1.

Response of a Thin Airfoil Encountering a Strong Density Discontinuity

For the accurate analysis of motion in the atmosphere, airfoil theory for unsteady motion has been developed assuming an
undistributed medium to have a uniform density. But in some cases, mostly for airfoils comprising fan, compressor and turbine
blade rows, due to non-uniform distribution in temperature or composition, the undistributed medium may pose density
variations called “spots”.Especially for turbine blades, this condition exists, where immediately downstream of the main burner
of a gas turbine engine density may fluctuate by the order of fifty per cent. Since these regions of non-uniform density convent
with moving medium, the airfoil experiences a time-varying load and moment which the author proposes to calculate.
To obtain complete solutions for lift and moment coefficients:
1 1 1 ∞
γ 1(ξ 1 ,t ) γ 1(ξ 1 , t) γ 1( ξ 1 ,t ) γw (t −(ξ 2− 1) /U ) ρ1 − ρ2
∫ ξ −ξ 1 dξ1 - ρ1 − ρ2
∫
ρ 1+ ρ 2 − 1 ξ −2 λ+ ξ 1
dξ1 + ∫
ξ −ξ 1
dξ1 + ∫
ξ−ξ2
dξ2 = α (
ρ 1+ ρ 2
)*(
−1 −1 1

1−
√
Where,
ξ − 2 λ+1 )
ξ −2 λ −1
1
1 d
γ w(τ ) = − ∫ γ 1(ξ 1, τ )dξ1
U dt −1
is solved numerically for, the additional vorticity distribution induced due to the jump in density.
The special property of the problem is shown in reference to lifting coefficients. Within one-half chord of L.E, when density
jump approaches the downward it causes a reduction in airfoil vorticity distribution and subsequently lifts reduction. When
discontinuity passes through L.E., the flow gives a strong upwash, resulting in a condition similar to that of a sharp-edge gust. As
density jump happens off T.E., the response is mild, largely because values of additional vorticity are subsequently small in this
region.

2. An extended theory of thin airfoils and its application to the biplane problem
Clark B. Millikan

In this paper, the author uses an approximate method to find out the velocities induced by a 2-D airfoil at a point which is some
distance away. Here, interference effects of 2D biplane are considered for accurate analysis. Upon obtaining the results, they are
applied to the general problem of interference effects for 3D biplane formulae and charts are further obtained by the author.
Along with analyzing the interference effects of 3D biplane author has also attempted to use an extension of thin airfoil theory
to this problem. Here, 3D biplane theory has been developed, whoely independent.
The airfoil theory shown by the author has an extended range of usefulness, as it provides a general method of the
behaviour of an airfoil, in disturbed flow, whenever disturbing velocities at airfoils are known. Even though biplane theory itself
contains some tedious computations and upon utilizing the present theory with experiment. Some examples show satisfactory
results while certain cases show some discrepancies. Upon further investigation of discrepancies, it is found that experiments
conducted at larger Reynolds's number have been found highly desirable.

3.Interaction of turbulence with the leading-edge stagnation point of a thin aerofoil

For analysing the interaction of turbulence generated upstream with a thin elliptic-nosed solid body in uniform flow. Here
analysis mainly focuses on a region of size scaling with a nose radius close to the stagnation point as a leading-edge stagnation
point creates deformation of incident vorticity. To find the turbulent pressure spectrum generated by homogeneous isotropic
turbulence author uses single-frequency gust response solutions, along with a Von Karman energy spectrum. For better
approximations of turbulent pressure spectra close to the leading edge and far from the body (closed to stagnation streamline),
both high and low-frequency gusts are considered.
To have correct leading-edge singularity and analyse the true behaviour of turbulence at the stagnation point by choosing
the evolution and interaction of an arbitrary gust in a steady uniform flow past a thin elliptic cylinder. The analytic solution for
the turbulent pressure spectrum, both close to the stagnation point and far-field close to the stagnation streamline have found
requires body thickness and Mach number to be small. For the gust-aerofoil interaction problem, a new asymptotic region is
considered as the current aerofoil theory predicts a singularity at the leading-edge stagnation point which invalidates asymptotic
assumptions. But the solution in a region close to the leading edge stagnation point does not permit a singularity. For small-scale
turbulence, our predictions agree well with inviscid measured data for all frequency ranges, while for large-scale turbulence
have good agreement up to scaled frequency Wr10, after which non-linear effects have a significant influence. Approximation of
inviscid response to both small and large scale upstream turbulence provided viscous and non-linear effects are negligible and
can be used in the analysis of boundary layer interactions.
4.Boundary-Layer Separation Control on a Thin Airfoil Using Local Suction
H. ATIK,C.-Y. KIM,L. L. VAN DOMMELEN and J. D. A. WALKER

When the angle of attack of a high-speed incompressible flow past a thin airfoil in a uniform stream reaches a certain critical
value dynamic stall is reached. A means of controlling separation and preventing dynamic stall suction near the leading stall is
considered. Unsteady boundary layer solutions are obtained by using a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques for
airfoil at an angle of attack exceeding critical value. For suction at the wall different modifications of the lagrangian numerical
method are used. When suction is weak, significant delays are obtained in separation, provided suction is started at an early
stage.
To have an accurate numerical determination of unsteady separation, the lagrangian approach was extended for including
a floating boundary. The result here shows that boundary layer separation at high Re can be prevented using suction over a
small sloth near the leading edge of a thin airfoil. The results obtained (in the transient case, show large effects on separation,
and aerodynamic forces, which can be obtained by a slight amount of suction through small slots, especially for short periods.

5.On the Leading-Edge Suction and Stagnation Point Location in Unsteady Flows Past Thin Aerofoil
Kiran Ramesh

Here in this paper, a special term ‘Ao’ I.e. infinite at the leading edge representing suction peak is used to approximate vorticity
distribution by a Fourier series. The principle of Matched Asymptotic Expansions (MAE) is also used here, to resolve the
singularity and obtain a uniform valid first-order solution. This is done by considering unsteady thin aerofoil theory as an outer
solution. Resolution of leading edge singularity at the leading edge and location of stagnation points depend on only the Ao term
in unsteady vorticity distribution, which may be termed as an “effective unsteady angle of attack”. The leading edge velocity is
proportional to Ao and inversely proportional to the square root of the leading edge radius, while the chord-wise stagnation
point location is proportional to the square of Ao and independent of the leading-edge radius.
The expressions for velocity in the vicinity of the leading edge are seen to be of a similar form to steady equivalent, with Ao
playing the role of an effective unsteady angle of attack that have contributions from the geometric angle of attack, aerofoil
chamber plunge velocity and induced velocities with addition to expression obtained for pressure difference, surface velocity
and stagnation point location, paves way for analyzing boundary layer properties in unsteady problems.

6. Unsteady thrust, lift and moment of a two-dimensional flapping thin airfoil in the presence of leading-edge
vortices: a first approximation from linear potential theory
R. Fernandez-Feria1 and J. Alaminos-Quesada1

In this paper within the unsteady linear potential theory, the leading-edge vortex(LEV) effect on the lift, thrust and moment of a
2D thin airfoil. After deriving general equations for the effect of any set of unsteady point vortices, a simplified analysis based on
Brown-Michael Model is done. Analysing LEV from a sharp leading edge during each half-stroke is used to derive an expression
for its influence on an unsteady lift, thrust and moment. It is observed that LEV influences aerodynamic forces and moments. It
is observed that LEV influences aerodynamic forces and moment-provided pitching motion exists while its effect is negligible.
The LEV effect was found to decrease with the distance of the pivot point from the trailing edge, while out of the time-averaged
lift, moment and thrust force only thrust force was found to be affected by LEV. LEV was also found to affect time-averaged
input power causing propulsion efficiency to be changed by both thrust and power. Finally, results caused by the LEV effect are
compared with experimental data.
Although general equations derived here require additional information about vortices circulation and trajectory, they can
be used to obtain qualitative information about their effect on airfoil unsteady aerodynamics. With assumptions for the
development of LEV, the problem shows that LEV does not contribute to a time-averaged lift and moment, but only to time-
averaged thrust and propulsion efficiency, upon further considering the effect of developing LEV just up to its shedding point,
relations for LEV effect on thrust and propulsion efficiency was found. The obtained thrust and propulsion efficiency corrected
by the LEV effect agrees with the result for foil pitching at different pivot locations.

7. On Satisfying the Kutta Condition in Unsteady Thin Aerofoil Theory

This paper provides a discussion on the application of the Kutta condition in unsteady flows and it also introduces an improved
method of doing so in unsteady thin-airfoil theory. Results for the paper provide the effects of this improved method for cases of
a step change in angle of attack(Wagner problem), harmonic heaving motion (Theodore problem) and pitch-ramp-hold
manoeuvre. For the verification of results obtained exact analytical solutions and CFD simulations of the incompressible Euler
equations. This new improved method is seen to satisfy the Kutta condition at all reduced frequencies, with finite velocities and
differences in pressure going to zero at the trailing edge.
Even though the Kutta condition in this literature is sufficient enough to inform us that infinite velocities at the trailing edge
or flow leaving smoothly from the trailing edge is necessary but is insufficient to correctly determine unsteady circulation. So, an
additional condition is adapted, which requires pressure difference to be zero at the trailing edge or vorticity to be non-zero and
continuous across the trailing edge and into a wake. The author illustrates the effect of new modification for a variety of
unsteady kinematic manoeuvres while comparing with the original method of implementation, it showed an error associated
with the Kutta condition being unsatisfied while the new implementation method was able to exactly recover the analytical and
CFD's true’ solutions with no errors.

8. Experimental investigation of shock wave oscillation on a thin supercritical airfoil

In this paper, the author presents experimental results of surface pressure distribution over a thin supercritical airfoil and its
wave. The thin supercritical aerofoil used in tests has few experimental results regarding surface pressure distributions,
corresponding force and moments and the shock wave oscillations along with its behaviours with various conditions of flow.
Here all tests were conducted at free-stream Mach numbers ranging from 0.27 to 0.85 at different angles of attacks inside a
transonic wind tunnel, among the Mach numbers here, frequency of shock wave oscillations and unsteady wave behaviour at
Mach number=0.66 is measured at a different angle of attacks. Measurement was done utilizing pressure sensors located on the
suction side of the model and via rake total pressure data.
Upon experimental investigation, it was observed that with the free stream Mach number increasing, the shock wave was
toward the trailing edge at a fixed angle of attack while keeping the free stream Mach number fixed, the shock wave was
observed moving toward the leading edge with increasing angle of attack, except for a certain angle of attack. This special
condition is called buffet onset, where the shock wave oscillates with a certain frequency. For buffet onset verification, analysis
of precision error of sensors on the suction side of airfoil along with analysis of total drag coefficient measured by rake behind
the model, observation that drag divergence gets triggered as soon as buffet onset began was done.

9.Transonic flow around the leading edge of a thin airfoil with a parabolic nose
Z. RUSAK

In this paper, Transonic potential flow around the leading of a thin 2D aerofoil with a parabolic nose is analysed. At a fixed
transonic similarity parameter(K) in terms of thickness ratio in an outer region and an inner region near the nose asymptotic
expansions of velocity potential functions are constructed. The outer expansion has a transonic small-disturbance theory and
leading-edge singularity problems. The inner expansions account for flow around the nose where the stagnation point exists.
The solution of a boundary value problem in the inner region results in symmetric pressure distribution on the parabolic nose.
Using the solution of outer small distribution solution pressure distribution on the entire airfoil surface can be derived. In leading
terms, flow around the nose was found to be symmetric and the stagnation point was found to be located at the leading edge
for every transonic Mach number and small angle of attack. Pressure distribution on the upper and lower surface of the airfoil
was found to be symmetric near the edge point, and asymmetric deviations increased and they become significant only when
the distance from the leading edge of the airfoil increases beyond the inner regions.
For the solution of the boundary-value problem in the inner region, an approximation of symmetric far-field along with
matching of inner and outer expansions is done. The numerical solution of the inner flow shows symmetric pressure and velocity
distributions on the parabolic nose.

10.Subsonic flow around the leading edge of a thin aerofoil with a parabolic nose
Z. RUSAK

In this paper, subsonic potential flow around the leading of a thin 2D aerofoil with a parabolic nose at a small angle of attack is
analysed. At fixed Mach number in terms of thickness ratio in an outer region and in an inner region near the nose asymptotic
expansions of velocity potential functions are constructed. The outer expansion has linearized aerofoil theory and leading-edge
singularity problems. The inner expansions account for flow around the nose where the stagnation point exists. The solution of a
boundary value problem in the inner region results in symmetric pressure distribution on the parabolic nose. Using the solution
of outer small distribution solution pressure distribution on the entire airfoil surface can be derived. When the Mach number is
increased while keeping an angle of attack and camber of aerofoil fixed, the stagnation point tends to shift toward the leading
edge due to the compressibility effect. The outer linearized solution and nose solution are used for the derivation of valid
uniform pressure distribution on the entire aerofoil surface in a subsonic flow.
For the solution of the boundary-value problem in the inner region, an approximation of far-field in the inner region along
with momentum contour intergation is done. The numerical solution of the inner flow shows symmetric pressure and velocity
distributions on the parabolic nose. The numerical solution differs from the Imai approximation for a compressible symmetric
flow around a parabola upon increasing the Mach number. Also, for the condition of zero-circulation compressibility effects
were found to increase pressure at specific locations. Finally, around a thin airfoil with a parabolic nose results are limited to
subsonic potential flow, before local supersonic speeds and shock waves appear in the flow.