Reviewer in BOSH

Occupational safety and health - is a discipline with a broad scope involving three major fields – Occupational Safety,
Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene.

Occupational health and safety - encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is, the “whole person”

• Occupational safety - deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to prevent unsafe acts and unsafe
conditions in any workplace.
• Occupational health - explains how the different hazards and risks at work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health
programs are essential in controlling work-related and/or occupational diseases.
• Industrial hygiene - discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic
hazards.

Hazard – cause harm in terms of injury, ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.
Risk – a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances
injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.

OSH Standard - are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or reduce OSH hazard in the workplace.

Safety - refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed OSH Standards
- allow workers to perform the job without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards.
Health - a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or employee to perform the job normally.

Secretary of Labor and Employment - enforce OSH Standards.

Visitorial Power - refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigation in the premises of an employer at any time of
the day or night whenever work is being undertaken.
Enforcement Power - refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an erring employer.

Human Costs
The effect of accident to a worker entails a lot of losses in terms of:
- Disability - pain and suffering
- Loss of income; loss of earning capacity
- Change in social life
- Death

Economic Costs
- The economic cost of incidents and illnesses are far greater that most people realize.
Direct Costs:
- Medical Cost
- Insurance premium

Indirect Costs:
- Investigation of the incident
- Cleaning up of incident site

The Iceberg Principle - example of direct and indirect costs.

Accident causation theory is the art and science that seeks to understand the deeper roots of why accidents happen.
Domino Theory - Herbert William Heinrich
Domino Theory
✓Each factor is the fault of the factor that immediately precedes it
✓ A preventable injury is the natural culmination of a series of events or circumstances, which occur in a fixed logical order

Heinrich's Domino Theory - Corrective Action Sequence (The three "E"s)

• Engineering
• Education
• Enforcement

Human factors theory

The Human factors theory of accident causation holds that a chain of events that is or was caused by consistent human error
lead to an accident.

Accident / Incident Theory

- Petersen’s Extension to the Human Factors Theory
- According to Peterson 3(1978), behind every accident there lies many contributing factors, causes and sub-causes.
-The theory of multiple causation is that these factors combine together, in random fashion, causing accidents.

Epidemiological Theory
Epidemiology: Study of causal relationships between environmental factors and disease.

Systems Theory
- One variation of the Multiple Causation Theory is R. J Firenzie’s Theory of Accident Causation. Firenzie’s theory is based on
interaction among three components: person,machine, and environment.

Combination Theory
- Posits that no one model/theory can explain all accidents. Factors from two or more models might be part of the cause.

Safety Management System requires:

Planning - to implement the safety and health policy which is proportionate to the hazards and risks.
Organization - involvement of employees and their representatives in carrying out risk assessment.
Control - clarifying health and safety responsibilities and ensuring that the activities of everyone are well coordinated.
Monitoring - measure what they are doing to implement the health and safety policy.
Review - involves reviewing the system of the whole health and safety management.

Safety - freedom from incident. The control of hazard to attain an acceptable level of risk.
Incident - an event that may or may not result to loss.
Accident - unplanned, undesired event, not necessarily injurious or damaging, that disrupts the completion of an activity.
Hazard - is any potential or existing condition in the workplace.
Hazard Control - involves developing a program to recognize, evaluate and eliminate the destructive efforts of hazards.
Loss Control - is accident prevention, achieved through a complete safety and health control program.
Risk - chance of physical or personal loss.

Accident - anything that happens by chance or misfortune.

- are unavoidable as a whole
Safety Management - dealing with risks and is intended to create a management system.
Control of consequences - having the potential to provide adequate first aid and medical services.

Four Types of Hazards

1. Physical Hazards - activities that threaten the physical safety of the worker.
2. Chemical Hazards - the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.
3. Biological Hazards - also known as biohazards, pose to threat living organism and humans.
4. Ergonomic Hazards - several disciplines to solve problems at work.

5 aspect of Ergonomics
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/Performance
5. Aesthetic

Risk factor on Ergonomics

1. Position
2. Force
3. Frequency

Health Personnel in the Workplace

1. First Aider
2. Nurse
3. Physician
4. Dentist

Material Handling - can be a major source of injuries.

- is the preparation, placing, and positioning of materials to facilitate their movement or storage.
Ergonomics - describe as fitting the job to the person, not person to the job.

Proper Lifting
1. Plan the lift
2. Correct positioning
3. Lift with the legs not the back

Mechanical Materials Handling Equipment

1. Solid Materials
2. Liquid and Gases
3. Manpower equipment

Safe Operation of Materials Handling Equipment

1. Tractors
2. Forklift Trucks
3. Powertrucks/cranes

Electricity - is a form of energy

Electric Accidents
1. Electric Shock - caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of electric facilities.
2. Burn - cause by discharge arc.
3. Eye Injury - caused by strong light from arc welding work.
4. Fire or Explosion - ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current and static charge.

Electrical Shock - most serious electrical hazard.

The Heart - particularly the susceptible to electric shock.
Lockout - blocking the power of energy from the power source to equipment and keeping it blocked out.

Guards
Fixed Guard - provides a barrier, a permanent part of the machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
Interlocked Guard - automatically shuts off and machine cannot be cycle.
Adjustable Guard - provides a barrier which may be adjusted to facilitate a variety of production operations.
Self-Adjusting Guard - provides a barrier which moves according to the size of the stock entering the danger area.

Devices
Presence Sensing - uses of light
Gate - movable barrier device which protects the operator at the point of operation.
Pullback device - primarily used on machines with stroking action
Restraint Device - uses cables or straps attached to the operator’s hands and a fixed point.

Fire - is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
Fire Triangle (Oxygen, Heat, Fuel)
Fuel - combustible materials
Heat - a heat source or ignition source is responsible for the ignition of fire.
Oxygen - supports the chemical processes that occur during the fire.

Three Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction - energy is transferred by direct contact
Convection - energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecule
Radiation - energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation

Fire Spread Control

Starving - refers of removing possible fuels from the area around the fire.
Smothering - a fire will cut off oxygen supply that feeds the blaze.
Cooling - the most common methods of extinguishing the fire is cooling with water.

Fire Extinguisher - is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies.

Classification of Fire and Extinguishing Methods

Class A (combustible material)
Class B (flammable liquid)
Class C (live electrical equipment)
Class D (combustible metal)
Class K (commercial cooking equipment)
Hazard and PPE usage
If hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all employees are not harmed in anyway.

Classification of hazards; direct, physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic.

Direct hazards - hazard that directly can kill or injure people.

Physical hazards - factors or conditions within the environment that can harm your health.
Chemical hazards - any substance that can cause a health problem when ingested or inhaled.
Biological hazards - organic substances that present a threat to the health of people and other living organisms.
Ergonomic hazards - physical factors in the environment that may cause musculoskeletal injuries.

Hazard control measures

There are three methods in controlling hazards: engineering, administrative and PPE.

Engineering method – application of engineering technology to control hazards.

Other forms of the engineering method:(substitution) (isolation).
Administrative method – rotation and shifting (of workers).
PPE –devices that provide limited protection to the ones using them.

BENEFITS
• gives protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls are put in place.
• in an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue in hazardous atmosphere
• can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are impracticable.

“PPE, or Personal Protective Equipment, helps prevent staff emergencies on the job due to inhalation, absorption, irritants, or
other prolonged contact with a cleaning chemical. This actively reduces accidents, improves the health of your employees, and
makes for a safer, secure work environment.”

PPE PROGRAM IS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:

Maintenance (Cleaning and Storage)

— PPE must be properly looked after and stored when not in use. Must be stored in a clean and sanitary condition ready for use.
Disposal
— used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposable procedures need careful consideration.
Information and training
— employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about the hazards associated with their jobs to enable
them to work safely with minimal risk to health.
Supervision
— a PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are knowledgeable and held accountable
for effective use of PPE.
Reviews
— Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and being followed.
— Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers.
Checklist
— to ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs.
— it must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the
workers.

USES OF PPE
1. Head protection - Head protection is an item of personal protective equipment (PPE), which is generally designed to protect
the scalp area and sometimes the jaw as well.
2. Eye protection - Eye protection is protective gear for the eyes, and sometimes face, designed to reduce the risk of injury.
3. Face shields - A face shield, an item of personal protective equipment, aims to protect the wearer's entire face from hazards
such as flying objects and road debris, chemical splashes, or potentially infectious materials.
4. Ear protection - an ear protection device worn in or over the ears while exposed to hazardous noise and provide hearing
protection to help prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
5. Respiratory protection - is a particular type of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), used to protect the individual wearer
against the inhalation of hazardous substances in the workplace air.