Nota Math Matrik

Mathematics QM 016
Topic 5: Matrices And System Of Linear Equations-Lesson Plan

TOPIC : 5.0 MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

SUBTOPIC : 5.1 Matrices

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:
(a) Define a matrix and the equality of matrices

(b) Identify the different types of matrices such as row, column,
zero, diagonal, upper triangular, lower triangular and identity
matrices.

(c) Perform operations on matrices such as addition, subtraction,
scalar multiplication and multiplication of two matrices.

The result Euro 2006 ( Group B )

Team GP W D L Pts
France 3 2 1 0 7
England 3 2 0 1 6
Croatia 3 0 2 1 2
Switzerland 3 0 1 2 2

The above standing shows MATRIX form.
What is rows and what is columns.??

Definition

- A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed between brackets.
- The general form of a matrix with m rows and n columns is

mn m m m
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
m rows

n columns

- The order or dimension of a matrix of m rows and n columns is m x n.
- The individual numbers that makes up a matrix are called its entries or elements,
ij
a and they are specified by their row and column position.
- The matrix for which the entry is in
th
i row and
th
j column is denoted by [
ij
a ].
Mathematics QM 016

Example

Let

=
7 3 2
6 5
2
1
A
(a) What is the order of matrix A ?
(b) If A=[
ij
a ], identify
21
a and
13
a .

Solution

(a) Since A has 2 rows and 3 columns, the order of A is 2 x 3.
(b) The entry
21
a is in the second row and the first column. Thus,
21
a = -2.
The entry
13
a is in the first row and the third column, and so
13
a =
2
1
.

Example 1

Given
3 3
ij
x
A a =

Find matrix A if
2
ij
ij, i j
a
j i, i j
s
=

+ >

Equality of Matrices

Two matrices are equal if they have the same dimension and their corresponding entries
are equal.

Example 2

Which matrices below are the same ?
=
1 2
2 1
A , | | 2 1 = B , | | 1 2 = C ,
=
1 2
2 1
D ,
=
1 2
1 2
E ,
=
1 2
1 2
2 1
F
Solution

A = D

Example 3

Let

=
2 4 8
4 6 3
b
a
A , and

=
2 8 3 2
4 6 9
d
c
B .
If A = B, find value of a, b, c, and d.

Mathematics QM 016

Types of Matrices

- Row Matrix is a (1 x n) matrix ( one row );
| |
n
a a a a A
1 13 12 11
=

Example

| | 5 4 3 2 1 = A ; | | 5 3 4 8 7 0 1 = B

- Column Matrix is a (m x 1) matrix ( one column );
=
1
31
21
11
m
a
a
a
a
A

Example
0
4
A

=

,
2
3
5
7
B

=

- Square Matrix is a nxn matrix which has the same number of rows as columns.

Example

=
8 1
3 1
A , 2 x 2 matrix.
=
1 3 2
2 1 3
2 3 1
B , 3 x 3 matrix.

- Zero Matrix is a (m x n) matrix which every entry is zero, and denoted by O.

Example

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
O

=

,
0 0
0 0
0 0
O

=

,
0 0
0 0
O

=

Mathematics QM 016

- Diagonal Matrix

Let A =
11 12 13 1
21 22 23 2
31 32 33 3
1 2 3
m
m
m
m m m mm
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a

The diagonal entries of A are
11 22 33
a , a , a , ,
mm
a
A square matrix which non-diagonal entries are all zero is called a diagonal
matrix.

Example
(a)
2 0
0 3
A

=

(b)
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
B

=

(c)
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
a
C
b

=

- Identity Matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all its diagonal entries are 1, and
denoted by I.

Example
(a)
2 2
1 0
0 1
A I

= =

(b)
3 3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
B I

= =

- Lower Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and 0
ij
a = for i j <

11 12 12
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
A a a a
a a a

=

Example
A =
3 2 3
0 2 3
0 0 1
B =
e d c
f b
a
0
0 0

Mathematics QM 016

- Upper Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and 0
ij
a = for i j >

11 12 12
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
A a a a
a a a

=

Example
A =
3 0 0
4 2 0
3 2 1
B =
f
e d
c b a
0 0
0

Operations on Matrices
- Addition And Subtraction Of Matrices
For m x n matrices, A = [
ij
a ] and B = [
ij
b ],
A + B = C =
ij
mxn
c

, where
ij ij ij
b a c + = .
A B = D =
ij
mxn
d

, where .
ij ij ij
b a d =

Note
The addition or subtraction of two matrices with different orders is not defined. We say
the two matrices are incompatible.
Example 4
Simplify the given quantity for
=
4 3
2 1
A ,
=
6 5
3 4
B and
=
2
1
C .
(a) A + B (b) A B (c) A + C

Scalar Multiplication
If c is a scalar and
ij
A a =

then
ij
cA b =

where
ij ij
b ca =

Mathematics QM 016

Example 5
Given
2 4
8 5
6 7
A

=

, find
1
2
A .

Example 6
Let
1 4
5 3
A

=

and
3 6
4 2
B

=

. Calculate 3 2 A B.

Properties
(a) A B B A + = + ( Commutative )
(b) ( ) ( ) A B C A B C + + = + + ( Associative)
(c) ( ) ( ) A A A A O + = + = ( O- zero matrix)
(d) ( ) A A A o | o | + = + , o | constant
(e) ( ) A B A B o o o + = +
(f) ( ) ( ) A A o | o| =

Exercises

1. Identify the order of the given matrix.
(a)
6 5 4
3 2 1
(b)
1 0
0 1
0 1

(c)
d
c
b
a
(d) | | k j i

Mathematics QM 016

2. (a) Find matrix
2 3
ij
x
A a =

if
2 2
ij
a i j j i = +
(b) Find matrix
3 3
ij
x
B b =

if
2
2
ij
i j, i j
b ij, i j
i j, i j
+ <
= =
>

3. Simplify the given quantity for
=
5 3
2 1
A and
=
9 4
1 2
B .
(a) A + B (b) A B
(c) 2A 5B (d) 3A + 2B

4. Solve the given equation for the unknown matrix X.

(a) 2X +
4 5 6
3 2 1
=
0 0 0
0 0 0

(b) -2
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4 2
0 0
4
3 3
6 2
X X

Answers

1. (a) 2 X 3 (b) 3 X 2 (c) 4 X 1 (d) 1 X 3
2. (a)
2 6 12
6 16 30

(b)
1 4 5
0 4 7
1 1 9

3. (a)
14 7
3 3
(b)
4 1
1 1
(c)

35 14
1 8
(d)
33 17
8 7

4. (a)

2 3
1
2
5
2
3
2
1
(b)
5 4
6 2

Mathematics QM 016

SUBTOPIC : 5.1 Matrices

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:

(a) Perform operations on matrices such as multiplication of two
matrices.
(d) Define the transpose of a matrix and explain its properties.
(c) Define symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix.

Operation on Matrices
- Multiplication of Matrices
The product of two matrices A and B is defined only when the number of columns in A is
equal to the number of rows in B.
If the order of A is m n and the order of B is n p, then AB has order m p.

m n n p m p
A B AB

=
A row and a column must have the same number of entries in order to be multiplied.
| |
1 2 3 n
R a a a ... a = and
1
2
3
n
b
b
b C
...
b

=

| |
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n
RC a b a b a b ...a b = + + +
Example 1
Find
2 1
1 2 3
3 4
2 0 5
2 1

Example 2

2 5 4
2 0 5
A

=

and
1 2 3 5
3 2 1 5
5 4 0 7
B

=

. Find AB.
Mathematics QM 016

Example 3

Let
=
4 3
2 1
A and

=
2 3
1 2
B

Show that AB BA.

Properties

(a) ( ) ( ) A BC AB C = ( Associativite)
(b) ( ) A B C AB AC + = + ( Distributive)

Transpose Matrix

The transpose of a matrix A, written as A
T
, is the matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A. That is, the i th column of A
T
is the i th row of A for all is.
If
m n ij
A a
=

then
T
n m ji
A a
=

11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
3 3
a a a
A a a a
a a a

=

then
11 21 31
12 22 32
13 23 33
3 3
T
a a a
A a a a
a a a

=

Example

Let
3 1
2
1
3
B

=

then
| |
1 3
2 1 3
T
B
=
If
3 3
1 3 3
2 5 4
1 3 5
D

=

then
3 3
1 2 1
3 5 3
3 4 5
T
D

=

Mathematics QM 016

Example 4

Let
=
4 3
2 1
A ,
=
1 2
4 3
B and
=
2 3
4 1
C .

Show that (a) (A + B )
T
= A
T
+ B
T

(b) (BC)
T
= C
T
B
T

Properties of the transpose matrix
- (A B)
T
= A
T
B
T

- (A
T
)
T
= A
- (AB)
T
= B
T
A
T

- (kA)
T
= kA
T

A symmetric Matrix
- A square matrix, A = [
ij
a ], is symmetric if it is equal to its own transpose,
A = A
T
and a
ij
= a
ji
.

Example

3 2
2 1

2
3
1
c b
c a
b a

A square matrix, A = [ a
ij
] is a skew symmetrical matrix if A = -A
T
and a
ij
= -a
ji
where
i j = and a
ii
= 0

Example

0 2
2 0

0 3 1
3 0 2
1 2 0

Mathematics QM 016

Exercises
1. Let
=
0 3 2
4 2 1
A ,
=
4 3
2 1
B , and
=
4 6 2
1 5 4
9 7 3
C .Indicate whether the
given product is defined. If so, give the order of the matrix product. Compute the
product, if possible.
(a) AB (b) AC (c) BA
(d) BC (e) CA (f) CB

2. Let

=
1 2
0 4
1 3
A ,
=
1 1
2 1
1 2
B and
=
2 2
4 3
C .

Find
(a) A
T
B (b) B
T
A (c) (BC)
T
(d) (A+B)
T

Answers

1. (a) Not defined
(a) Defined; 2x3 ;
19 41 27
18 29 21

(b) Defined; 2x3 ;
5 8 4
11 18 12

(c) Not defined
(d) Not defined
(e) Not defined

2. (a)
0 1
13 12
(b)

0 13
1 12

(c)
6 8 10
5 7 8
(d)
2 2 0
3 5 5

Mathematics QM 016

SUBTOPIC : 5.2 Determinant of Matrices

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:

(a) Define the minor and cofactor for
ij
a

(e) Discuss the expansion of the cofactor and find the determinant
of a 3 3 matrix.

What is the history of determinant of matrices?
Historically, determinants were considered before matrices. Originally, a determinant was
defined as a property of a system of linear equations. The determinant "determines"
whether the system has a unique solution (which occurs precisely if the determinant is
non-zero). In this sense, two-by-two determinants were considered by Cardano at the end
of the 16th century and larger ones by Leibniz about 100 years later.
What can you explain about the determinant and its application.
The determinant is an algebraic operation that transforms a square matrix into a scalar.
This operation has many useful and important properties. For example, the determinant is
zero if and only if the corresponding system of homogeneous equations is singular.
Determinants are used to characterize invertible matrices, and to explicitly describe the
solution to a system of linear equations with Cramer's rule.

Determinant of 2 x 2 Matrices
Given A =
Then determinant A =
a b
c d
= ad bc
Example 1
Given A =
2 5
3 8

and B =
3 2
5 2

, find , , , A B AB BA .

: 4 NOTE AB A B BA = = =
a b
c d

Mathematics QM 016

Minor and Cofactor

Let A be n x n matrix,
1. The minor M
ij
of the element a
ij
is the determinant of the matrix
obtained
by deleting the ith row and jth column of A
2. The cofactor C
ij
of the element a
ij
is
C
ij
= (-1)
i+j
M
ij

Consider the matrix A =
3 4 1
2 4 3
1 - 2 1
Minor
M
11
is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the first row
and first column from A.
M
11
=
3 4 1
2 4 3
1 2 1
=
3 4
2 4

= 4
Similarly
M
32
=
3 4 1
2 4 3
1 2 1
=
2 3
1 1 = 5
Therefore,

If A =

a a a
a a a
a a a

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
, then
M
11
=
33 32
23 22
a a
a a

and M
32 =
23 21
13 11
a a
a a

Cofactor

C
ij
= ( - 1 )
i +j
M
ij

Then, C
11
= (-1)
1+1
M
11
= 4 and
C
32
= (-1)
3+2
M
32
= -5

Mathematics QM 016

Example 2

A =
3 - 3 4
4 0 2 -
2 - 4 - 2
,
find
i . M
12
and C
12

ii. M
31
and C
31

iii. M
22
and C
22

iv. M
23
and C
23

_____________________________________________________________________

Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix
Expansion of the cofactor

1 2 1 2
=
= =
;
, , ..., , , ...,
ij ij
A a c
i n and j n

By expanding along the first row
Elements in 1
st
row :
11 12 13
, , a a a

11 11 12 12 13 13
= + + A a c a c a c
Where , 1
+
= ( )
i j
ij ij
c m

11 11 12 12 13 13
A a m a m a m = +

By expanding along first column
Elements in 1
st
column :
11 21 31
, , a a a
11 11 21 21 31 31
= + + A a c a c a c
11 11 21 21 31 31
A a m a m a m = +

3 1 4
1 2 7 , e ;
5 1 10
) sec
)
Let A find A by xpanding along
a ond row
b first column

=

Mathematics QM 016

21 21 22 22 23 23
( ) ( )
( 1)( 6) ( 2)(10) ( 7)(2)
6 20 14 28
= + +
= + +
= =
A a m a m a m

b) Expansion along 1
st
column,( ( 1, 1, 2,3) j i = =
11 11 21 21 31 31
A a c a c a c = + +
3( 20 7) ( 1)( 10 4) 5( 7 8)
28
= + + + + +
=

HINT- Choose row or column that has the most zero.

Example 3

Find the determinant of
2 5 1
3 0 1
2 5 4
A

=

by using expansion of the cofactor

EXERCISES :

1. Find the determinant for these matrices by using the method above:
(a) A=

3 2
3 6

(b) B =
6 5 2
4 2 0
1 3 2

2. Find M
12
and M
33
for matrix B (from Q1).

ANSWERS:

1. (a) | A | = 24, (c) | B | = -44

2. M
12
= 8, M
33
= 4,

Mathematics QM 016


LEARNING
OUTCOMES
: (a) Discuss the properties of determinant
.

Determine |F| if
1 2 3
0 0 0 ,
4 2 1

=

F then find |F
10
|. To find F
10
are quite difficult . It is
better to solve the question by using properties of the determinant.

Properties of determinant

1. If any row (or column) of a square matrix A contain only zeroes, then |A|=0

1 2 3
0 0 0 , 0
4 2 1
A A

= =

,

2. If a square matrix B is obtained from a square matrix A by multiplying each
element of any row or column of A by some real number k, then = B k A

2 3
2 2 2( 2) 4
4 5
A B = = =
2 = B A
thus k = 2

1 0 3
7 0 5 , 0
2 0 1
B B

= =

2 3 2 3
, 2
4 5 4 5
A A

= = =

4 6
,
4 5
4 6
20 24 4
4 5
B B

=

= = =
Mathematics QM 016

Example 1

Given the |A| = 5. Hence find |B| , |C| and |D| by using the determinant properties.

1 2 3
2 3 5
3 4 2

=

A
5 10 15
2 3 5
3 4 5

=

B
5 10 15
10 15 25
3 4 2

=

C
5 10 15
10 15 25
15 20 10

=

D

Note
=
n
kA k A , where A is a square matrix (n x n) and k is a constant.

3. If any two rows (or columns) of a square matrix A are identical, then 0 = A

3 4 1
4 2 2
3 4 1

=

A
3 4 1
4 2 2
3 4 1
= A = 0

Example 2
Find the determinant of
3 6 9
1 2 3
0 1 1

=

B

4. If a square matrix B is obtained from a square matrix A by interchanging any two
rows (columns), then = B A

2 3
1 4

=

A
2 3
1 4
=
A = 8+3 =11

1 4
2 3

=

B Row 1 and 2 are interchanged

3 8 11 = = B
= B A = -11

Mathematics QM 016

5. If A is a square matrix, then
T
A A =

3 1 4
1 2 7
5 1 10

=

A 28 = A

3 1 5
1 2 1
4 7 10
T
A

=

28
T
A =
28
T
A A = =

6. If A and B are square matrices, then = AB A B

2 1
3 4

=

A
1 4
3 2

=

B
11 = A 14 = B (11)( 14) 154 = = A B

5 6
9 20

=

AB
154 = AB
= AB A B

7. The determinant of an upper (or lower) triangular matrix is the product of its
diagonal entries.

2 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 1

=

A
3 1 2
0 1 4
0 0 1

=

B

(2)(3)( 1) = A (3)( 1)(1) = B

6 = 1 =

8. If a square matrix B is obtained from a square matrix A by adding k times the
elements in the i
th
row of A to j
th

row of A, then = B A

1 4
2 1

=

A
1 4
0 9

=

B
9 = A 9 = B
A B =
Mathematics QM 016

Exercises

1. If
1 0 1
7 3 2 ,
2 1 2

= +

B x
x
and |B| =4 , find

(a) The value of x (b) | B
T
| (c) | B
4
|

Answers

1. (a) (b) (c)

Mathematics QM 016


LEARNING
OUTCOMES
: (a) Find the adjoint of matrix A

(b) Define the inverse of a matrix

(c) Find the inverse matrix using the adjoint matrix

Adjoint Matrix

Let =

ij
C c be the cofactor matrix of A.
Adjoint of matrix A (adj A) is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix that is

adj A = = =

T
T
ij ji
C c c

Remember: Cofactor , c
ij
= (-1)i+j m
ij
,

Example 1

Given
1 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 3

=

A . Find the adjoint of A.

Solution

11
2 4
2
1 3
= = c
21
2 3
3
1 3
= = c
11
2 4
2
2 4
= = c

12
3 4
5
1 3
= = c
22
1 3
0
1 3
= = c
32
1 3
5
3 4
= = c

13
3 2
1
1 1
= = c
23
1 2
1
1 3
= = c
33
1 2
4
3 2
= = c

adj A = C
T

11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
+ +

= +

+ +

m m m
C m m m
m m m
2 5 1
3 0 1
2 5 4

=

T
adj A
2 3 2
5 0 5
1 1 4

=

adj A
Mathematics QM 016

Example 2

Given
1 2 2
2 10 5
1 3 3

=

P . Find the adjoint of P.

Inverse Matrices

There are 3 methods to obtain inverse of matrices:

(a) Adjoint Method
-1
1
A = adj A
A
(Remember!
1
1
= A
A
)

(b) Use the property AB = k

(c) Elementary Row Operations (ERO)

Finding Inverse by Using Adjoint Method

The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by
1
1
A adj A
A
= , given that 0 A = .
If 0 A = ,
~ A is a non-singular matrix
~ Inverse matrix exists

If 0 A = ,
~ A is a singular matrix
~ Inverse matrix does not exist

Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix

Let
a b
A
c d

=

, then
1
A
is given by

1
1
d b
A
c a ad bc

=

Note
1
1
A
A
=
Mathematics QM 016

Example 3
Find the inverse matrix for
3 1
5 4
A

=

Inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix

Example 4
Find the inverse matrix of
1 3 2
0 2 2
2 1 0
B

=

Properties of Inverse Matrix

1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
T T
A A
A A
AB B A
A
A

- =
- =
- =
- =

AB BA I - = =
1 1
and B A A B

= =

1
1
Hence, if
1
then
1
andalso
AB I
A B
B A
o
o
o
=
=
=

Note

If AB I = where A and B are square matrices, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and
is written as
1
A
. Thus
1 1
AA A A I

= =

Example 5

Given
1 2 3
2 3 4
1 5 7
A

=

and
1 1 1
10 4 2
7 3 1
B

=

. It is known that AB kI = , where k is a
constant and I is an 3 3 matrix. Find k and hence deduce
1
A
.

Mathematics QM 016

Example 6

Given
3 1 1
1 3 1
1 1 3
A

=

. Find the values m and n such that
2
0 A mA nI + + = where I is
3 3 identity matrix and 0 is zero matrix. Use this relation to obtain
1
A
and show that

3
39 70 A A = .

_______________________________________________________________________

Exercises

By using adjoint method, find A
-1
if it exists

1.
2 1 4
3 2 5
0 1 3
A

=

2.
2 1 4
3 2 1
5 2 9
A

=

3.
1 2 0
1 1 0
2 5 1
A

=

Answers

1.
1
11 1 13
1
9 6 22
25
3 2 1
A

=

2.
1
A
does not exist 3.

1
1 2 0
1
1 1 0
3
7 1 3
A

=

Mathematics QM 016

SUBTOPIC : 5.3 Inverse Matrices

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:
(a) apply the elementary row operations to obtain the inverse of
2 x 2 matrix.

There are 3 methods to obtain inverse of matrices:

(a) Adjoint Method
-1
1
A = adj A
A
( Remember!
1
1
= A
A
)

(b) Use the property AB = k

(c) Elementary Row Operations (ERO)

Finding Inverse Using Elementary Row Operations.

Given an augmented matrix [ A | I ] with rows Ri, i=1,2,,m.

The elementary row operations include the following operations:

(a) Interchanging the i
th
row and j
th
row.
i j
R R

(b) Multiplying the i
th
row with a nonzero constant.
*
i j
R R o = (* : is the new row)

(c) Adding a multiple of j
th
row to the i
th
row.
*
i j i
R R R o = +

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Obtain a 1 in the first position on the leading diagonal.

STEP 2: Obtain zeros under 1 in the first column.

STEP 3: Obtain a 1 the second position on the leading diagonal.

STEP 4: Obtain a zero under 1 in the second column.

STEP 5: Obtain a 1 in the third position on the leading diagonal.

STEP 6: Obtain zeros above all the 1s.

Mathematics QM 016

NOTES: [ A | I ] [ I | A
-1
] As matrix A changes to the Identity matrix, the augmented
Identity matrix changes to the Inverse of matrix A.

Example 1

Find the inverse of the given matrix using elementary row operations.

(a)
1 3
2 5

(b)
2 5
1 3

Solution

Construct an augmented matrix [ A | I ]

Use ERO to find the inverse of A.

[ A | I ] [ I | A
-1
]

(a) A =
1 3
2 5

[ A | I ]
1 3 1 0

2 5 0 1

[ A | I ]
1 3 1 0

2 5 0 1

*
2 1 2
( 2) R R R = +

1 3 1 0

0 1 2 1

*
2 2
( 1) R R =

a b c
d e f
g h i
Step 1
1
Step 2
0
Step 2
0
Step 3
1
Step 4
0
Step 5
1
Step 6
0
Step 6
0
Step 6
0
Mathematics QM 016

1 3 1 0

0 1 2 1

*
1 2 1
( 3) R R R = +

1 0 5 3

0 1 2 1

= [ I | A
-1
]

A
-1
=
1 2
3 5

Exercises

1. Find the inverse of the given matrix, if it exists.

(a) A =
7 3
5 2

(b) A =
4 2
0 3

(c) A =

4 6
2 3

2. Find A
-1
, if it exists, for the given A using elementary row operations.

When

A
-1
exists, verify that A A
-1
= A
-1
A = I.

(a) A =

5 2
6 3

(b) A =
6 3
8 4

(c) A =

0 1
2 3

Mathematics QM 016

Answers

1 (a) A
-1
=
2 3
5 7

(b) A
-1
=
4
1
0
6
1
3
1

(c ) A
-1
does not exist

2. (a) A
-1
=

1
3
2
2
3
5

(b) A
-1
does not exist

(c) A
-1
=

2
3
2
1
1 0

Mathematics QM 016

SUBTOPIC : 5.3 Inverse Matrices

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:
(a) apply the elementary row operations to obtain the inverse of
3 x 3 matrix.

Inverse Matrices

Example 1

Given P =
2 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 1

. Find the inverse of P by using ERO.

Example 2

If B =
2 4 3
1 2 1
2 3 1

. Find B
1
.

Exercises

1. Find A
-1
, if it exists, using elementary row operations

(b) A =
12 5 1
5 3 1
3 2 1

(c) A =

2 4 5
3 4 2
0 1 3

(d) A =
1 0 5
3 1 1
2 1 7

Mathematics QM 016

2. Given P =
2 4 3
1 2 1
2 3 1

. Find the inverse of P by using ERO.

Answers
1. (a) A
-1
=
3
1
1
3
2
3
2
3
3
7
3
1
3
3
11

(b) A
-1
=

10 7 12
9 6 11
3 2 4

(c) A
-1
=

17
8
17
5
17
5
17
19
17
3
17
14
17
5
17
1
17
1

2. P
-1
=
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 2 1

Mathematics QM 016

SUBTOPIC : 5.4 System Of Linear Equations With Three Variables

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
:
(a) Discuss system of linear equations and the types of solutions
namely: unique, inconsistent and infinite solutions.

(b) Write a system of linear equations in the form AX = B

We may have solved linear equation early in the school. Problems involving solving sets
of linear equation are very important in the field of Engineering and Mathematics.

Definition - A system of linear equations is a set of equations with n equations and n
unknowns, is of the form of

11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
...
x n
x n
x x xx n n
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

The unknowns are denoted by x
1
,x
2
,...x
n
and the coefficients (a's and b's above) are
assumed to be given.

Systems of Linear Equations

Consider the system of linear equations with three unknown x
1
, x
2
and x
3

3 3 33 2 32 1 31
2 3 23 2 22 1 21
1 3 13 2 12 1 11
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
= + +
= + +
= + +

All the linear systems above can be written as a single matrix equation as below

With A
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
,
B =
3
2
1
b
b
b

and X =
3
2
1
x
x
x

Thus , the system of linear equation can be written as AX=B

Mathematics QM 016

Example

Puan Lili wants to buy three different flavours of ice cream for her children. For the first
child, she buys ice cream which costs RM2 for a scoop of strawberry, RM3 for a scoop of
vanilla and RM4 for a scoop of chocolate.
For the second child, she buys ice cream which costs RM4, RM3 and RM1 for a scoop of
strawberry, vanilla and chocolate respectively.
Meanwhile, for third child, the costs is RM1, RM2 and RM4 for a scoop of strawberry,
vanilla and chocolate respectively.
She buys x scoops of strawberry ice cream, y scoops of vanilla ice cream and z scoops of
chocolate ice cream for each child.
Find the values of x, y and z if she spends RM34 on the first child, RM28 on the second
child and RM27 on the third child.

Solution

Let x ~ scoop of strawberrys ice cream
y ~ scoop of vanillas ice cream
z ~ scoop of chocolates ice cream

Linear equation: 2x + 3y + 4z = 34
4x + 3y + z = 28
x + 2y + 4z = 27

The system of AX = B is called

- Consistent (unique and infinitely) if it has solution
- Inconsistent if it has no solution

Types of solution of linear system equations

In a 2-dimensional geometry:
(i) Unique
(ii) Infinitely
(iii) Inconsistent (has no solution)

Consistent (has solution)
Mathematics QM 016

(i) Unique Solution

Example 1

Solve the system 5x + 2y = 22
6x 2y = 0

Solution

5x + 2y = 22 6(2) 2y = 0

6 2 0
11 22
2
x y
x
x
=
=
=

12
2
6
y
y
=
=

There is one intersection point at (2,6).
Thus the system has a unique solution.

Example 2

Solve the system 2x y = 0
x + y = 1

(ii) Infinite Solution

Example 3

Solve the system y = 3 2x
4x + 2y = 6

Example 4

Solve the system x = 2 + y
-2x + 2y = -4

(iii) Inconsistent Solution

Example 5

Solve the system 4x + 6y = 12
6x + 9y = 12

Example 6

Solve the system 2x y = 0
4x 2y = 1
Mathematics QM 016

Exercises

1. Determine the type of solution for the following systems

(a) 2x + 3y = 4
x 3y = 2

(b) 3x 5y = 1
-6x + 10y = -2

(c) 3x 5y = 1
-6x + 10y = 2

Answers

1. (a) unique solution
(b) infinitely solution
(c) inconsistent solution

Mathematics QM 016


LEARNING
OUTCOMES
: (a) Solve AX=B using Inverse Matrix.

Definition Assuming we have a square matrix A, which is non-singular ( det(A) does
not equal to zero ), then there exists an nxn matrix A
-1
which is called the inverse of A,
such that this property holds:
AA
-1
= A
-1
A = I where I is the identity matrix.

Using the Inverse Matrix to solve AX = B

If A is a n x n square matrix that has an inverse A
-1
, X is a variable matrix and B ia a
known matrix, both with n rows, then the solution of matrix equations AX = B is given by
X = A
-1
B
Proof : A X = B ( 3 x 3 square matrix)
A
-1
( A X ) = A
-1
B
( A
-1
A ) X = A
-1
B
I X = A
-1
B
X = A
-1
B

Example 1

Solve the following system of equations by using the inverse matrix

Example 2

Given A =
1 3 9
5 1 3
1 3 7

B =
1 3 0
2 1 3
1 0 1

Find AB and A
-1
. Hence, solve the following linear equations.

5 7
3 3 5
9 3 7 1
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ =
+ + =

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
3 2 11
3 2 2 10
5
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
Mathematics QM 016

Example 3

Given A =
1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3

.
Find A
2
6A + 11I, with I as an identity matrix 3 x 3. Show that A(A
2
6A + 11I) = 6 I,
hence deduce A
-1
.

___________________________________________________________________

Exercises

Solve the following system of equations using the inverse matrix

Answers

1
x = -2,
2
x = 1 and
3
x = -3

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
9 4 17
2 6 14
6 4
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + =
=
+ =
Mathematics QM 016


LEARNING
OUTCOMES
: (a) Solve AX=B using Gauss-Jordan Elimination method

In the Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method our goal is to use row operations to transform an
augmented matrix into a reduced form. It can be shown that any linear system must have
exactly one solution, no solution, or an infinite number of solutions, regardless of the
number of equations or the number of variables in the system. The terms unique,
consistent, and inconsistent are used to describe these solutions, just as they are for
systems with three variables.
The Gauss-Jordan elimination method is to used to determine these types of solutions
according to the reduced augmented matrix.

The Gauss- Jordan Elimination Method

1. Form the augmented matrix whose first n columns constitute A and whose last
columns form B , symbolically | | B A .

2. The elementary row operation are used to reduce the augmented matrix to form a
Reduced Augmented Matrix (RAM).

Example 1

Solve the following system of equations using the Gauss- Jordan Elimination method

3 12
0
2 8
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =

[A B]
[I X]
Augmented Augmented
Matrix Matrix
Reduced Reduced
Augmented Augmented
Matrix Matrix
COEFFICIENT
MATRIX
COLUMN
MATRIX
IDENTITY
MATRIX
SOLUTION
MATRIX
Mathematics QM 016

Example 2

Ali, Bob and Ravi bought tickets for three separate performances. The table below
shows the number of tickets bought by each of them.

concert orchestral opera
Ali 2 1 1
Bob 1 1 1
Ravi 2 2 1

(a) If the total cost for Ali was RM 122, for Bob RM 87 and for Ravi RM 146,
represent this information in the form of three equations.
(b) Find the cost per ticket for each of the performances using G-J elimination
method.
(c) Determine how much it would cost Hassan to purchase 2 concert, 1 orchestral and
3 opera tickets.

Exercises

Solve the following system of equations by using the Gauss- Jordan Elimination method

1.
7
15 6 3 2
10 4 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= + +
= + +
x x x
x x x
x x x

2.
2 2
4 2
5 4
3 1
2 1
3 1
= +
= +
= +
x x
x x
x x

Answers

1. 0
1
= x , 3
2
= x and 4
3
= x
2.
2
1
1
= x , 5
2
= x and 3
3
= x

Mathematics QM 016


LEARNING
OUTCOMES
: (a) Solve AX=B using Cramers Rule.

A system of linear equations can be written in the form of a matrix equation.
Example: The linear equations,

3x 2y z 6 =
x 4y 3z 5 =
5x y z 4 =

Can be written as

3 2 1 x 6
1 4 3 y 5
5 1 1 z 4
( )( ) ( )

=

( )( ) ( )

The matrix equation AX = B can be solved by,
(a) finding the inverse matrix method,
(b) using the Gauss Elimination method,
(c) using Cramers Rule.

Cramers Rule

Step 1 : Find the determinant of Matrix A, A

Step 2 : Replacing the column of A with n x 1 matrix B

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
3
2
1
x
x
x

=

3
2
1
b
b
b

A X = B

Step 3 : Then the solution is given by

x
1 =

1 12 13
2 22 23
3 23 33
b a a
b a a
b a a
A

Mathematics QM 016

x
2
=
11 1 13
21 2 23
31 3 33
a b a
a b a
b b a
A

x
3
=
11 12 1
21 22 2
31 23 3
a a b
a a b
b a b
A

Example 1

Solve the following system using Cramers Rule

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
3 11
2 3 9
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =

Example 2


1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
3 8 5 3
2 2 10
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
=
+ + =

Exercises


1.
1 2 3
3 4 x x x + + =

1 2 3
1 2 3
2 15
2 2 5
x x x
x x x
+ =
=

2.
1 2 3
2x x x 1 =

1 2 3
1 2 3
x 2x 3x 1
3x 2x 4x 5
=
=

Answers

1. 1
1
= x , 4
2
= x and 5
3
= x
2. 1
1
= x , 3
2
= x and 2
3
= x

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Mathematics QM 016

Topic 5: Matrices And System Of Linear Equations-Lesson Plan

and show that

does not exist 3.

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