was trying to remove shuttering
supports.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
Apparently, due to recent rains, the soil condition might have loosened which could
have resulted in the collapse of side soil and the victim got stuck up in between
the shuttering board and collapsed soil heap.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 He was immediately
rescued by site personnel and shifted to Occupational Health Center by Ambulance.
Subsequently, the victim was shifted to Apollo Hospital for medical treatment.
However, the doctor declared him brought dead.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Probable Cause of incident:}{\
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Excavated loose soil was stacked nearby the excavated pit. Due
to the effect of the rain and/or activities being performed by the victim, the side
soil collapsed into the pit.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
previous day rain, the pit was filled with some rainwater, which might have
weakened the toe of the excavated pit.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 This
workplace is very near to the main material entry road on which heavy vehicles are
plying on a regular basis which might have produced vibrations leading to weakening
of the side soil.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Lesson Learnt /
Recommendations:}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Excavated soil to be kept a minimum 1.5 meters away from the
edge of the excavated pit or removed.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
Suitable side slope/step cutting to be adopted wherever excavation is carried out.
Edges of excavated area to be protected by providing shoring }{\fs32 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf14 ,}{\fs32 \
strutting.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Safety points mentioned in HIRAC/JSA for
the activity to be implemented at the workplace.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Avoid dividing/separation wall between two adjacent excavated
pit/area. Further, deep excavation should not be kept open for a longer duration.}
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Hard barricading to be ensured
all around the excavated pit.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
Vehicles movement should be restricted a minimum of three meters away from the
excavated pit. Hard barricading with warning signage to be ensured.}{\fs32 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 Recent excavation/backfilling history of the
area to be known }{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf14 and}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \cf14 shared among all concerned working crew and
construction activities to be planned accordingly.}{\fs32 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
lang9 \langnp9 \cf0 \par }}

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