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Transport

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TRANSPORT

INTRODUCTION
Transport is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to
another.
Modes_of_transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline and s
pace. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development
of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations,
including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and
terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking
terminals, refuelling depots (including fuelling docks and fuel stations)
and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and
cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may
include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, helicopters, watercraft, spac
ecraft and aircraft.

MODES OF TRANSPORT
Human-powered
Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of
people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form
of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has
allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains
popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise,
and environmentalism.
Animal-powered
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of
people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use
them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to
pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air
A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called an airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft
where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jets can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-
engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly
transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incurs
high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible
places, helicopters can be used.
Land
Land transport covers all land-based transport systems that provide for the
movement of people, goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in
linking communities to each other. It consists of two kinds, rail and road.

I. Rail
Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known
as a railway or railroad. A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that
operate on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that
hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The
locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied
by trackside systems.

II. Road
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.
[4]
 Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy
travel;[5] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply
recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. The most
common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that
carries its own motor. Other users of roads
include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. They are the main
sources of harmful noise and air pollution.
Water
Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as
a barge, boat, ship or sailboat—over a body of water, such as
a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy is common to
watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance
and appearance.
In the 19th century, the first steam ships were developed, using a steam
engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. Although it is slow
compared to other transport, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method
of transporting large quantities of goods.

ELEMENTS
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists
of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail,
pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be
constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this, since
the airway and seaway do not need to be constructed. However, they require
fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports, and stations, are locations where passengers
and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another.  The
terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operate
from simple stops The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private.
Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and
in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New
infrastructure projects can have high costs and are often financed through debt.
Many infrastructure owners, therefore, impose usage fees, such as landing
fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads.
Vehicles
A vehicle is a non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike
the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless
being pulled/pushed by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its
own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam
engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other
means of propulsion also exist. 

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such
as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated.
For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment, seat, or platform
for the passengers.

Functions
Passenger
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public
transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that
provide the necessary services at the rider’s desire.
 Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use
of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and
ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal.
Medical
An ambulance is a vehicle used to transport people from or between places of
treatment,[20] and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital medical
care to the patient. The word is often associated with road-going "emergency
ambulances", which form part of emergency medical services,
administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems.
Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transport
to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to my Geography teacher, Merlin ma’am for giving me the
opportunity to work on such an interesting project. I also want to thank my
parents, sister and friends without whose support this project cannot be
completed. I would also like to show my gratitude to my school headmistress
Sr. Taniya for giving me the opportunity to do the project.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I have taken the knowledge about this topic keenly from my geography
textbook and some from Wikipedia.

CONCLUSION
Transportation has always been driven by and enabled by technology. From
sandals to the wheel; from the stirrup to the internal combustion engine; from
the turnpike and pavement to the synchronized traffic light—technology helps
people get to where they want to go. Each improvement in technology has
helped people to move more and move faster. But each new technology has also
created demands for more technology and more management. 

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