Land Transportation 1

• Land transport is the transport or movement of people,
animals or goods from one location to another location on land.

The two main forms of land transport can be considered to be
rail transport and road transport.
• Several systems of land transport have been devised, from the
most basic system of humans carrying things from place to
sophisticated networks of ground-based transportation utilising
different types of vehicles and infrastructure. The three types
are human-powered, animal powered and machine powered
• Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation,
is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-
power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern
technology has allowed machines to enhance human power.
Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-
saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism;
• Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the
movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the
animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods,
or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled
vehicles.
• A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or
more places.[1] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or
otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[2] though they need not
be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes
without any formal construction or maintenance.[3] In
urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be
named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space
easement and route.[4]
• The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled
passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of
roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and
pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles
worldwide.
• Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel
steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are
anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete
or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The
rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made
of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast.
Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.
• A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on
the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that
hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or
freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by
electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or
all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a
train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics
and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction
than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more
energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.
• Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate.
It consists of a way, a terminal and facilities for parking and
maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire
way the vehicle travels must be built up.
• Terminals such as stations are locations where passengers and
freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For
passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to
allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's
advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city
centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots,
while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops.[7]
• A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people
and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along
with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled by a cable or
muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this
is most commonly done through a steam engine,
combustion engine, or electric motor, though other means of
propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting
the energy into movement; this is most commonly done
through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Public
• Public land transport refers to carriage of people and goods by
government or commercial entities which is made available to
the public at large for the purpose of facilitating the economy
and society they serve. Most transport infrastructure and large
transport vehicles are operated in this manner. Funds to pay for
such transport may come from taxes, subscriptions, direct
user fees, or some combination. The vast majority of public
transport is land-based, with commuting and postal delivery
being the primary purposes.
• Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and
private transport. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed
routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at
the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower
capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as
part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.
• Transport is a key necessity for specialization—allowing
production and consumption of products to occur at different
locations. Transport has throughout history been a spur to
expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater
spread of people. Economic growth has always been
dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of
transport.[17] But the infrastructure and operation of transport
has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of
energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.
• Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact
regarding new infrastructure. Using models of
transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future
transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows
owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain.
Transport as a field is studied through transport economics, the
backbone for the creation of regulation policy by authorities.
Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering,
must take into account trip generation, trip distribution,
mode choice and route assignment, while the operative level is
handled through traffic engineering.
• Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's
petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and
particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming
through emission of carbon dioxide,[18] for which transport is the
fastest-growing emission sector.[19] By subsector, road transport is
the largest contributor to global warming.[18]
Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced
individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has been offset by
increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle.
[18]
Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles
considerably have been studied.[20][21] Energy use and emissions
vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a
transition from road to rail and human-powered transport, as well as
increased transport electrification and energy efficiency.

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• Land transport is the transport or movement of people,

animals or goods from one location to another location on land.

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