BOWEN UNIVERSITY, IWO

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

PROGRAM
ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I
MAT 101
2019/2020
FIRST SEMESTER
October 22, 2019

ABOUT THE COURSE

Status: Core
Description: Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, comple-
ments, venn diagrams, Real numbers: integers, rational and irrational num-
bers, Mathematical induction, Real sequences and series, Theory of quadratic
equations, Binomial theorem. Complex numbers; Algebra of complex num-
bers;The Argand diagram, De-Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity. Circular
measure, trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, addition and
factor formulae.
Duration: 3 hours per week divided into two periods of 1 hour on Tuesdays
and 2 hours on Wednesdays respectively.

Lecture Periods:
1. Day: Tuesday Time: 9:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. Venue: BIOLAB IV 2. Day:
Wednesday Time: 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m Venue: NLT

LECTURER’S DETAILS
Name: Mrs FALOWO O.D
Mobile / WhatsApp Number: 08164206178
E-mail: olajumoke.falowo@bowenuniversity.edu.ng
Room/Office Number: COAES Building, Room 36
Office Contact Hours: By specific appointment

1
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, students will be able to:

GROUND RULES (in collaboration with the students - some are non-negotiable)
(1) The students are expected to always attend all classes and with their cal-
culators.
(2) Students are expected to attend at least 70 percent lectures to qualify to
write examinations.
(3) No student will be allowed into the lecture room 10 minutes after the
commencement of the lecture.
(4) Only an official written document stating why you are absent from any
class or test will be admitted as evidence in lieu of absence. Note that the
notice of such absences should be submitted in advance.
(5) Students should submit assignments before the deadlines set for submis-
sion.

ASSESSMENTS
Grading will be based on class work and participation, quizzes, special as-
signments/projects and the final assessment according to the following dis-
tribution:
Continuous Assessment 30 percent
Examinations 70 percent
Total 100 percent

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 DISTRIBUTION OF THE COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE 1: SET THEORY
Lecture Day/Date Venue Topics Remarks
1 Tuesday (Oct 1) NLT Public Holiday
2 Wednesday (Oct 2) NLT Basic Definitions, subsets Exercise
3 Tuesday (Oct 8) NLT Union, intersection, complements
4 Wednesday (Oct 9) NLT Application of venn diagrams Assignment 1
5 Tuesday (Oct 15) NLT Real numbers
6 Wednesday (Oct 16) NLT Mathematical Induction Exercise

MODULE 2: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION, SEQUENCES AND

SERIES
Lecture Day/Date Venue Topics Remarks
7 Tuesday (Oct 22) NLT Test 1
8 Wednesday (Oct 23) NLT Sequences and Series Exercise

1 Set Theory
1.1 Basic Definitions
A set is any collection of objects. The objects of a set are called the elements
of the set.
We use capital letters say A to denote sets.
For example, A = {1, 2, 3} (list form of a set). We say that A consists of
elements 1,2,3.
x ∈ A means ”x is an element of A”.
x∈ / A means ”x is not an element of A”.
e.g 3 ∈ {2, 3, 5} , 1 ∈
/ {2, 5, 7}.
A set can also be specified in predicate form i.e, by giving a distinguished
property of the elements of the set. For example, we can define the set B by
B = {x : x is a negative integer greater than − 4} read as ”B is the set of
all x such that x is a negative integer greater than -4”.
The brace notation B = {x|P (x)} is also often used, and is read ”the set of
all x such that the statement P (x) about x is true”.

1.1.1 Exercise
Use the characterizing property to describe the set {2, 4, 6, 8}.

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1.2 Empty Set
The empty set is denoted by {} or φ.

1.3 Subset
A set B is a subset of a set A, denoted by B ⊂ A or AcontainB, if every
element of B is in A. We use B ⊂ A or AcontainB for B ⊂ A but B 6= A.
If A is any set, then A is the improper subset of A. Any other subset of A is
a proper subset of A.
Note:
• Every set is a subset of itself.
• The empty set is a subset of every set.
• If A is a subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a subset of C.
• If A is a subset of B and B is a subset of A, then A=B.

1.3.1 Example
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. This set A has a total of eight subsets, namely φ, {1} , {2} ,
{3} , {1, 2} , {1, 3} , {2, 3}, and {1, 2, 3}.

1.4 Intersection
Suppose A and B are sets. A∩B denotes the set of all elements which belong
to both A and B.
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.

1.4.1 Example
Let A = {1, 4, 7, 8} and B = {4, 5, 8}, A ∩ B = {4, 8}.

1.5 Union
A ∪ B denotes the set of all elements which belong to A or to B.
A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.

1.5.1 Example
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
We say that A is disjoint from B if A ∩ B = φ.

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1.6 Universal set
Universal set is a background set which other sets are subsets of. We denote
the universal set by U.

1.7 Complement
Let A be a set and U the universal set, then A0 called the complement of A
denotes the set of all elements in U which does not belong to A.
A0 = {x : x ∈ U and x ∈ / A}.

1.7.1 Example
Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, A = {a, c}, B = {b, c, f }, C = {b, d, e, g}.
B∪C =
(B ∪ C)0 =
A ∩ (B ∪ C) =

1.8 Relative Complement

The relative complement of B in A is defined as
A − B = {a ∈ A : a ∈
/ B}.

1.9 Symmetric Difference

A4B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A).
A4B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B, but x ∈
/ A ∩ B}.

1.9.1 Example
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A4B = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8}.

1.10 Boolean Algebra

A ∩ B = B ∩ A commutative law.
A∩A=A idempotent law.
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C associative law.
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) distributive law.
(A ∩ B)0 = A0 ∪ B 0 , (A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0 } de morgan’s law.

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1.11 Venn Diagrams
A venn diagram consists of a rectangle which represents the universal set in
a particular situation and circles inside the rectangle, representing subsets of
the universal set. The operations of intersection, union and complement of
sets can be displayed in venn diagrams.
Proof by Venn Diagrams:
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C).
(A ∩ B)0 = A0 ∪ B 0 .
(A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0 .
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C.

1.12 Solving Problems with the help of Venn Diagrams

1.12.1 Example
100 people are asked about three brands of soft drinks called A, B and C.
i. 18 like A only (not B and not C).
ii. 23 like A but not B (and like C or don’t like C).
iii. 26 like A (and like or don’t like other drinks).
iv. 8 like B and C (and like or don’t like A).
v. 48 like C (and like or don’t like other drinks).
vi. 8 like A and C (and like or don’t like B).
vii. 54 like one and only one of the drinks.
Find how many people like B and find how many people don’t like any of
the drinks.
Solution
Let a be the number of people liking A only,
b be the number of people liking B only,
c be the number of people liking C only,
d be the number of people who like A and B but not C,
e be the number of people liking A and C but not B,
f be the number of people liking B and C but not A,
g be the number of people liking all three products A, B, C,
h be the number of people who like none of the drinks.

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 a

We have the venn diagram:

i. a = 18,
ii. a + e = 23,
iii. a + d + e + g = 26,
iv. f + g = 8,
v. c + e + f + g =48,
vi. e + g = 8,
vii. a + b + c = 54.
We have,
a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h = 100.
From (i), a = 18.
From (ii), e = 5.
g = 3 from (vi).
From (iv), f = 5.
From (v), c = 48 - 13 = 35.
From (iii), d = 0.
(vii) gives b = 54 - 53 = 1.
h = 33.
The number of people who like B = b + d + f + g = 1+26+5+3 = 35.
33 people don’t like any of the drinks.

1.12.2 Example
In a class of 90 students, 45 take physics and 58 economics. If only 10
students do not take neither physics nor economics,
(i) How many students take both subjects.
(ii) How many students take at least one of physics or economics.

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 A B

45-x x 58-x

10
(iii)How many students take economics only.

1.12.3 Example
In a class of 200 students, 70 offered physics, 90 chemistry, 100 mathemat-
ics while 24 did not offer any of the three subjects. 23 students offered
physics and chemistry, 41 chemistry and mathematics while 8 offered all
the three subjects. How many students offered exactly two of the subjects?

A B
23
45-x 58-x
8
x 41
58-x
C
24

1.12.4 Exercise
Each of 39 of my friends has either a dog, a cat or a rabbit. Each of 24 of
them has a dog, each of 17 has a cat and each of 16 has a rabbit. The number
having both a dog and a cat is 1 more than the number having both a cat
and a rabbit. There are 9 who have both a dog and a rabbit while 2 of them
have all the three. How many of my friends have both a rabbit and a cat?

1.12.5 Assignment
Among 140 freshmen in a university. A survey shows that 46 registered for
courses in Accounting Dept., 56 registered for courses in Statistics Dept.,
and 44 registered for courses in Computer Science Dept. 12 registered for
courses in Accounting and Statistics. 14 registered for courses in Statistics
and Computer Science and 16 registered for courses in Accounting and Com-
puter Science. 25 do not register for courses in the three departments.

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(i) Draw a venn diagram for the situation described above.
(ii) How many of the freshmen registered for courses in any of the three de-
partments?
(iii)How many registered for courses in just one of the three departments?
(iv)How many registered for Statistics and Computer Science courses but not
Accounting courses?

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2 Real Number System
2.1 Natural Numbers
The set of counting or natural numbers is the set N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}.
The even natural numbers is the set {2k : k ∈ N} = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...}.
The odd natural numbers is the set {2k − 1 : k ∈ N} = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...}.
A prime number is a natural number which has as its only divisors 1 and
itself. The set of prime numbers is the set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, ...}.

2.2 Integers
The set of integers is the set Z = {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.

2.3 Rational and Irrational Numbers

n o
p
Q= q
∈ Z, q 6= 0 .

2.4 Real Numbers

The set of real numbers is the set of the rational and irrational numbers, that
is, R = Q ∪ { irrational numbers }.
We have the following inclusions: N ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R.

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3 Mathematical Induction
The method of Mathematical Induction (M.I) is useful in providing a proof
for the general case of a statement made from a few examples, that some
result is true for all positive integers.
The principle can be stated as follows:
Let P(n) be a statement concerning natural number n. If
(i) P(1) is true and
(ii) the hypothesis that P(k) is true for a particular k, is sufficient to ensure
that it is also true for P(k+1).
Then P(n) is true for every positive integer n.

3.1 Example
Prove by M.I that
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = .
2
Solution
Let P(n) be the statement ”1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = n(n+1)
2
”.
If n=1, L.H.S = R.H.S,
therefore, P(1) is true.
Now assume that P(k) is true, that is,
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k = k(k+1)
2
is true.
We then prove that P(k+1) is also true.
Put n=K+1,
L.H.S =(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k) + k + 1
= k(k+1)
2
+ k + 1, by inductive hypothesis
= (k + 1)( k2 + 1) = 12 (k + 1)(k + 2).
R.H.S = (k+1)(k+2)
2
= 12 (k + 1)(k + 2) = L.H.S
This implies, P(k+1) is true. Hence by the principle of M.I, P(n) is true for
all n.

3.2 Example
Show that 103n − 1 is divisible by 37 for all positive integers n.
Solution
Let P(n) be the statement ”103n − 1 is divisible by 37”.
When n = 1, 103(1) − 1 = 999 = 27 × 37,

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therefore, P(1) is true.
Now assume that P(k) is true, that is, 103k − 1 is divisible by 37 implies
103k − 1 = 37M , where M is an integer.
We then prove that P(k+1) is also true.
103(k+1) − 1 = 103k .103 − 1
= 103 (103k − 1) + (103 − 1)
= 103 (103k − 1) + 27(37)
= 103 (37M ) + 27(37) by the inductive hypothesis
= 37(103 M + 27).

3.3 Example
Prove by M.I that if n is a positive integer
n
X 1
r2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1).
r=1
6

Solution
Let P(n) be the statement above.
When n=1, L.H.S = 1 =R.H.S,
therefore,
Pk P(1) is true. Assume that P(k) is true, that is,
2 1
r=1 r = 6 k(k + 1)(2k + 1).
We now prove
Pk+1 that P(k+1)
Pk is also true.
L.H.S = r=1 r = r=1 r + (k + 1)2 = 61 k(k + 1)(2k + 1) + (k + 1)2
2 2

(by the inductive hypothesis)

= 16 (k + 1)[k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
= 16 (k + 1)[2k 2 + 7k + 6]
= 16 (k + 1)[(k + 2)(2k + 3)].
R.H.S = 16 (k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3) = L.H.S.
Therefore, P(k+1) is true.
Hence, P(n) is true for all natural numbers n (by the principle of M.I).

3.4 Exercise
Show that for any positive integer n, 32n+2 − 8n − 9 is an integer multiple of
64.

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3.5 Assignment
1. Use the principle of M.I to prove that 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ... + n(n + 1) =
n(n+1)(n+2)
3
.
2. Show that,
Xn
(4x + 3) = 2n2 + 5n
x=r

for each positive integer n.

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4 Real Sequences and Series
4.1 Sequence
a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., ak , ..., an−1 , an is a sequence of n numbers such that ak , 1 ≤ k ≤
n,
Pnis called the kth term.
k=1 ak = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an−1 , an is the sum of the first n terms of the
sequence, and it is denoted by Sn .
A sequence is a set of terms obtained by rules e.g write the next two terms
of the following sequences: (a.) 1,4,9,16,... (b.) 1,3,5,7,...

4.1.1 Example
n2 +n
The nth term of a sequence is given as 2
. Find the 7th term of the
sequence.
Solution
2 2
fn = n 2+n , f7 = 7 2+7 = 28.

4.1.2 Example
The nth term of a sequence is given by 3 × 2n−2 . What are the first three
terms of the sequence.
Solution
fn = 3 × 2n−2 ,
f1 = 32 ,
f2 = 3,
f3 = 6.

4.2 Arithmetic Progression (A.P) or Linear Sequence

A sequence of the form a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... is called an Arithmetical
Progression (A.P), where a is the first term and d is the common difference,
that is,
ak+1 − ak = d for all k such that 1 ≤ k ≤ n.
The nth term of an A.P is given by fn = a + (n − 1)d where a is the first
term, d the common difference and n the number of terms.

4.2.1 Example
Given the A.P 15,17,19,21. Find its (a) 7th (b) 77th (c) nth term.
Solution

14
a = 15, d = f2 − f1 = 17 − 15 = 2 = f3 − f2 .
fn = a + (n − 1)d.
(a) f7 = a + 6d = 15 + 6(2) = 27.
(b) f77 = 167.
(c) fn = 15 + (n − 1)2 = 13 + 2n.

4.2.2 Example
If the 1st term of an A.P is 4 and the 5th term is 12, find the mean of the
first five terms.
Solution
a = 4, f5 = a + 4d.
=⇒ 12 = 4 + 4d =⇒ 4d = 8,
d = 2.
fn = a + (n − 1)d
a = f1 = 4, f2 = 4 + d = 6, f3 = 8, f4 = 10, f5 = 12.
Mean = 4+6+8+10+12
5
= 8.

4.2.3 Example
The third and seventh terms of an A.P are 27 and 91 respectively. Find (i)
the first term and the common difference. (ii) 22nd term of the A.P.
Solution
(i) f3 = a + 2d = 27 (1)
f7 = a + 6d = 91 (2)
a = −5, d = 16.
(ii) f22 = a + 21d = 331.

4.2.4 Assignment
The first term of an A.P is equal to thrice the common difference. What is
the sixth term of the A.P if the common difference is 8?

4.3 Geometric Progression (G.P) or Exponential Se-

quence
Given the exponential sequence 15, 30, 60, 120. What is the common ratio?
f2
f1
= 30
15
= 2, ff23 = 60
30
= ff34 .
The nth term of a G.P is given as fn = arn−1 where a is the first term, and
r the common ratio.

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4.3.1 Example
The 4th term of a G.P is 3 and its first term is 81. What is its common
ratio?
Solution
f4 = ar3 = 3, a = 81
3 1
=⇒ 3 = 81r3 , r3 = 81 = 27 = ( 13 )3 ,
∴, r = 31 .

4.3.2 Example
1
The 2nd term of a G.P is 9 and the 7th term is 27 . Find its 3rd term.
Solution
f2 = ar = 9 (1)
1 1
f7 = ar6 = 27 (2) Dividing eqn(2) by (1),we have, r5 = 243 = ( 13 )5 .
r = 31 , a = 27.
The 3rd term, f3 = ar2 = 3.

4.3.3 Exercise
The three consecutive terms of a exponential sequence (G.P) are the second,
third and sixth terms of a linear sequence (A.P). Find the common ratio of
the exponential sequence.

4.4 Arithmetic and Geometric Mean

If we have three consecutive numbers p, q, r, the arithmetic mean of p and
r is
p+r
q= .
2
=⇒ q − p = r − q =⇒ 2q = r + p.
Also the geometric mean is
√
q = pr.

4.4.1 Example
The first three terms of an arithmetic progression is y, (3y + 1)and(7y − 4).
Find the (i) value of y (ii) 10th term.
Solution
f2 − f1 = f3 − f2

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3y + 1 − y = 7y − 4 − (3y + 1).
=⇒ y = 3. On substitution for y, we have,
f1 = 3, f2 = 10, f3 = 17, d = 7.
f10 = a + 9d = 66.

4.4.2 Exercise
The numbers p − 4, p + 2, 3p + 1 are in geometrical progression. Find the two
possible values of the common ratio.

4.5 Sum of n terms of an Arithmetic Progression

If the first term of an A.P is a, and the nth term is L. To calculate the sum
Sn of the first n terms, we have, Sn = a + (a + d) + ... + (L − d) + L......(a)
Sn = L + (L − d) + ... + (a + d) + a......(b)
Add (a) and (b),
2Sn = (a + L) + (a + L) + ... + (a + L) + (a + L).
There are n terms on the R.H.S,
2Sn = n(a + L)
Sn = n(a+L)
2
............(1)
Recall that L = a + (n − 1)d, substitute for L in eqn (1),
Sn = 12 n(a + a + (n − 1)d)
Sn = 21 n(2a + (n − 1)d)....(2).
L = last term, n = number of terms, d = common difference.

4.5.1 Example
Find the sum of the first 30 terms of the arithmetic progression 15+13+11+...
Solution
a = 15, d = −2.
Sn = 12 n(2a + (n − 1)d)
S30 = −420.

4.5.2 Exercise
The sum of the first three terms of an A.P is -18. The third term is half the
seventh term. Find the sum of the first four terms of the progression.

4.6 Series
If f1 , f2 , ..., f5 are respectively the terms of a sequence. The series denoted
by S is given by:

17
S = f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 + f5 .
A series can be described as the partial sum of a sequence. In general, the
sum of the first n terms of the terms f1 , f2 , ..., f5 ,
Sn = f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 + f5
Sn−1 = f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn−1 .

4.7 Sum of n terms of a G.P

If the first term of a G.P is a and the common ratio is r. The sum Sn of the
first n terms is given by
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ... + arn−1 ..............(a)
∴ rSn = ar + ar2 + ... + arn−1 + arn ......(b).
Subtracting eqn (b) from (a), Sn − rSn = a − arn
Sn (1 − r) = a(1 − rn )
n)
Sn = a(1−r
1−r
for |r| < 1.
n −1)
Multiply numerator and denominator by -1, Sn = a(rr−1 for |r| > 1.

4.7.1 Example
The nth term of a sequence is given by 3n−1 . Find the sum of the first eight
terms of the sequence.
Solution
The first three terms are f1 = 1, f2 = 3, f3 = 9.
The sequence is a G.P 1, 3, 9, ...
a = 1, r = 3.
Sum of the first 8 terms,
a(rn −1)
S8 = r−1 = 3280.

4.8 Sum of a G.P to Infinity

If |r| < 1 and n tends to ∞, then rn → 0 as n → ∞.
Therefore, the sum of the n terms as n approaches infinity is known as the
sum of a G.P to infinity and defined by
a
S∞ = .
1−r

4.8.1 Example
Find the sum to infinity of the series 12 , 16 , 18
1
, ...
Solution

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a = 12 , r = 1
3
1
S∞ = 2
1− 31
= 43 .

4.8.2 Example
The first term of a G.P is 7 and the sum to infinity is 42. Find its 3rd term.
Solution
S∞ = 42, a = 7
7
42 = 1−r =⇒ r = 56 .
The third term, f3 = ar2 = 7 × ( 56 )2 = 175
36
.

4.8.3 Exercise
1
If the sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by Sn = 9(1 − 3n
).
(i) Find the first and second terms of the sequence.
(ii)Find the nth term of the sequence.

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