Dela Cruz, Justine Leigh J.

BSN 2A Pharmacology

F A T - S O L U B L E V I T A M I N S

VITAMIN
VITAMIN A
A Retinol
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Animal sources
Vitamin A is necessary for
(Liver, egg yolk, milk,
the growth and Xerophthalmia
cream, butter, and
development of skeletal Nyctalopia
cheese)
and soft tissue. Eye lesions
Dilis, clams, mussels,
Necessary component of Faulty skeletal and
tahong, and other
rhodopsin in the retina for dental development
shellfish
adjusting to light and Keratinization of
Fortified margarine
darkness. epithelial linings
or skim milk
Increased intake of vitamin Retarded growth
Green and yellow
A helps in reproduction Infertility
vegetables (sweet
and lactation. Disturbances in the
potatoes, squash,
It plays a vital role in the respiratory, GI, and
pechay, kangkong,
proper synthesis and genitourinary tracts
etc.)
maintenance of epithelial Skin lesions
Apricots, peaches,
tissues.
and nectarines

VITAMIN
VITAMIN D
DCalciferol
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Fortified margarine
Rickets (in children)
Vitamin D absorbs calcium butter
Osteomalacia (in
and phosphorus. milk
adults)
It is essential for normal cheese
Tetany
growth and development. liver
Dentition and closing
It is also important in the fish
of fontanels are
formation of normal bones sardines
delayed (in infants)
and teeth. salmon
egg yolk
 VITAMIN
VITAMIN EE Tocopherol
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Vitamin E acts in vitro as lipid

Animal sources (egg
antioxidant.
yolk, liver, butter,
It prevents the formation of
milk)
peroxides from Hemolysis of red
germ oils of wheat
polyunsaturated fatty acids, blood cells
corn
thus preventing the oxidation Low levels of
cottonseed or
of unsaturated fats. tocopherols in the
soybean
Tocopherol helps enhance blood
mayonnaise
the activity of Vitamin A by Ataxia
salad dressing
preventing oxidation and loss
margarine
of activity in the intestinal
nuts and some
tract.
legumes leaves
It helps sustain tissue integrity.

VITAMIN
VITAMIN D
D
Phylloquinone, menadione
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Vitamin K is necessary for

the maintenance of
liver
prothrombin level in blood
dark green leaves
plasma.
wheat bran
It is also needed in the
vegetable oils Hemorrhagic disease
synthesis of proconvertin.
(especially soybean in newborn
It is necessary for
oil and wheat germ Delayed blood
phosphorylation, a
oil) clotting in adults
chemical process that
tomatoes
adds the phosphate
tubers
radical to glucose so that
seeds and legumes
its passage through the
egg yolk
cell membrane is
hastened.
W A T E R - S O L U B L E V I T A M I N S

VITAMIN
VITAMIN CC Ascorbic acid

FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Vitamin C aids in the healing of

wounds and bone fractures.
It helps build body resistance Citrus (oranges,
against infections. kiwi, lemon,
It improves iron absorption. grapefruit) Irritability
Vitamin C plays a vital role in Bell peppers. General
brain metabolism. Strawberries. weakness
It has an antioxidant action. Tomatoes. Lack of appetite
Vitamin C is necessary for the Cruciferous Lowered
formation and maintenance of vegetables resistance to
intracellular cementing (broccoli, Brussels infections
substance that holds cells in sprouts, cabbage, Pallor
proper relation to each other cauliflower) Scurvy
as to cellular fluids which bathe White potatoes
and nourish them.
It converts folic acid into folinic
acid

THIAMINE
THIAMINE B1
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Thiamine is an integral Beriberi

Lean pork, pork
part of the coenzyme Loss of appetite
liver, and other
factor, thiamine Gastric Atony
glandular organs of
pyrophosphate or TPP, Indigestion
pork
needed for carbohydrate Weakness
shellfish
metabolism. Severe Constipation
liver
It helps maintain healthy Easy fatigability
egg yolk
appetite, good muscle Poor reflexes
unpolished rice
tone, especially of the GI Numbness of
whole grains,
tract, and normal extremities
legumes, and nuts
functioning of nerves. Retarded growth
 RIBOFLAVIN
RIBOFLAVIN B2

FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Riboflavin is essential for cheese

protein, fat, and milk Ariboflavinosis
carbohydrate metabolism. eggs Seborrheic
It is needed for conversion of liver dermatitis
tryptophan into niacin. whole grains Vascularization
It also helps maintain healthy legumes Glossitis
skin, tongue and mouth, leafy green Cheilosis
normal vision, and proper vegetables
growth and development. seaweeds

NIACIN
NIACIN
Nicotinic Acid
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Niacin acts as a hydrogen

liver
and electron acceptor.
lean meats
It plays an important tole
fish and poultry Anorexia
in energy metabolism, fatty
milk and cheese Indigestion
acid synthesis/oxidation,
eggs Skin changes
and protein synthesis
legumes Pellagra
(catabolism).
nuts Glossitis
It is needed for
whole grains Angular Stomatitis
photosynthesis in plants
cereals
and fixation of CO2 in
green vegetables
animal cells.
 PYRIDOXINE
PYRIDOXINE B6

FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Pyridoxine plays an essential

role in many of the complex
biochemical processes by
Seborrheic or oily
which foods are metabolized vegetable oils of
dermatitis
by the body. corn, cottonseed,
Glossitis
It is found in the cells in linseed, olive
Conjunctivitis
active form. Pyridoxal Peanut
Depressive moods
phosphate functions in wheat germ
Irritability
protein, fat, and wheat and rice
Poor growth
carbohydrate metabolism. germ
Anemia
It is essential for the lard
Convulsions
formation of tryptophan and legumes
for the conversion of
tryptophan into nicotinic
acid.

PANTOTHENIC
PANTOTHENIC ACID
ACID
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Pantothenic acid is
essential for carbohydrate,
liver
protein, and fat
other glandular
metabolism. Insomnia
organs
It helps maintain normal Muscle Cramps
meats
growth, healthy skin, and Tingling sensation of
eggs
integrity of the central extremities
milk
nervous system. Vomiting
cheese
As part of coenzyme !, it
legumes
has many metabolic roles
in the cells.
 BIOTIN
BIOTIN
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

liver
It serves as a coenzyme
meats
factor in CO2 fixation.
egg yolk
Together with active acetate
milk No deficiencies
(CoA), it helps in the synthesis
molasses
of purines, pyrimidines, fatty
whole grains
acids, and carboxylation
legumes
reactions
nuts

FOLIC
FOLIC ACID
ACID
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Folic acid plays a vital

role in the transfer of one- Poor growth
carbon units to Megaloblastic anemia
appropriate metabolites and other blood
in the synthesis of DNA, liver disorders
RNA, methionine, and kidney beans Glossitis
serine which utilize felacin lima beans GIT disturbances
coenzymes. fresh dark leafy arising from
It is required for one-step vegetables inadequate dietary
conversion of histidine into (especially intake
glutamic acid. spinach, broccoli, Impaired absorption
It is essential for the asparagus) Excessive demands by
formation of both RBC tissues of the body
and WBC in the bone Metabolic
marrow for their derangements
maturation.
 COBALAMIN
COBALAMIN
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Cobalamin is essential for normal

metabolism and growth of all cells,
especially those in the GI tract, bone
marrow, and nervous tissue.
Along with folic acid, choline, and Demyelination of
Animal protein
methionine, cobalamin aids in the large nerve
contains significant
transfer of methyl groups in the fibers of the
amounts of B12 while
synthesis of nucleic acids, purines, spinal cord
plant sources have
and pyrimidine intermediates. Pernicious
practically nothing.
It is involved in myelin formation. anemia
It is also essential for carbohydrates,
protein, and fat metabolism, and is
associated with folic acid absorption
and metabolism.

INOSITOL
INOSITOL
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

meat and meat extractives

It is linked with phospholipids as muscle and glandular organs,
Alopecia
phosphoinositols which can help brain
Hyperlipidemia
in the transport and metabolism legumes and nuts
Constipation
of fats. fruits and vegetables
grains

CHOLINE
CHOLINE
FUNCTIONS FOOD SOURCES DEFICIENCIES

Choline mobilizes fat and

egg yolk
prevents the build-up of fatty
liver, brain, kidney, hearts, meats
acids.
legumes and nuts Fatty livers
It is needed for fat transport.
yeasts
It also helps in the transmission of
wheat grain
nerve impulses.
 REFERENCE:
REFERENCE:

4: MICRONUTRIENTS. IN BASIC
CRUZ-CAUDAL, M. L. (2019). CHAPTER
NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY (2ND ED., PP. 60-91). QUEZON CITY,
PHILIPPINES: C & E PUBLISHING.