International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)

Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Single Phase Differential Transformer Protection Using Arduino

1
Prof. Pradnya Korde, 2Isha Bandhe, 3Jayashri Nanaware, 4Chetan Dhawalei, 5Pragati Koche , 6Shreyash Jane, 7Vishal
Raut , 8Suruchi Kathane
1
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering , NIT Polytechnic, Nagpur
2345678
Students , Department of Electrical Engineering , NIT Polytechnic, Nagpur

Abstract- into serious faults. Incipient faults include loose connection

Transformers are the important parts in the power system. in conducting path, sparking, small arcing etc.
So, development of better protection device for
Transformers is essential. Differential relay technique can be 2. Literature Review
employed to protect the Transformers. In this paper we have Manishay. Nikwade Et. Al. 2020, Transformers are
used differential relay mechanism with Arduino. By the foremost important devise within the facility. Therefore,
programming in the Arduino the protection of transformers the continual operation is incredibly necessary. Permanently
can be done. The working of transformer is verified by protection should create for transformers. Differential
Arduino every time. It senses the condition of transformer protection technique we are able to use to guard the
each and every second. If it founds any error then it sends transformers. During this project, we have got used relay
commands to the circuit breakers to trip the main potential driver mechanism with GSM 800 module. The GSM and
transformer. So it is the efficient and best method to protect IOT are synchronized with Arduino microcontroller.
the transformers under abnormal conditions. Arduino UNO microcontroller is extremely high speed and
Keywords: Transformers, Differential Current Protection, low cost device with more accuracy. A recent huge interest
Arduino Board. in Machine to Machine communication is thought because
the Internet of Things (IOT), to permit the chance for
1. Introduction autonomous system to use Internet for data exchanging. This
Transformers are the important equipment’s in the work presents design fault detection of transformer and
power system. Therefore, the continuity of its operation is record key operation indictors of a dispersion transformer
very necessary. So better protection scheme should develop like load current, voltage. The proposed project system
for transformers. Differential protection technique can be operates with GSM module based hardware. Arduino uno
employed to protect the Transformers. In this paper, we have based control system is meant and develop likewise which
used differential relay mechanism with GSM module and will results fault identification also because it may be won’t
voice announcement circuit. The LCD display circuit is to clearing all faults in system. The general cost of this
synchronized with Arduino microcontroller. Arduino proposed project system is that the more beneficial in
Microcontroller is very high speed and cost effective device regards to the standard system and in IOT.
with fine accuracy. By programming in the Arduino the Keval B Trivedi1 et. al.2017 , Transformers are the
protection of transformers can be done. Programming is important equipment’s in the power system. Therefore, the
quite efficient and easy than 8051 microprocessor used in continuity of its operation is very necessary. So better
differential relay mechanism, so it is better to use Arduino protection scheme should develop for transformers.
place of 8051 microcontroller. The simulation results Differential protection technique can be employed to protect
successfully justified this proposed system in proteus the Transformers. In this paper, we have used differential
software also. relay mechanism with GSM module and voice
A fault which occurs beyond the protection zone of announcement circuit. The GSM and voice circuit is
the transformer, but fed through the transformer is known as synchronized with Arduino microcontroller. Arduino
“Through faults”. A unit protection of transformer should Microcontroller is very high speed and cost effective device
not operate for through faults. The overload relaying may be with fine accuracy. By programming in the Arduino the
provided to operate with a time lag to provide back-up protection of transformers can be done.
protection. Internal faults are those in the protected zone of
the transformer. These faults can be between phase to phase
and phase to ground. Generally, they occur due to a failure
of insulation due to temperature rise. Incipient faults are
initially minor causing gradual damage. These faults grow

© 2022, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com | Page 1

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Programming is quite efficient and easy than 8051 4. Block Diagram

microprocessor used in differential relay mechanism, so it is
better to use Arduino place of 8051 microcontroller. The
simulation results successfully justified this proposed system
in proteus software also. The proposed system operates with
GSM based hardware. These Arduino based control system
is designed and develop which provides fault identification
as well as it is capable to clearing the faults. The overall cost
of this proposed system is the major benefit in reference to
the conventional system.
Amevi Acakpovi et.al. 2019, Distribution
transformers are generally provided with advanced control
measures that ensure their operation and safety at a high
reliability because their failure usually leads to long power
outage, increase maintenance cost and unreliable provision 5. Working
of electricity to customers. Despite the protection measures Arduino is the main component in this circuit.
that accompany a distribution transformer, there is still a Above figure shows the circuit diagram of the differential
need to provide extra remote monitoring systems to increase protection of transformer using arduino with voice
the reliability of operation and the confidence of announcement. Here arduino is used to compare the currents
instantaneous fault reporting. This paper deals with the on both primary and secondary. Two rectifier circuits are
design and construction of automatic monitoring system for used in this circuit to convert the AC voltage into DC
power transformer parameters. An Arduino board coupled voltage for the use of arduino. Current transformers also
with XBEE module were programmed to enable the provided one on primary and another on secondary to tap the
monitoring of voltage, current and temperature on a typical currents on both sides and to give proportionate voltage to
power transformer. The system was implemented and tested the rectifier circuits. Output of the arduino is connected to
successfully. Results showed that the voltage versus the relay. The relay here is 12V DC 1-phase relay.
temperature as well as current versus voltage characteristic Under normal operating conditions currents on
obtained, were closed to datasheet specifications and primary and secondary are same. So, the proportionate
therefore confirming the reliability of the proposed design. voltages generated by the current transformers on primary
This system is therefore recommended as an additional and secondary are same. These two voltages will given to
protection that should be added to Power Transformers. the arduino. The proportionate voltages generated by current
transformers are rectified by the rectifiers in the circuit.
3. Aim & Objectives Under normal operating conditions these two voltages will
• To design an efficient single phase differential be same in magnitude and difference is zero. So, the arduino
transformer protection using Arduino. gives no signal to the relay. Whenever extra load or an
• To reduce response time needed to rectify and save internal fault occur in transformer the currents seen by the
expensive transformers from damage. CT on primary and secondary differs by same amount. As a
• To increase productivity of technical crews since result voltage sensed by the arduino from primary and
the time needed to locate will be minimised. secondary differs. As there is a difference in the voltage
• To ensure stability and reliability of the power sensed by the arduino i.e., difference is not zero. Arduino
supply system in the country to boost economic give a signal to the relay according predefined program. As
growth. and when the relay is activated by the arduino the relay will
activates the LCD display circuit. The LCD display circuit
will give output predefined alert to the operator. After three
consecutive LCD display Arduino will give trip signal to the
relay board and which is connected in series with the supply
will open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup
will be disconnected.

© 2022, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com | Page 2

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

6. Circuit Diagram which gives alert. Here we used 12v DC 1-phase relay which
is connected to the 13 no pin of Arduino. As we can see
display circuit also integrated with Arduino. Under normal
operating conditions currents on primary and secondary are
same. So, the proportionate voltages generated by the current
sensors on primary and secondary are same. These two
voltages will be applied to the Arduino. Under normal
operating conditions these two voltages will be same in
magnitude and difference is zero. So, the Arduino gives no
signal to the relay. Whenever internal fault occurs in
transformer the currents seen by the Current sensors on
primary and secondary differs by some amount.
As a resulting voltage sensed by the Arduino from
primary and secondary differs. As there is a difference in the
voltage sensed by the Arduino. Arduino give a signal to the
relay according to predefined program. And when the relay
is activated by the Arduino the relay will activate the voice
announcement circuit. The voice circuit will give output
predefined voice as alert to the operator. After three
consecutive voice alerts Arduino will give a trip signal to the
relay board and which is connected in series with the supply
will open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup
7. Advantages will be disconnected. And LCD display will send a message
1. Highly sensitive showing a Volatge different and place of which one
2. Fit and Forget system transformer getting the fault to the operator. And also
3. Low cost and reliable circuit operator can perform the respective action for faulty
4. Complete elimination of manpower transformer from anywhere through sending a message back
to the display. Some faults happen to the transformer which
is not a harmful for the system, so for that condition power
8. Applications transformer should not isolate from the power system, so
1. Unbalance Caused by the Load Current
here we designed system for such situation.
2. Faults on LV Side of the Tapped Transformers
3. Magnetizing Inrush Currents
4. External Faults on HV System

9. Results and Discussion

Differential Protection Of Transformer By Using Arduino
With Lcd Display:

Initially we give the supply to the power

transformer .Here we used two current transformer which is
used to measured current flowing in the power transformer
both CT’S connected to the hall effect sensor both CT’S has
same rating if any changes happen in between two CT’S hall
effect sensor is activated it give the signal to the Arduino.
Then Arduino will give commands to the relay. Relay can
then be triggered and the entire circuit turns off. When no
adjustments are made in two CT 'S, the Hall Effect sensor 10. Conclusion
does not activate the Arduino is in the place of rest. Using Differential protection scheme, transformer
Arduino is used as a brain. The circuit diagram as is protected from faults with the use of
shown in below diagram. Here we used two current sensor
ACS712 is which is connected to the Arduino through A0
and A1 pin. This relay is used to initiate the display circuit

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Arduino operating an electromagnetic relay. Future [10] H. Dashti and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “Power transformer
extension of this project is three phase differential protection protection using a multiregion adaptive differential relay,”
of a transformer using Arduino. The future system operates IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 777–785, 2014.
with GSM based hardware. These Arduino based have
power over system is considered and come into being which
provides to the find fault with identification as favorably as
it is accomplished to payment the faults. That in general
charge of this future system is the key of profit to that in
good word to the conventional system
11. Future Scope
The future system operates with GSM based hardware.
These Arduino based have power over system is considered
and come into being which provides to the find fault with
identification as favorably as it is accomplished to payment
the faults. That in general charge of this future system is the
key of profit to that in good word to the conventional
system.
References
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