Functions and Their Graphs

KOYA UNIVERSITY
Department: Civil Engineering Course Title: Mathematics I

Stage /Year: 1st Course Code: MAT5107
Functions And
Their Graphs
1. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS
Many scientific laws and engineering principles describe how one quantity depends on
another.
If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each value of x determines exactly
one value of y, then we say that y is a function of x.
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one
element of the range.
In this notation, the symbol f represents the function, the letter x is the independent variable
representing the input value of f, and y is the dependent variable or output value of f at x.
Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

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1. Find the domain and range of the following:
1. y= √ x +5 x +5 ≥0 x ≥−5 D y ≥0 R
1
2. y= x≠0 D y ≠0R
x
1
3. y= x≠7 D y ≠0R
x−7
4. y=| x| Allreal numbers D y ≥0 R
5. y= √3 x 2−4 D=R=all real numbers
6. y=x 3 D=R=all real numbers
7. y=−2 D= All Real Numbers R=−2
8. x 2+ y 2−3=0 x 2+ y 2=3 D=− √ 3 ≤ x ≤ √ 3 R=−√ 3≤ y ≤ √3
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2. GRAPH OF THE FUNCTIONS
Another way to visualize a function is its graph. If ƒ is a function with domain D, its
graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are the input-
output pairs for ƒ.
Cartesian plane (rectangular coordinate system)

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2. Sketch a graph of y=x 2−4 . −4 ≤ x ≤ 4

Solution:
x y
-4 12
-3 5
-2 0
-1 -3
0 -4
1 -3
2 0
3 5
4 12
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3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
1. Vertical Shift
2. Horizontal Shift
3. Reflection

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4. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
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3. Given y= √ x .
Graph 1. y= √ x−1 2. y= √ x +3 3. y= √ x−1 4. y= √ x +3
Solution:
4.
Determine whether each graph given in Figure is the graph of an even function, an odd
function, or a function that is neither
even nor odd.

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Solution:
2
1. y=x EVEN
2. y=x 2 +1 EVEN
3. y=x ODD
4. y=x +1 NEITHER EVEN NOR ODD
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5. TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
There are many different types of functions that can be used to model relationships observed
in the real world.
1. Linear
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph of the function
is a line, so we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line to write a formula
for the function as y=f ( x )=mx+ b .Where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.

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5. You are driving on a road that has a 6% uphill grade (see figure). This means that the
slope of the road is 6/100. Approximate the
amount of vertical change in your position if you
drive 200 feet.
6 y
Solution: = → y =12 ft
100 200
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6. Find an equation of the horizontal line containing the point (3, 2).

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Solution: The equation of the horizontalline y=b , y=2

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7. Triangle ABC has vertice A (-6, 1), B (8, 9) and C (3,-5)
as shown. M is the mid-point of side AB and D is a point
on side AC.
a) Write down the coordinates of M.
b) Find the equation of MD given that MD is perpendicular
to side AC.
Solution:
a) M = ( 8−62 , 9+12 )=(1,5)

−5−1 −6 −2 3
b) mac = = = m MD=
3+6 9 3 2
3
y−5= ( x−1 )
2
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2
2. Quadratic Function f (x)=a x +bx +c
3. Cubic Function f ( x )=a x 3 +b x 2 +cx +d
N (x)
4. Rational Function f ( x )=
D( x )
5. Exponential Function

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General Form of Exponential Function
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Exponential functions decrease if 0 < a < 1 and increase if a > 1.
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8. Draw the graph of each function:
()
x
1
1. g ( x )=
3
x
2. f ( x )=3
Solution:
6. Natural Exponential
Function

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e=2.718281
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9. Sketch the graph of f ( x)=3 e0.5 x
Solution:
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7. Natural logarithm

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10. Solve the following equation for x e 3 x =2
Solution:
Take ln each side ln e 3 x =ln 23 x=ln2 x=ln 2/ 3
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11. Sketch the graph of y=ln |x|
Solution:
8. Trigonometric Function
Angles

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12. A circle has a radius of 4 inches. Find the length of the arc intercepted
by a central angle 240 ° of as shown in Figure
Solution:
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Right Triangle Definitions of Trigonometric Functions
Let be an acute angle of a right triangle. The six trigonometric functions of the angle are
defined as follows.
Trigonometric identities:

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13. Use the triangle in Figure to find the values of the six
trigonometric functions
Solution:
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tanA +tanB
14. Prove that tan ( A+ B ) =
1−tanA tanB
Solution:
sinAcosB cosAsinB
+
sin( A+ B) sinAcosB +cosAsinB cosAcosB cosAcosB tanA +tanB
tan ( A+ B ) = = = =
cos( A+ B) cosAcosB−sinAsinB cosAcosB − sinAsinB 1−tanA tanB
cosAcosB cosAcosB

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
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15. Graph sec x−sin x tan x
Solution:
1 sinx 1−sin 2 x cos 2 x
−sin x = = =cosx
cosx cosx cosx cosx
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π π
16. Graph y=sin ⁡(x− 3 ) , y =sin ⁡(x + 6 )
Solution:

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9. Inverse Trigonometric Function
Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side
measurements in triangles.
17.
Find

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−1 √ 3 −1 −1
(a) sin ( ¿)¿ (b) cos ( ¿ )¿ (c) cos (cos−1 ( √ 3 ¿ ¿ 2) ¿ (d) csc −1( √ 2 ¿ )¿
2 2
π 2π π
Solution: (a) (b) (c) √ 3/2 (d)
3 3 4
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18. Find the angle α .
Solution:
α =65−β=65−tan
−1
( 2150 )=42.22°
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10. Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are formed by taking combinations of the two exponential functions
ex and e -x. The hyperbolic functions simplify many mathematical expressions and occur
frequently in mathematical applications.

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Identities for hyperbolic functions
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19. Prove that cosh 2 x −sinh 2 x =1
Solution:
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20. Find (a) sinh(ln2) (b) sech(0)
Solution:
ln 2 1 1
e − ln 2 2−
e 2 3
( a ) sinh ( ln 2 )= = =
2 2 4
2 2
( b ) sech ( 0 )= = =1
0 1 2
e + 0
e

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Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift of Functions:
Example: Find Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift of function:

3
(
y= cos 2 x+
4
2π
3 )
Solution: Amplitude = A= ¾
2π 2π
Period of the function= period= B = 2 =π
π
Phase shift left= C= 3 to the left

17

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KOYA UNIVERSITY

Department: Civil Engineering Course Title: Mathematics I

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

1. Find the domain and range of the following:

4. y=| x| Allreal numbers D y ≥0 R

5. y= √3 x 2−4 D=R=all real numbers

6. y=x 3 D=R=all real numbers

7. y=−2 D= All Real Numbers R=−2

8. x 2+ y 2−3=0 x 2+ y 2=3 D=− √ 3 ≤ x ≤ √ 3 R=−√ 3≤ y ≤ √3

Cartesian plane (rectangular coordinate system)

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

2. Sketch a graph of y=x 2−4 . −4 ≤ x ≤ 4

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Graph 1. y= √ x−1 2. y= √ x +3 3. y= √ x−1 4. y= √ x +3

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Solution: The equation of the horizontalline y=b , y=2

a) M = ( 8−62 , 9+12 )=(1,5)

3. Cubic Function f ( x )=a x 3 +b x 2 +cx +d

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

General Form of Exponential Function

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Take ln each side ln e 3 x =ln 23 x=ln2 x=ln 2/ 3

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

9. Inverse Trigonometric Function

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Identities for hyperbolic functions

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift of Functions:

Example: Find Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift of function:

Prepared by Assist. Prof. Sarkawt A. Saeed / 2020-2021

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