CHAPTER 1 Background & Objectives

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
a. General
Concrete is the most important and major construction material, which is use
universally. It is widely used in almost every type of construction among others, building,
infrastructure and structures, which used to protect from rough environment and other
developments. It became an important material in construction industry based on its strength
of being able to support higher load and its durability against the environment compared to
the other material. Concrete is a manufactured product, which consist of raw material such as
cement, sand, aggregate and some admixture to improve the characteristic of concrete. High
demand for concrete increases the use of raw materials in the mixture of concrete. As for the
performance of the hardened concrete, the crucial factors are water to cement ratio, which
influences the strength, permeability, cement characteristic and performance. Strength of
concrete is an important issue assumed by designers when determining the structural
dimensions. The concrete properly proportioned, mixed, placed and cured are must be
compatible with the properties specified by the designer. Proportioning of concrete will
define its properties in both fresh and hardened states. The designer is concerned with
important issues during the strength and durability as well as the porosity of the concrete.
b. Goal and objectives
I. To maintain the workability of concrete mix throughout work and for achieving
durability.
II. To comply with the standard in achieving good quality concrete
III. To achieve a specified compressive strength for a specific grade
c. Laboratory Scope
Concrete is a mixture of five components: coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, and
Portland cement.
i. Coarse Aggregate:
Often referred to as gravel. It normally consists of a distribution of particles, the
minimum size being approximately 3/8 inch in diameter and the maximum being
defined or restricted by the size of the finished structure. A common maximum size
for coarse aggregate in structural concrete is 1.5 inches. Coarse aggregate that had
used for this experiment is 12 kilograms.
ii. Fine Aggregate:
Often called sand. Like coarse aggregate, it also has a distribution of particle sizes,
which range from 0.005 to 0.25 inches. Particles are often sized by a sieve number.
Sand refers to particles passing a number 4 through a number 100 sieves. Fine
aggregate that had used for this experiment is 8 kilograms.
iii. Water:
Water suitable for drinking is usually good enough for concrete. The water should be
free of all organic matter and certain chemicals such as alkaline and sulfate salts.
Water that had used for this experiment is 2 kilograms.
iv. Portland Cement:
Pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates obtains a
cementing material. It reacts chemically with water and hardens. These five basic
ingredients are mixed in the varying proportions to obtain a workable mixture, which
can be cast into desired shape of the framework. The concrete is consolidated,
permitted to set, and then cured for several days in a damp condition. Concrete
cylinders are usually cured under ideal conditions in the damp room for 28 days. Bad
concrete is occasionally produced in spite of the efforts of everyone concerned.
Therefore, control of the production is quite important since the quality of all
ingredients, mixing time, mixing procedure, and curing can greatly influence the
quality of the hardened. The cement that had used for this experiment is 4 kilograms.
Strength and durability of the concrete mix design are dependent upon the following factors:
i. Grade designation: Concrete’s strength is measured in N/mm2 when subject to

test after curing in any curing medium. The choice of concrete grade depends on
its usage.
ii. Choice of cement: Cement choice varies depending on usage. The cement should
be tested for performance required by their usage before being tested in the design
mix.
iii. Choice of aggregate size: Aggregates needed for each mix is dependent upon the
physical properties needed for the design. All aggregates must be quality sized
before use.
iv. Type of water: Any water used for concrete mix design should be tested before
use to ensure it is within the range of water required for concrete. Most all
consumable water is good for concrete work, but should still be tested.
v. Water to cement ratio: The ratio of water to cement should be tested for
consistency, initial and final setting, soundness of the cement, workability, slump
of the concrete and compacting factor.
vi. Workability: This is the measure of ease of mixing concrete without segregation
or bleeding. It mostly depends on the designed slump of the concrete.
vii. Durability: This is the measure of the required strength (N/mm2) of any concrete
grade after 28 days of curing. Durability should be control tested on site.

CHAPTER 1 Background & Objectives

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CHAPTER 1

b. Goal and objectives

i. Grade designation: Concrete’s strength is measured in N/mm2 when subject to

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