MODULE 7: NATURAL AND MAN-MADE DISASTER VULNERABILITY HAS BEEN RELATE TO THE FOLLOWING

FACTORS:
HAZARD
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
 A phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause
disruption, damage to people, their property, their services and their  Ethnicity
environment  Age
 The magnitude of the phenomenon, probability of occurrence,  Gender
extent and severity of impact may vary  Location
 Status
DISASTER  Wealth
 Income
 Any occurrence that causes widespread damage, ecological  Education
disruption, loss of human life, which exceed the ability of the  Family type
affected people to cope using their own resources
 An event, sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL
materials or environmental losses
 Locus of control
DISASTER VS. HAZARD
 Disability
 Coping-style
 A hazard is natural event while disaster is the consequence
 Individual’s perception
 A hazard is perceived natural event which threatens both life and
 Lifestyle
property. A disaster is a realization of the hazard
 Agility
 Hazards may be inevitable but disasters can be prevented
 Mobility
 DISASTER A THE PRODUCT OF HAZARD  Experience

VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS AT RISK

 The condition or sets of conditions that reduces people’s ability to  Persons, building, crops or others such like societal components
prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard expose to known hazard and which are likely to be adversely
affected by the impact of the hazard
 The characteristics and circumstances of a community system that
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
EXPOSURE
 Vulnerable conditions can turn a situation into a risk or possibility of
disaster in any area
 The degree to which the element at risk are likely to experience
hazard events of different magnitude
  If any one of these sides increases, the area of the triangle
increases, hence the amount of risk also increases
CAPACITY  If any one of the sides reduces, the risk reduces
 If we can eliminate one side there is no risk
 The combination of all available resources and strengths within the
community or organization that can reduce the level of risks or PARAMETERS OF RISK
effects of disaster
 Those positive conditions or abilities which increase a community’s  Hazards are the source of risks
ability to deal with a hazard  Hazards create risks by exposing pre-existing vulnerabilities
 The risk that a community faces is mitigated by its level of
A hazard turns into a disaster when people (elements) in the danger zones preparedness, response and recovery or readiness
are highly exposed, vulnerable and do not have the capacity to cope with
the impact of hazard. ELEMENTS AT RISKS
CONSEQUENCES MEASURE TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE
HAZARDS ON THE RISE? Social and
psychological
 Climate change Loss of active
Deaths No. of people effects of
 Sea level rise individuals
remaining
 Global warming community
 Urbanization Medical costs of
 Population growth Social and
loss of
psychological
 Land degradation No. of people % productivity.
Injuries effects of relatives
 Poverty disability Temporary loss
& injured, pain &
of economic
recovery
We are facing impending disasters, we are therefore under RISKS of activity
DISASTERS No. of damaged
house, Replacement
RISK structures etc. costs, Cultural losses,
Physical damage
agricultural rehabilitation & social effects
 The probability that a community’s structure is to be damaged by areas. Level of repairs cost
the impact of a particular hazard on account of their nature, damage %
construction and proximity to a hazardous area Mobilization
No. of man days costs.
Emergency Stress & overwork
Risk= Hazard X Vulnerability (exposure)/ Capacity Equipment and Investments in
operations of relief workers
resources hours preparedness
CONCEPTS OF THE RISK AND ITS ANALYSIS: measures
No. of lost
Opportunities
 Combination of the interaction of hazard, exposure, and Disruption of working days, Cost of lost
competitiveness
vulnerability, which can be represented by the three sides of a economy value of productivity
reputation
triangle production lost
 Cost of  Meteorological
No. of Psychological,
temporary  Floods
Social disruption displaced, no. of social contacts
housing, relief,  Tsunami
homeless cohesion morale
health care  Cyclone
Health risks,  Hurricane
Environmental Maintenance &
Scale & Severity future disaster  Typhoon
impact Repair cost
risk  Snow storm
 Blizzard
 Hail storm
DISASTER RISK
 Topographical
 The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods,  Earthquake
assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or  Volcanic Eruptions
a society over some specified future time period  Landslides and Avalanches
 Asteroids
DISASTER  Limnic eruptions

 A natural/man-made (technological) hazard resulting in an event of  Environmental

substantial extent causing significant physical damage or  Global warming
destruction, loss of life, or drastic change in the environment  El Nino-Southern Oscillation
 A tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods,  Ozone depletion-UBV Radiation
catastrophic accidents, fires or explosions  Solar flare

Disaster is the consequence of an inappropriately managed risk-product of MAN MADE DISASTERS

a combination of both hazards/ and vulnerability
 These are the consequence of technological or human hazards; due to
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS carelessness of human or mishandling of dangerous equipment
 Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial
NATURAL DISASTERS accidents, oil spills, collapse of buildings and bridges and nuclear
explosion/radiation, war and deliberate attacks may also put in this
 It is a consequence when a natural hazard affects human and/or the category
environment, over which man has hardly any control  Man-made disaster are examples of specific cases where man-made
 Earthquakes, landslides, floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis. Volcanic hazards have become reality in an event
eruptions and wildfires are included under natural disasters
 The understanding is concentrated in the formula: “Disasters occur  Technological
when hazards meet vulnerability”. A natural hazard will never result in a  Transport failure
natural disaster in areas without vulnerability  Public place failure
 Fire
 Industrial  Poverty
 Chemical spills  Rapid urbanization and unplanned development
 Radioactive spills
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
 Warfare
 War  Disaster risk is a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure.
 Terrorism The first step toward managing disaster risk within a particular area
 Internal conflicts is to identify the potential risk posed by hazards within area and to
 Civil unrest draw up a plan for addressing those risks by reducing vulnerability
 CBRNE or exposure
 The concept and practice of reducing disaster risk through
 Hazards only become disasters when it affects a population systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of
 The severity of the disaster depends on a population’s capacity to cope disasters
using its own resources
 Hazards that occur in an uninhabited island or hazards that occur in a  Reduced exposure to hazards
community which is well prepared for such events may not experience  Lessened vulnerability of people and property
a disaster  Wise management of land and the environment
 Decreasing vulnerabilities and increasing capacities of a community  Improved preparedness for adverse events
exposed to a hazard could prevent disasters
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER?
 A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing,
1. At least 20% of the population are affected & in need of emergency coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or
assistance or those dwelling units have been destroyed expedient for
2. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as
bancas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed  Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster
3. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassible for at least a  Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity of
week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and commerce consequences
4. Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and livestock,  Capacity building
and other agricultural products, and  Preparedness to deal with disaster
5. Epidemics  Prompt response to any threatening disaster
 Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of disaster
WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING?  Evacuation, rescue and relief
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction
1. Increased population
2. Climate change
3. Increased vulnerability due to:
 Demographic changes
 Increased concentration of assets
 Environmental degradation