Pathology

Departmental Objectives
After completion of pathology course, undergraduate medical students will be able to:

 Explain basic mechanism of diseases: Etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes with

emphasis on common diseases prevalent in Bangladesh.
 Co-relate between clinical findings and pathological changes.
 Chalk out simple investigation plan for diagnosis and follow up of diseases.
 Interpret laboratory results and understand their implication.
 Demonstrate knowledge about the use of Histopathology, FNAC, Cytological examination, Pap
smear, Frozen section and Immuno-histochemistry
 Develop attitude for further learning of the subject.
 Develop skills to perform
 TC, DC, Eosinophil count, estimation of Hb% and ESR , Platelet count.
 Semen analysis
 Routine examination of Urine
 Microscopic examination of body fluids
 CSF examination
 Preparation of preservative and fixative- 95% Alcohole, 10% Formaline.
 Writing a requisition form for histo-pathological and cytological examination

List of Competencies to acquire:

1. Writing a histo-pathological requisition form
2. Preservation of surgical specimens in Upazila health complexes and district hospitals and
preparation of fixative for surgical specimens in 10% formalin
3. Sending of surgical specimens from Upazila health complexes and district hospitals to nearby
medical college and larger hospitals where histopathology service is available
4. Collection of Paps’ smear/ FNAC from superficial mass lesions
5. Preservation of cyto-pathological smears
6. Sending of cytopathology specimens from Upazila health complexes and district hospitals to
nearby medical college and larger hospitals where histopathology and cytopathology service
is available
7. Preservation of surgical specimens for immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence
8. Writing a requisition form for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence examination
9. Determination of Hb%, ESR, TC & DC of WBC, total count of eosinophil, BT and CT,
Platelet count. preparation of stain and comment on PBF.
10. Performing routine urinary examination at health complexes
11. Handling and maintenance of Microscope
12. Performing semen analysis
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 13. Performing microscopic examination of fluid-CSF
14. Interpretation of pathology reports and data
15. Writing advice for pathological investigations

Distribution of teaching - learning hours and days

Lecture Tutorial Practical Total Integrated Formative Exam Summative exam
Teaching teaching
hours hour for Preparato Exam Prepara Exam
Phase II ry leave time tory time
leave
95 hours 94 hours 34 hours 223 Hours 15 hours 10 days 15 days 10 days
15
days
Time for examination preparatory leave and formative & summative assessment is common for all subjects
of the phase)
Related behavioral, professional & ethical issues will be discussed in all teaching learning sessions

Teaching-learning methods, teaching aids and evaluation

Teaching Methods Teaching aids In course evaluation
Large Small Self Others
group group learning
Computer & Multimedia
Lecture Tutorial Assignment, Integrated Chalk & board  Item
Practical Self study Teaching White board & markers Examination
OHP  Card final
Slide projector (written)
Flip Chart  Term final
Models (written, oral+
Specimens practical)
Projector
Online media
Study guide & manuals. etc.

2nd Professional Examination:

Marks distribution of Assessment of Pathology:
Total marks – 300
 Written=100 (MCQ (SBA+MTF) 20+(SAQ+SEQ) 70 + Formative Assessment
Marks- 10)
 Structured Oral Examination= 100
 Practical and OSPE =100

Related Equipments:
Bino-ocular and teaching microscope, Microscope with projection, (magnified) system, Centrifuge
machine, Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Auto-analyser, Incubator, Balance, Water bath, Cell
Counter, Autoclave, Computer, Electrolyte and gas analyzer, Elisa reader, Haemocytometer,
haemometer, Westergren ESR tube, ESR stand, Ayer’s spatula, Coplin’s jar, Microtome, Cryostat
machine etc.

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Contents of Term –I and Term -II

Term- I will include all chapters of GP, fluid and electrolyte imbalance covering acid base balance,
electrolyte disorders, Carbohydrate metabolic disorders, including hypo and hyperglycemia, lipid
metabolic disorder, hematopathology and lymphoreticular system, examination of body fluid,
obesity.

Term –II will cover the systemic pathology. Different item of clinical pathology will be incorporated
in the relevant chapter of systemic pathology, such as urine examination and KFT can be included in
renal system, semen analysis in male genital system, LFT in HBS, CSF examination in CNS.

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 Learning Objectives and Course Contents in Pathology
Term I A- General Pathology, Haematolymphoid System (Term-1A)

Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Introduction to pathology: Introduction to pathology: L=1

Students will be able to Core: T=1
 define pathology and its different branches  Introduction to different branches of pathology P=0
 define aetiology, pathogenesis and morphology  Definition of aetiology, morphology and pathogenesis

Cell injury: Cell injury: L = 2,3,4

Student will be able to: Core: T = 2,3
 define reversible and irreversible injury.  Cause of cell injury P=0
 identify the causes of cell injury.  Reversible and irreversible injury: mechanism
 describe the mechanisms of reversible and irreversible injury.  Mechanism of hypoxic injury
 define cellular swelling and fatty change.  Name of free radical , target of free radical and
 define necrosis and apoptosis. scavenging system (name of the anti-oxidant), definition
 describe types of necrosis and cite examples. of reperfusion injury
 describe the morphological changes in necrosis and apoptosis.  Definition of necrosis and apoptosis, types of necrosis and
 describe the mechanism of different types of necrosis including morphologic feature with examples
gangrene Additional:
 describe clinical effects of tissue necrosis.  Mechanism of free radical injury and reperfusion injury,
apoptosis
 Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of
calcium homeostasis
Pigments and calcification Pigments and calcification L=5
Students will be able to: Core: T=3
 Define Hyaline changes, pathological calcification, Intracellular  Pathological calcification- dystrophic and metastatic:
accumulation. definitions with examples.
 Different intracellular pigmentation particularly their name
Additional:
Mechanism of calcification

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours

Acute Inflammation Acute Inflammation L = 6,7,8,9

Student will be able to : Core: T = 4,5
 define inflammations  Causes and cardinal signs or features of acute inflammation; P=1
 describe the sequence of vascular changes  Vascular and cellular events Chemical mediators and their
 define exudates and transudate and their mechanism of formation, function
clinical significance  Morphological patterns of acute inflammation
 describe the acute inflammatory cells and their functions.  Out come of acute inflammation
 name the various types of chemical mediators and their role  Local and systemic effect of acute inflammation
 describe morphological types of inflammation Additional:
 describe the local and general clinical features of acute  Recruitment of leukocytes
inflammation  Role of complement , coagulation and kinin system
 explain the local and general body response in acute inflammation  Mechanism of neutrophil recruitment
 list the hazards and complications of acute inflammation.  Recognition of microbes and dead tissue
 explain the various fates of acute inflammation  Defects in leukocyte function
 How the chemical mediator works

Chronic inflammation: Chronic inflammation: L = 10

Student will be able to: Core: T=6
 define chronic Inflammation  Cause P=2
 describe the characteristic features and types of chronic  Difference with acute inflammation
Inflammation  Role of macrophage
 define granuloma  Examples of granulomatous lesion
 mention a etiological classification of granuloma with example  Type of granuloma
 describe the morphological features of tubercular granuloma  Mechanism of granuloma
 describe clinical implications of chronic inflammations.

Additional- Giant cells

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours
Repair and healing: Repair and healing: L = 11,12
Student will be able to: Core: T=7
 Define healing, repair and regeneration  Definition of healing, repair and regeneration
 Describe the mechanisms of primary and secondary wound healing  Steps of cutaneous wound healing,
 Distinguish the differences between healing by first and secondary  Factors influencing wound healing
intention  Complications of wound healing,
 List the local and general factors influencing healing  Fracture healing
 List the complications of wound healing  Nerve regeneration
Additional:
 Stem cell
 Growth cycle
 Extracellular matrix
Edema and electrolyte disorder Edema and electrolyte disorder L = 13, 14
Student will be able to: Core: T=8
 define oedema and classify oedema  Pathophysiology of oedema
 describe the pathogenesis and mechanism of inflammatory and  Mechanism of oedema in cirrhosis, renal disease and heart
noninflammatory oedema failure
 describe various types of clinical oedema a) Cardiac b) Hepatic, c)  Examination of body fluids such as pleural effusion, ascitic fluid
Renal, d) Pulmonary, e) Nutritional  Electrolyte disorder: causes of metabolic acidosis, metabolic
 explain the clinical significance of oedema alkalosis, respiratory acidosis & respiratory alkalosis
Additional:

Student will be able to: Hyperemia, congestion and haemorrhage and Shock L = 15,16
 define hyperaemia, congestion and hemorrhage Core: T = 9,10
 describe different types of hemorrhage and effects of acute and  Definition of hyperaemia, congestion and haemorrhage P= 3
chronic haemorrhage  Cause of passive Congestion in lung and liver
 explain the mechanism of hyperaemia and congestion  Shock: type, pathogenesis of septic shock, stages
 describe the tissue changes of passive venous congestion of liver
and lung. Additional:
 define shock  Morphology of passive congestion in lung and liver
 list the different types of shock  Mechanism of compensation in shock
 describe the pathophysiology of shock with its various stages.

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours
Thrombosis and embolism: Thrombosis and embolism: L = 17
Student will be able to: Core: T = 11,12
 define thrombosis and thrombus  Mechanism of thrombosis
 describe the pathogenesis of thrombosis  fate of thrombus,
 describe morphology of thrombus , difference with post mortem  Clinical consequence of venous thrombosis, arterial and cardiac
clot thrombosis
 list the effects of thrombi, DIC  DIC
 list the fate of a thrombus

Embolism and infarction Embolism and infarction L = 18

Student will be able to: Core: T = 11,12
 define embolism  Definition of embolism
 list types of emboli  Pulmonary embolism: source and consequence
 describe the pathogenesis of pulmonary and systemic embolism  Systemic thromboembolism: source and consequence
and their effects  Air embolism, fat embolism, amniotic fluid embolism: source
 list the fates of emboli and consequence
 define infarct and infarction  Infarct: definition, types, factors influencing the formation of
 describe the pathogenesis of infarction infarct
 list different types and common sties of infarct
 describe morphological changes and fate of an infarct

Growth disturbance and adaptive change Growth disturbance and adaptive change L = 19
Student will be able to: Core: T = 13
 define cellular adaptation  Adaptive change P=4
 list the different types of cellular adaptations  Definitions and examples of atrophy, metaplasia, hypertrophy,
 describe the pathogenesis and morphological features of different hyperplasia
types of cellular adaptations.
Additional :
Mechanism of the adaptive changes

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours
Neoplasia Neoplasia L=
Student will be able to: Core: 20,21,22,23
 define neoplasia and different tumor like conditions  Definition and characteristics of neoplasia T = 14,15
 classify tumors  Nomenclature P = 5,6,7
 list the characteristic features of benign and malignant tumors  Features of benign and malignant tumour
 list the characteristic features of carcinoma and sarcoma  Spread of tumour
 describe the mechanism of spread of malignant tumors  Genetic predisposition of cancer
 classify & enlist the different carcinogens.  Example of proto-oncogene, cancer suppressor gene
 describe the parameters required for grading and staging of  Precancerous conditions
malignant tumors
 describe the significance of grading and staging Additional:
 list the precancerous conditions  Molecular basis of cancer
 explain the difference between invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in  Multiple step of carcinogenesis,
situ, locally malignant tumors, latent cancer and dormant cancer.
 list clinical effects of neoplasia.
 list the various methods in the laboratory for diagnosis of cancer.
 describe briefly principles of histo-pathological examination,
cytological examination, tumor markers and immunocyto/
histochemistry.

Carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis L = 24, 25,

Student must be able to Core: T = 16
 list the major chemical carcinogens, radiant carcinogens and  Chemical carcinogen: classification
biological carcinogens  Tumour: initiation and promotion
 explain the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis.  Microbiologlogical carcinogen: name and the cancer associated
with them
 Name of the radiant energy and the cancer associated with them

Additional:
Mechanism of the carcinogenesis of the viruses and radiant energy
particularly of HPV and EBV and H pylori

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours
Tumor immunity and clinical aspects of neoplasia and laboratory Tumor immunity and clinical aspects of neoplasia and L = 26
diagnosis of tumor laboratory diagnosis of tumor T = 17
Student will be able to: Core:
 define tumor antigen and immune surveillance  Tumor antigen
 name the antitumor mechanism  Antitumor mechanism
 list the local and systemic effect of cancer  Immune surveillance
 mention the basis of grading and staging of tumor  Cancer cachexia
 give an out line of the laboratory diagnosis of cancer  Paraneoplastic syndrome
 Grading and staging of tumor : basis and their use
 Laboratory diagnosis: role of FNAC, cytological examination,
pap smear, frozen section and immunohistochemistry
Additional:
 Mechanism of immune surveillance
 Praraneoplastic syndrome
 Molecular diagnosis of cancer
Genetics Genetics L = 27,28
Student will be able to: Core: T = 18
 explain the basic concepts of inheritance.  Basic definitions, mutation, type,
 classify the different genetic disorders.  Classification of genetic disease,
  Mendelian disorder: characteristics and examples,
 features of down syndrome, turner syndrome and Klinefelter
syndrome and hermaphrodite
 Name of the tools for diagnosis of genetic disease-
karyotype,FISH, PCR.
Additional:
 Biochemical and molecular basis of single gene disorder,
lysosomal storage disease
 Single gene disorder non-classical inheritance
 Indications of prenatal diagnosis

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours
Immunopathology Immunopathology L = 29, 30
Student will be able to: Core: T = 19
 Describe the basic mechanism of immunological disorders –  Name of immune deficiency diseases
hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency  Autoimmune diseases: name of the organ specific auto immune
diseases and the basic pathogenesis (name of the antibody)
 Name of the diagnostic tools

Infectious Disease Infectious Disease L = 31

Student will be able to: Core: T = 19
 Describe & classify the diseases caused by environmental hazards  Lesions produced by tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis
and infectious disease  Name of the diagnostic tools

Nutritional disorders Nutritional disorders L = 32,33

Student will be able to : Core: T = 20
 define and briefly describe PEM, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus &
vitamin deficiencies with their clinical consequence  Bone changes in deficiency states
 Features of vitamin A, Vit B12 and folic acid deficiency

Additional:
 Iron metabolism
 Vitamin A and D metabolism
 Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency mechanism

Environmental diseases and hazards Environmental diseases and hazards L = 34,35

Student will be able to : Core: T = 20
 describe and classify the diseases cost by environmental hazards  Diseases associated with smoking, arsenicosis, radiation hazard

Total teaching hour in General Pathology (Term I A)

Lecture : 35 Hours
Tutorial : 20 X 2 = 40 Hours
Practical : 07x 1 = 07 Hours
Total teaching hours of General Pathology = 82 Hours

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 Term-1B - General Pathology, Haematolymphoid System (Term-1B)
Lymphoreticular 3. Lymphoreticular L = 36,37
Student will be able to: Core: T = 21
 list the causes of lymphadenitis and describe the morphological features.  Causes of lymphadenopathy, Outline of classification of NHL P=8
 classify Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas : Classification, morphology
 describe the morphological features of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin Additional:
lymphoma and correlate with clinical course.  Immune diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma
 Burkitt lymphoma: morphology
 Follicular lymphoma: morphology
 Causes of splenomegaly
Student will be able to: 4. Hematopathology
 describe main findings in a peripheral blood film. Core:
 state the indications of bone marrow examination and describe normal  Hematopoiesis, different stages of RBC and WBC L = 38-47
bone marrow findings.  Causes of Leukocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, monocytosis and T = 22-27
 state normal haemoglobin level with age & sex variations and red cell thrombocytopenia P = 9-15
indices (MCV, MCH , MCHC)  Anemia: morphological and etiological classification
 define and classify anaemia based on morphology and aetiology  Lab. diagnosis of nutritional anemia, iron deficiency anemia,
 list the causes of iron deficiency anaemia and state the laboratory megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia
investigations.  Hemolytic anemia: classification
 list the causes of megaloblastic anaemia and other conditions that leads to  Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: lab diagnosis
macrocytosis.  Aplastic anemia: etiology and lab diagnosis
 describe laboratory investigations for megaloblastic anaemia  PNH, AIHA, Coombs test
 classify haemolytic anaemia.  Classification of bleeding disorder
 describe the findings on peripheral blood film and list further  ITP: causes and lab diagnosis
investigations to identify its aetiology.  Hemophilia: causes and lab. investigation
 list different types of haemoglobino-pathies and thalassaemia  Leukemia: classification and lab.diagnosis
 describe the pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia.  CGL
 list the causes of pancytopenia and describe peripheral blood film findings  Multiple myeloma: lab. Diagnosis
and bonemarrow findings of aplastic anaemia. Additional :
 list the causes of haemorrhagic disorders and interpret its screening lists.  Constituents of blood and bone marrow
 discuss haemophilia and ITP Polycythemia
 define leukaemia, classify leukaemia and describe peripheral blood film Blood Group and blood transfusion
and bone marrow findings in different leukaemias. Core:
 explain leukaemoid reactions.  Blood transfusion: grouping and cross matching, transfusion reaction, L = 48,49
 define polycythemia and classify it. blood transmissible disease, Rh incompatibility, Blood transfusion T = 28,29
 define paraproteinaemia and describe the laboratory investigations of products
multiple myeloma
LECTURE ON INTERPRETATION OF RESPECTIVE REPORTING L = 50
Instruments demonstrations P=16
193
Total teaching hour in Haematolymphoid Pathology (Term-1B)
Lecture : 15 Hours
Tutorial : 9X 2 = 18 Hours
Practical : 08x 1 = 08Hours + 1 Hours (Instruments)
Total teaching hours of Haematolymphoid Pathology = 42 Hours
Integrated teaching = 05 Hours
(Term 1A- 82 Hours + Term 1B- 42 Hours =124 Hours)
Term-2A - Systemic Pathology (Term-2A)
Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Blood vessels 1. Blood vessels L=1

Student will be able to : Core: T=1
 define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis  Name of different vasculitis, and vascular tumor,
 list the risk factors and discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Core:
 list the sites of involvement of atherosclerosis.  Define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, aneurysm
 describe the complications of atherosclerosis. and dissection,
 Risk factors of atherosclerosis, site of involvement
and complications
 Lipid profile
Additional : Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Heart 2. Heart L = 2,3,4
 define ischaemic heart disease and describe the types. Must know T=2
 describe the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.  Ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction : P= 1
 describe the morphological features of myocardial infarction. pathogenesis, morphological features and
 describe the haematological and biochemical changes in myocardial biochemical indicators, complications
infarction.  Rheumatic fever: pathogenesis, morphology and
 define rheumatic heart disease. complications
 describe the pathogenesis and morphology of rheumatic heart disease.  Infective endocarditis: pathogenesis, morphology and
 define infective endocarditis. complications
 define the aetiology and types of infective endocarditis.  Causes of myocarditis, pericarditis
 define hypertension and list the causes of essential and secondary
hypertension. Additional:
 discuss the pathogenesis and describe the vascular changes in Names of congenital heart disease.
hypertension.

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Respiratory System 5. Respiratory System L = 5-9

Student will be able to: Core: T = 3,4
 mention the common inflammatory lung diseases.  Cause of Pulmonary oedema P = 2,3
 define and describe the different types of pneumonia, tuberculosis and  Define: ARDS, obstructive pulmonary disease and
lung abscess. pneumoconiosis
 list the causes and describe the pathogenesis of pneumonia, tuberculosis  Morphology of obstructive airway disease
and lung abscess.  Pathogenesis and morphology of Pneumonia
 describe the morphology and enlist the complication of pneumonia,  Lung abscess: pathogenesis and morphology
tuberculosis and lung abscess.  Pulmonary tuberculosis: pathogenesis, morphology,
 appreciate the clinical course and correlate it with the morphological fate
features.  Cause of pleural effusion
 define the different types of chronic obstructive airway diseases.  Classification of lung tumor
 describe the pathogenesis, morphological and clinical features of
COPD. Additional:
 classify lung tumours and describe aetiology and pathogenesis.  Congenital anomalies
 describe the morphological features and clinical course of common  Pathogenesis of obstructive airway disease, name of
lung tumour. the granulomatous lesion of lung
 list the causes of pleuritis and describe the various types of pleural  Defense mechanism of lung
effusion.  Definition of restrictive disease
 Morphology and clinical effect of lung tumor

195
 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

GIT 6. GIT L = 10-16

Student will be able to: Core: T = 5,6
 define and list the causes of oral ulcer and leucoplakia  Leukoplakia, , name of the carcinoma of oral cavity P = 4,5,6
 list the precancerous, benign and malignant tumour of the oral  Salivary gland tumor, morphology of pleomorphic adenoma
cavity and identify the predisposing factors.  Oesophagus:causes of oesophagitis, Barretts oesophagus
 classify histologically benign and malignant tumours of salivary  Congenital anomalies of GIT – morphology of Hirschprung
glands. disease and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
 list the tumours of oesophagus and describe their morphological  PU: pathogenesis, morphology, complications
features.  Inflammatory bowel syndrome, difference between crohns
 list the causes of acute and chronic gastritis. and ulcerative colitis
 define peptic ulcer and describe its pathogenesis, morphological  Tumors of stomach
features and clinical course.  Gastric cancer: morphology and etiopathogenesis
 list the various types of benign and malignant tumours of stomach  Acute appendicitis Morphology
and identify the predisposing factors for gastric carcinoma.  Ca colon: morphology and etiopathogenesis
 list the causes of acute appendicitis describe the morphological  Name of the different polyp of GIT
features and correlate with its clinical course.
 name ulcero inflam matory diseas0es involving intestine. Additional:
 differentiate ulcerative colitis from crohn's disease.  Pathogenesis of IBD
 list the different types of polyp, benign and malignant tumour of  Diverticulosis
intestine.  Infarction
 Necrotizing enterocolitis
 Ulcerative lesion of GIT

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching
hours
Hepato biliary system 7. Hepato biliary system L =17-22
Core: T = 7,8
Student will be able to:  Liver function tests & their interpretation P = 7,8
 list the causes of hepatitis.  Jaundice: types, differences
 describe the various types of viral hepatitis and explain their  Hepatitis: cause, morphology
modes of transmission and state their clinical outcome.  Cirrhosis: etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and complication
 list the causes and describe the morphological features of liver  Portal hypertension and hepatic failure: feature
abscess.  Liver abscess: morphological features
 list the causes, pathogenesis and complications of cirrhosis.  Tumor of liver : types
 lescribe the morphology of cirrhosis and correlate it with clinical  Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis : etiology, pathogenesis,
features.
 list the different types of benign and malignant tumours of liver Additional:
and describe briefly the epidemiology.  Neonatal jaundice
 identify the risk factors, describe the pathogenesis, morphological  Diseases of exocrine pancreas
features and complications of cholelithiasis.  Hepatic Cysts
 list the tumours of gall bladder.

197
 Term-2B - Systemic Pathology (Term-2B )
Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Renal system 8. Renal system L = 23-27

Student will be able to: Core: T = 9-10
 classify glomerular diseases.  Classification of renal disease and their clinical manifestation P =9-10
 list clinical manifestations of renal diseases.  Renal function test including examination of urine
describe briefly aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical course of acute  Immune basis of glomerulonephritis
and chronic glomerulonephritis.  Classification of glomerulonephritis
 define nephrotic syndrome, list its causes and describe the  Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis: etiopathogenesis,
pathophysiology. morphology, complications
 define pyelonephritis, list the causes, describe the morphological  Nephrotic syndrome: definition, causes
features, and clinical course of acute and chronic pyelonephritis.  Pyelonephritis:etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications
 define and list the causes of acute renal failure and discuss briefly its  Renal tumour: different types
clinical course.  Renal cell carcinoma
 list the different types of renal tumours and discuss briefly the  Urinary bladder tumor : different types
morphological features. Additional:
 discuss briefly uropathy and renal calculi.  Congenital disease of kidney
 describe different types of cystitis.  Polycystic kidney disease
 list the different types of urinary bladder tumour, describe its  Urolithiasis: Types
pathogenesis and morphological features.  Morphology of renal cell carcinoma
 Morphology of different types of cystitis
Male genital system 9. Male genital system L = 28-30
Student will be able to: Core: T = 11
 describe types and causes of prostatitis.  Prostate: causes of prostatitis P = 11
 outline epidemiology, pathogenesis and morphological features of  Aetiopathogenesis and morphology of nodular hyperplasia
nodular hyperplasia.  Role of PSA in prostatic carcinoma
 describe types of pathology and methods of diagnosis of prostatic  Testis
carcinoma  Undescended testis: importance
 list the causes of orchitis and epididymitis.  Inflammatory diseases of testis
 classify testicular tumours and describe their morphological features  Testicular tumor : classification and clinical outcome
and prognosis.  Morphology of seminoma, yolk sac tumor and embryonal
carcinoma
 Tumour markers for testicular tumors
 Semen analysis

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Female genital system 10. Female genital system L = 31-34

Student will be able to: Core: T =12-13
 list the causes of cervicitis and discuss briefly non-neoplastic lesions of  Causes of cervicitis, salpingitis P = 12-13
cervix.  Risk factors of cervical cancer
 identify the risk factor for cervical carcinoma, discuss briefly the  Role of human papilloma virus –screening for cervical
precancerous, and cancerous lesions of cervix and methods of cancer
diagnosis.  Different histological types of cervical cancer
 list the causes of endometriosis and discuss briefly neoplastic and non-  Endometriosis : possible mechanism , sites and effect of
neoplastic lesions of uterus. endometriosis
 list the non-neoplastic cysts of ovary.  Common tumor of the corpus of uterus : morphology of
 describe ovarian tumours and describe briefly morphological features leiomyoma,
and clinical course of common tumour.  Endometrial hyperplasia : different types, their
 list the gestational trophoblastic tumours, name the type of morphology and importance
hydatidiform mole, describe the morphological features and methods  Classification of ovarian tumor and role of tumor marker
of diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.  Morphology of teratoma, dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma
 identify the predisposing factors and discuss the morphological and the different surface epithelial tumor, Krukenberg
changes and prognosis of Choriocarcinoma. tumor
 Hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma predisposing
factors, morphology and diagnosis
 Pregnancy test

Breast 11. Breast L = 35,36

Students will be able to: Core: T = 14
 list the inflammatory diseases of breast.  Name of the different inflammatory diseases of breast, P = 14
 describe the epidemiology, types and biological importance of cause of lump of breast
fibrocystic disease.  Fibrocystic disease: different types and their importance
 list the benign and malignant tumours of breast, classify malignant  Classification of breast tumor
breast tumour and discuss the risk factors.  Breast carcinoma: risk factors and the prognostic factors
 Screening of breast carcinoma

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 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Endocrine system—thyroid and endocrine pancreas diabetes mellitus 12. Endocrine system—thyroid and endocrine pancreas L = 37-40
Students will be able to: diabetes mellitus T = 14,15
 list the causes of thyroiditis and describe briefly Hashimotos Core: P = 14,15
thyroiditis.  Causes of goiter, name of the different auto immune disease of
 discuss pathogenesis and clinical course of diffuse and multinodular thyroid
goitre.  Thyroiditis: types and morphology
 describe the morphological features of goitre.  Different types of thyroid tumor, their morphology and
 list the benign and malignant tumors of thyroid. prognosis
 describe the morphological features of papillary, follicular carcinoma  Diabetes mellitus : different types, pathogenesis, and
and the prognosis of thyroid tumors. complications
 types of diabetes mellitus, pathogenesis, diagnosis and complications  Estimation of blood sugar
 Glucose tolerance test and its interpretation

Additional: Mechanism of ketoacidosis

Student will be able to: 13. Skin L = 41

 define the terms used in dermatology Core: T = 16
 list common papulo-squamous and visicobullous diseases of skin.  Terms used in dermatology P = 16
 list the benign, premalignant and malignant epidermal tumors  Cause of bullous lesions
 describe briefly the morphological features of squamous cell  Name of premalignant and malignant lesions of skin
carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma  Basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma and squamous cell
carcinoma: morphology
Student will be able to: 14. CNS L = 42
 list the course of acute and chronic meningitis and encephalitis and Core: T = 17
describe CSF findings in different types of meningitis.  Indications of Examination of CSF and the findings in P = 17
 list the benign and malignant tumors of central nervous system and different types of meningitis
peripheral nerve sheath  Name of the CNS tumor

Additional:
 Changes in cerebral infarction

200
 Learning Objectives Contents Teaching hours

Student will be able to: 15. Bone, soft tissue, eye and ENT L = 43,44
Core: T = 18
 list the tumors of eye  Soft tissue tumor : names P = 18
 list the tumors of Nasal Cavity  Bone tumor : names and their histogenesis
 classify the tumors of soft tissue  Osteomyelitis: aetiopathogenesis, morphology
 describe the pathogenesis of sinusitis/ otitis media  Name of the tumors of eye and nasal cavity
 classify tumors of bone
 describe causes & pathogenesis of osteomyelitis Additional:
 list the disease skeletal muscle  Morphology of retinoblastoma, giant cell tumor of bone,
Ewings sarcoma,

Lecture on specimen and morphology based on different

systems. L= 45

Total teaching hour in systemic Pathology (Term 2A+2B);

Lecture- 45x1 = 45 hours
Tutorial- 18 x2 = 36 hours
Practical -18 x1= 18 hours
Total = 99 hours
(Grand total hours= General Pathology -82 Hours+ Haematolymphoid Pathology-42 Hours+Systemic pathology-99 hours= 223 Hours)
Common hour for integrated teaching 15hrs

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 CLASS PERFORMANCE CARD-1A: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Sl.No Name Of The Item Full Marks Signature/Re
Marks Scored marks
01. Introduction of pathology, Histo-cytopathological sample
collections, preservation, transport and processing of pathological
samples.
02. Cellular adaptations: definitions, feature and clinical significance,
Intracellular accumulation, calcification, Cellular Aging.
03. Cell injury: Definitions, injurious agents, types, reversible cell
injury-features and morphology, Mechanism of hypoxic injury
and Free radicals.
04. Irreversible cell injury-Necrosis & Apoptosis-features, example.
05. Inflammation: Definition, causes, cardinal signs, types, acute
inflammation- cellular and vascular events;
Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis.
06. Chemical mediators, morphological patterns of acute
inflammation, outcome of acute inflammation, Systemic effects of
inflammation.
07. Chronic inflammation: Definition, cells of chronic inflammation,
Granulomatous inflammation – causes, examples and mechanism.
08. Healing and repair: Definition, types, mechanism, factors
affecting wound healing, complications of wound healing.
09. Haemodynamics: Oedema, effusions, Electrolyte disorders
10. Hyperemia, congestion, Haemorrhage, Shock
11. Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction
12. Neoplasia: Definition, Nomenclature, Nature of tumor-Benign,
Malignant, Borderline malignancy, Low malignant potential;
Incidence & Predisposition.
13. Features of malignancy- Anaplasia, invasion, metastasis
Molecular aspect of tumor-Oncoprotein, Oncogene, Tumor
suppressor gene, cellular & molecular hallmarks of cancer.
14. Carcinogenesis- direct & indirect carcinogens, clinical aspects of
cancer- cancer cachexia, paraneoplastic syndrome, Grading and
staging of cancer.
15. Tumor immunity, laboratory diagnosis of cancer

CLASS PERFORMANCE CARD-1B: HAEMATOLYMPHOID PATHOLOGY

SL. NAME OF THE ITEM FULL MARKS SIGNATURE
NO MARK SCORED /REMARKS
S
1. Genetics: Types-Single Gene Disorders, Chromosomal disorders,
Complex Multigenic Disorders.
Cytogenic disorders- Down’s, Turner’s syndrome; Mutation:
Definition, causes, types; Diagnosis- Clinical features,
Investigations.
2. Immunopathology: Definition of Immunity, Types of immunity,
Immune disorders- Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune disorders-types,
Immunodeficiency disorders-types & causes, Rejection of tissue
transplantation
3. Nutritional disorders: PEM, Obesity, Vitamins and Mineral
deficiency, Childhood tumor and Environmental hazards- Effects of
tobacco & alcohol; Occupational hazards- Arsenic, Radiation;
Infectious disease-TB, Leprosy, Syphilis.
4. Introduction and Terminology: Haematological sample collection,
Preservation and processing. Constituents of blood and bone
marrow, Haematopoesis, Types of Hb and RBC indices, PBF,
CBC.

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5. RBC disorder: Anaemia, Classification- aetiological and
morphological, Aetiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Iron
deficiency anaemia and Megaloblastic anemia.
6. Haemolytic anaemia: Classification: Extracorpuscular and
intracorpuscular, Aetiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of
Thalassemia, Sickel cell anaemia
7. Pancytopenia, Aplastic anemia- aetiopathogenesis and laboratory
diagnosis
8. WBC disorder: Reactive proliferations- Neutrophilia, leukocytosis,
Leukopenia, Eosinophilia, Lymphocytosis,
9. Leukaemia and related disorders-Leukaemia, Leukomoid reaction,
Subleukaemic leukaemia and Myelodysplastic syndrome
10. Lymphoproliferative disorders: Lymphadenitis, Lymphoma- types,
morphology of Hodgkin lymphoma and NonHodgkin lymphoma,
Multiple myeloma.
11. Myeloproliferative disorders: Polycythemia, Myelofibrosis
12. Haemorrhagic disorders: Classification, aetiopathogenesis &
laboratory diagnosis of ITP, Haemophilia and DIC; Screening tests
(BT, CT, APTT, Tourniquet test)
13. Blood grouping-Types, Blood products, Screening tests, Hazards of
blood transfusion,

CLASS PERFORMANCE CARD-2A: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY

SL.NO NAME OF THE ITEM FULL MARK SIGNATU

MARK S RE/REMA
S SCORE RKS
D
1. Blood vessels: Atherosclerosis, vasculitis and tumors,
Lipid profile.
2. Ischemic heart diseases, hypertensive heart diseases and
cardiac enzymes.
3. Congenital heart diseases, Rheumatic fever, Infective
endocarditis, (Myocarditis, Pericarditis, Cardiomyopathy –
Types and causes)
4. Respiratory System: Congenital diseases, Inflammatory
diseases-TB, Lung abscess, Pneumonia
5. Respiratory System: COPD -Emphysema Chronic
bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, Bronchiectasis,
Bronchogenic carcinoma, Sputum examination
6. Urinary system: Congenital kidney diseases, clinical
presentation of renal diseases, Glomerular diseases- AGN,
NS.
7. Urinary system: Tubulo-interstitial diseases,
pyelonephritis, Renal calculi and Renal function tests
8. Urinary system: Renal tumors & urinary bladder diseases-
cystitis and urinary bladder tumors
9. GIT: Oral cavity, salivary gland- inflammation,
classification of tumors (pleomorphic adenoma),
Esophagus-precursor lesions, risk factors and tumors
10. Gastritis, Peptic ulcer diseases, gastric carcinoma.

11. Small and Large intestine: Congenital diseases,

inflammatory bowel diseases, Polyps and ulcers of GIT,
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 Tumors. Acute appendicitis and tumour.

12. Hepatobilliary: Acute and Chronic hepatitis -Hepatitis-B &

C, viral markers, liver function tests.
13. Hepatobilliary- Liver Cirrhosis, Portal hypertension,
Hepatic failure & tumors.
14. Gall bladder-Calculi, aetiopathogenesis of cholecystitis,
inflammation and tumors.
Pancreas- Inflammation and tumors

CLASS PERFORMANCE CARD-2B: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY

15. Male Genital System: Testis- inflammations and tumors;
Semen analysis & Prostate- NHP, Tumors, PSA
16. Female Genital System: Vaginal diseases- vaginitis, cyst;
Cervix-cervicitis, polyps, CIN, Cervical tumors, PAP
smear test
17. Female Genital System: Corpus of uterus-DUB,
adenomyosis, endometriosis and uterine tumors; placenta;
Ovary-cysts and tumors. Pregnancy test
18. Breast- Inflammatory & fibrocystic diseases, benign &
malignant tumors- epidemiology, risk and prognostic
factors; Investigation protocols; IHC-ER, PR, HER-2
19. Endocrine: Thyroid- Hypo and hyperthyroidism;
Thyroiditis-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease;
Tumors- Types, Papillary carcinoma-morphology,
Investigation protocols
20. Endocrine- Diabetes mellitus, OGTT, Benedicts test.
21. Eye & ENT: Tumor, sinusitis, Otitis media.
CNS: Inflammation- Meningitis, brain abscess,
Brain tumors- Glial tumors and others;
Criteria of brain tumors, CSF examination
22. Bones: Inflammation-Osteomyelitis, Bone tumors
classification-Osteosarcoma; Joints: Rheumatoid arthritis;
Soft tissue: Soft tissue tumors

23. Skin: Common terms, Inflammation, Blistering diseases,

Pigmented skin lesions, premalignant & malignant
conditions (SCC, BCC and malignant melanoma)

24. An outline of autopsy, techniques in histopathology, gross

examination, tissue processing.
25. Techniques in Cytopathology- FNAC, Pap smear, fluid
cytopathology, miscellaneous.
26. Normal, increased and lower values of different
haematopathological and chemical pathology
investigations

204
 ORAL EXAMINATION BOX CONTENTS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY

A/1 A/2 A/3 A/4 A/5

Cell injury Inflammation, Edema, Neoplasia, Problem based question
Cellular Healing and Electrolyte on
adaptation, regeneration, disorders, Childhood Items of
Necrosis and Thrombosis and tumors General
apoptosis, Infectious Embolism, Pathology
Intracellular diseases Hyperemia and
accumulation and Congestion, Staining,
pathological Shock, Histopathology slides,
calcification Haemorrhage, Biopsy,
Infarction, FNAC,
Frozen section
Examination of Immunohistochemistry
body fluids

ORAL EXAMINATION BOX CONTENTS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND

HAEMATOLYMPHOID SYSTEM

A/6 A/7 A/8 A/9 A/10

Hemopoiesis, Etiopathogenesis WBC disorders- Haemorrhagic Problem based
Etiopathogenesis and lab diagnosis disorders questions on
and lab diagnosis of Haemolytic Granulopoiesis Haematolymphoid
of iron deficiency anaemia, Aplastic Reactive disorders Blood grouping and Pathology
anemia and anaemia, Leukaemia and cross matching
Megaloblastic related disorders Blood transfusion Practical
anaemia, Genetic disorders: products Hematology:
Classification, Myeloproliferative Anticoagulants
Environmental Mutation, disorders Transfusion reactions Hb estimation,
and Nutritional Diagnostic tools Polycythaemia, ESR,
deficiency CBC, PBF,
disorders Infectious diseases BT, CT, PT,
Immunopathology: Platelet count,
Hypersensitivity, Reticulocyte
Autoimmune count, Coomb’s
disease, test
Immunodeficiency Bone marrow
states examination,
Trephine biopsy

205
 ORAL EXAMINATION BOX CONTENTS: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY

B/1 B/2 B/3 B/4 B/5

Atherosclerosis, GIT- Hepatobiliary Urinary system- Case history
Tumors of blood Peptic ulcer system Primary Histopathological
vessels, diseases, glomerular Specimens
Ischaemic heart Ulcers and tumors Viral hepatitis, diseases, AGN,
disease, of GIT, Diarrhoeal Cirrhosis of liver, Nephrotic
Infective diseases, Hepatocellular syndrome,
endocarditis, Inflammatory Carcinoma Pyelonephritis,
Myocarditis, bowel diseases Renal stone,
Pericarditis and Tumors of kidney
Rheumatic fever- Salivary gland Jaundice and and bladder,
Pathogenesis, Liver Function
morphology and Endoscopic Tests Causes of uraemia,
complications biopsy, proteinuria
Colonoscopy Breast- Hematuria and
Lipid profile Inflammation and Ketonuria
Cardiac enzymes tumors, Risk
factors and Renal function
prognostic factors, tests
Diagnostic Urine
protocol of breast examination
lump

Pregnancy test

B/6 B/7 B/8 B/9 B/10

Respiratory Male genital Problem Based
system- system- questions of
Testicular tumors, Endocrine system CNS, Eye, ENT, Systemic
Pneumonia, Nodular Skin Pathology
Pulmonary hyperplasia Hypo and hyper Musculoskeletal
Tuberculosis, And tumors of Thyroidism system, Bones, Integrated teaching
COPD, Prostate, Joints and soft
Bronchogenic Semen analysis Hashimoto tissue tumors
carcinoma, thyroiditis,
Bronchial asthma Female genital Tumors of thyroid Examination of
system- gland CSF fluid
Pleural fluid Tumors of uterus Diabetes mellitus
Examination and ovary, and
endometriosis complications

206
 Case histories-
1. Rheumatic fever
3. Pneumonia
4. COPD
4. Lung carcinoma
5. Thalassemia
6. Leukemia
7. AGN
8. Nephrotic syndrome
9. Peptic ulcer
10. Breast carcinoma
11. Diabetes mellitus
12. Nodular goiter
13.Chronic liver disease
14.Tuberculosis
Teaching of Practical Histopathological Slides-
Name of the teaching Learning objectives Example in clinical settings
slides
Acute appendicitis Congestion Lung, Ovary
Suppuration Soft tissue
Ulcer GIT, Skin
Edema GIT mucosa, Lung, Brain
Tubercular lymphadenitis Granuloma LN, Lung, GIT, Kidney,
Bone, Brain
Caseous necrosis TB
Chronic cholecystitis Chronic inflammatory cells, Chronic tonsillitis, Salpingitis,
Fibrosis Pyelonephritis
Nodular hyperplasia of Hyperplasia Prostate, Endometrium, Liver,
prostate Thyroid
Squamous cell carcinoma Anaplasia Skin, Tongue, Esophagus,
Invasion Cervix, Lung
Dysplasia
Leiomyoma Benign tumor Lipoma, Fibroadenoma,
Hemangioma, Neurofibroma
Cervical polyp Polyp GIT, Skin, Nasopharynx
Nodular goiter Inflammation Fat necrosis, Tuberculosis
Hemorrhage
Calcification
Rhinosporidiosis Infection TB, Leprosy, Leishmaniasis,
Amebiasis, Hydatid cyst
Adenocarcinoma of colon Adenocarcinoma GIT, Breast, Lung, Liver,
Ovary, Salivary gland

207
NOTE: TO LEARN THE GROSS MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIFFERENT TYPES IN
REPRENSTATIVE SPECIMENS-

16. APPENDIX- ACUTE APPENDICITIS/ACUTE INFLAMMATION

17. GALL BLADDER- CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
18. POLYP- GIT(STOMACH/COLON)
19. CERVIX- CARCINOMA
20. UTERUS- LEIOMYOMA
21. BREAST- CARCINOMA
22. OBSTRUCTIVE BOWEL DISEASE- GROWTH IN COLON
23. THYROID- NODULAR GOITER
24. BONE- OSTEOSARCOMA
25. LIVER- CIRRHOSIS
26. OVARY- CYST, TUMOR

208