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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2021)

TS-1: FOUNDATION COURSE IN TOURISM
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions
given in the Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private
Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance of the student to get an idea of how he/she can

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answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100% accuracy of these sample
answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions

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given in the assignment. As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so
the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though
every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own
Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and exact information, data

.
and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the

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university.

Q1. Define tourism and explain in detail the various types and forms of Tourism.
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Ans. According to Hunziker and Krapf tourism is "the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as it do not lead to permanent residence
and is not connected to any earning activity". This definition emphasises travel and stay, but excludes
day trips, business trips etc. and the overlapping of these boundaries with other practices.
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The League of Nations in 1937 recommended that tourism covers the social activity of those who
travel for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than the one a person usually lives in.
However, the limitation of this definition was that it excluded domestic and emphasised only on
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international tourism.
The Tourism Society of Britain in 1976 proposed to clarify the concept of tourism by saying that
"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where
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they normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations, including day
visits and excursions."
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Forms and types of tourism emerge within the context of changing social values. For example, in
modem society, the value of 'being' has been superseded by the value of 'having'. Possession,
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property, wealth, egoism and consumption have become more important than community, tolerance,
moderation, sensibility and modesty. As a result in all parts of the world:
• Economy is characterised by increasing concentration of wealth, division of labour and
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specialisation.
• Environment is being treated as if resources are renewable.
• The limits of eco-system are stretched without considering the negative aspects.
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• Peoples' rights are constantly eroded to meet the needs of the power system, etc.
Forms of tourism emerge from different fields of tension such as: workhest, awake/ asleep,
exertion/relaxation, income/expenditure, job family, freedom/necessity, risk/ security. Similarly, dirt,
noise, rush, pollution and trouble etc. are all key expressions of such tension. The possibility of going
away is very important in such a context.
The desire for tourism is therefore determined socially. Governments promote tourism, people talk
about their holidays, unions sponsor holidays, health insurance covers visits to spas, tax rebates are
given for holiday homes and corporations reward employees with travel instead of bonus money.
Seasonal pressures strengthen the urge to get away from home. Annual vacations, the media,
literature and fashion all strengthen the holiday mania. The tourism industry whets the appetite with
tantalising offers of entertainment and pleasure. The commercialisation of recreation functions within

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the well-established principles of a free market economy. In the past, in the erstwhile socialist
countries holiday homes and limited foreign travel were subsidised for workers. In India we still have
a transport subsidy called the Leave Travel Concession and most companies provide holiday homes
for their workers, but tourism is primarily a private enterprise. A study of tourist brochures indicates
the successful design of a tourist visit.
• Create a holiday mood by emphasising informality, abandonment, serenity, freedom,
pleasure.
• Show time standing still, romanticism and relaxation, peace and space.

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• Show something beautiful that is not available at home. And typical holiday symbols like the
sun, a beach umbrella, a palm fringed coastline etc.
• Show people from other cultures, always beaming, happy friendly and idle.

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Types of tourism are:
1. Rest and Recuperation: Taking a rest from everyday life; relieve the stress of societies that have
shifted from manual to sedentary work. Tourism as diversion or compensation to holiday
destinations is what may be called holiday or vacation travei which is focused on resorts and beach
holidays, both domestic and international.

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2. Escape: Tourism as a mass flight from everyday reality to an imaginary world of freedom. This

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flight takes place within the movements from centres to peripheries or in other words a North-South
migration.
3. Communication: Spending quality time with family and friends, make new friends and
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acquaintances. This is mass tourism, in herds, enjoying the facilities of tourism enclaves.
4. Culture and Education: Such Tourism is based on sight-seeing tours to experience and see other
countries of the world though not necessarily in depth.
5. Freedom: Tourism frees you from home and work and is directed tqwards facilities and comforts
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rather than experience.

6. Health: Visit spas, go to saunas, undergo cures for chronic ailment. visit health clubs for workouts
or do yoga i.e, travel for health.
7. Special Interest Tours: Is organised as per the special interests of the tourists ranging from
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medical, historical, archaeological and other interests to golf or fishing.

8. Adventure and Wild Life: Far away from modem civilisation, with bearers and porters and mules,
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camels. elephants or jeeps, mixing trekking and hiking and camp life with the luxury of a first class
hotel.
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9. Convention Tourism: To mix leisure with work, holding convention or meetings at tourist
destinations.
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'Different forms of tourism also give rise to different types of tourists.

• The ridiculous tourist who is dressed in funny clothes and views everything through the lens
of a camera.
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• The naive tourist who is inexperienced in travel, always asks unnecessary questions and has
no language skills.
• The organised tourist who feels at home with a guide and a group of fellow tourists.
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• The ugly tourist who behaves as if he owns the world.

• The uncultured tosst who is a beach bum and spends his time lazing and eating.
• The rich tourist who can afford anything, likes to show prosperity and enjoys being waited
upon.
• The exploiting tourist who spends a holiday at the cost of people and takes advantage of their
culture, hospitality and poverty.
• The polluting tourist who demands that for his comfort everything can be flattened or
destroyed.

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• The alternative tourist who explores the few untouched comers of the world thus opening the
way to mass tourism.
Q2. Explain the need for History of Tourism and its relevance to the tourism industry.
Ans. The history of tourism was for a long time the history of European tourism, the assumption
being that tourism was most developed in Europe. However, there emerged a school of historians
which integrated economics, statistics, scientific methodology, anthropology and sociology to
develop an interdisciplinary approach to the history of tourism. Yet, their methodology was limited

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in time as the statistical study of tourism is 'of recent origin: But, they have identified sources that can
be used to reconstruct the history of a'kriod for which the statistical basis may not exist. As a result
we can apply this method to develop the history of tourism on a global as well as national scale.

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The main-stream objective to study the history of tourism is to understand the phenomenon in a
particular society at a particular time. We do so in order to know the factors that encourage tourism
development as well as the factors that discourage the growth of tourism moreover, a study of the
history of tourism can help us to illustrate a dynamic model of tourism development. We can

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evaluate the role of tourism as well as establish concepts that help us to understand its impacts.

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We, therefore, do not only reconstruct the past or an event of characters but also develop
generalisations that are more useful in understanding the present nature of the tourism phenomenon.
The history of tourism also helps us in developing the theoretical framework within which the data
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on tourism can be verified.
To avoid simple generalisations the data for the history of tourism has to be carefully assessed. In
early history we have archaeological evidence of inns, hotels, villas and transport but such
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information is Fragmentary and often covering periods of thousands of years. Moreover, inter-
disciplinary information was not always available in all periods and in all countries. For example, the
French pioneered the history of tourism but looked only at the holiday pattern of the aristocracy. The
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British looked at key events and factors like standard of living, free time, cheap transport, spas and
sea-side resorts and linked them to growth of industry, labour form, social legislation and local
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customs. But today we look at tourism as a system. In this the physical, economic, technical,
environmental, socio-political and cultural factors are studied to understand the links between the
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past and the print. And all this is used for future development.
The history of tourism has made an important breakthrough in two areas:
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• Idenmcation of sources of data.

• Use of both written and oral history.
A critical examination of the historical highlights new perspectives within which a particular field of
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inters! can be viewed. The establishment of the history of tourism also helps in establishing the
credibility of tourism as an academic discipline (which in India is still in infancy).
These are a primary source and are of recent origin. Statistics or numerical data began to be collected
only after it was recognised that tourism has an important economic impact. Before 1914 tourism
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statistics did not exist, although secondary sources like health, safety, police, migration, taxation and
census records were used to make assumptions on the development of tourism. Since 1920 the
statistical base of tourism has been increasing. In 1921, Britain began to collect tourism statistics and
by 1945 most countries were doing so. In India, statistics of tourism only came into existence after the
1960s. Prior to that tourism statistics relate to the Indian sub-continent as a whole. Colonial rule and
the subsequent partition of the sub-continent make it difficult to collate the statistics of tourism prior
to 1947. The volume of tourism statistics grew with the emergence of the International Union of
Official Tourism Organisations. The National Tourism Bodies as well as International Tourism
Organisations have achieved a great standardisation of the data, although its reliability is often
questioned. This is because there are at least 42 definitions of tourism and tourist in use around the

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world. Prior to 1920 the data base of travel was taken from railway records, postal authorities and
wherever possible, passport and visa authorities. From such records it was possible to: reconstruct the
volume of people who travelled, the time of the year they travelled, and the places they visited.
The census reports and civil service commissions dealing with paid leave have also contributed to
information regarding the holiday pattern of the salaried employees. Thus, there is a range of data
from which information regarding tourism can be collected. Since tourism is a multi-disciplinary
activity, the sources of data are varied but such data may not be comparable in all cases.
Tourism Industry suffering a setback because the Development Commissioner of Snlall Scale

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Industries of a particular Indian state refused to recognise tourism as an industry. He had his ow
objections like: "tourism development could not be subsidised", etc. However, it was felt that the

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matter should not have ken referred to him as the government hd already declared tourism an
industry. Yet, there is no doubt that once tourism is mentioned asm industry a number of
complexities arise. This places some organisations like travel agents, tour operators, guides, etc.
within the scope of tourism while leaving others aside. This could be like the difference between a

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shop at an airport opened especially for travellers and the one in a city market that caters to anyone.

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Without further going into the debate we may sum up for you that because of the economic impacts
involved, profits, employment generation, earning of foreign exchange etc., more and more countries
are declaring tourism as an industry; adopting policies and making plans for it; forming regulations
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and giving incentives. It is also worth mentioning here that in many developed countries tourism is
now being referred to as a service rather than an industry. This is so because these countries have
reached a stage of perfection in terms of infrastructural development and the emphasis is on the:
consumption of services. On the contrary the developing countries like us are still struggling to
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cresrteirastructural facilities and a lot needs to be done. Hence, tourism is an industry for us rather
than just being a service. In the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) tourism was accorded the status of
an industry by the Govqnment of India. Hence, as a plan objective its development was listed for the
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first time in the planning process. In May 1992 a National Action Plan was drawn for its growth and
development
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Q3. Discuss in detail the concepts of Tourism System.

Ans. The concepts of Tourism System: Tourism is being systematically viewed as a framework in
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which the theory and practice link up with each other to address the satisfaction of all those
concerned with the functioning of the system. The dynamic element of the Tourism System is its
historical potential for development and resulting benefits. However, the system operates within a
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global economic environ ment along with national priorities. These are often not understood in a
common perspective. The different perceptions can act as constraints on the developmental potential
of a destination. Today, the tourism debate centres on the dynamic of the Tourism Phenomenon
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where perceptions of the receivers are somewhat different to that of the tourists. The consumers are
not always sensitive to the host, nor are they of major importance to the host. Often we have seen
people in our bazaars or other public places say "the foreigner is nobody's friend", or that "they are
very free with our hospitality but very careful with their dollars". Similarly, many a times tourists
abuse symbols of local pride and standards of local services. Tourists generally assume that they are
being cheated because they know that bazaars run on bargaining.
Tourism System has a four-tier framework.

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How far does the phenomenon of tourism balance between the expectations of the tourist and the
resident population depends on the:
• Interaction between the support system of the resident and the tourist.
• Perceptions of both groups regarding their right to have access to tourist oriented products as
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well as resident oriented products.
This means that the Tourism System must estimate the capacity so that slogans to promote
destinations will not have to exclaim it disappears". The system therefore has to be "managed" so that
everybody's expectations are capable of being realised. How the system is managed will indicate the
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nature of the impacts of tourism on the industry, the host population and the tourist. The broader
goal will be the economic, social and cultural changes that the managers of tourism (the state and the
private sector) have envisaged along with the expectations of the residents of the area where tourism
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is actually located.
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Work is understood to be a necessity for survival just as recreation and leisure are necessary for
coping with routine life. Yet, time is finite and often institutionally determined or determined by the
process of satisfying both private and public needs. The location of tourism within these complex
relationships is both a matter of social development and custom, which are then reflected in the
working of the system.
People and Their Environment
The following issues emerge within a Tourism System in relation to the people and their
environment.

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• Finite Resources-both time and money determine opportunity and are generally not
unlimited.
• Action-the potential for discretion in the use of time and money exists and yet obligations act
as constraints.
• Facilitation-is an aid to discretionary action but within the possibilities offered by
travel/journey components and support services.
• Results-both pleasure and utility are desired in all life-world situations, including tourism.
• Beneficiaries-both host and guest, since the process of tourism demands the participation of

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both groups for its success even in the most controlled and contrived touristic sites and
events.
Pull and Push: The resolution of these problems is achieved through what are calledthe 'pull' and

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'push' factors in the Tourism System.
The Tourism System influences governments, industry, business and even the households of common
people. That is why tourism is no longer ignored by policy makers or in the economic and social
policy debates. In this connection it is important to understand the present global Tourism System. In
the last two decades, tourism has been contributing 6% of world output, one in 15 jobs and 7% of

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capital investment. The WTO asserts that tourism is at the leading edge of the service sector and that

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the future of the industry is bright. It can double its contribution to world output, increase jobs by
33% and capital investment can jump by 80%. The centre of gravity of tourism is also shifting from
Europe to the Pacific Region which will account for more than 35% of travel by the year 2000 (as per
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WTO forecasts). Tourism will continue to globalise, privatise and consolidate in the last decade of this
century. However, this decade has been declared the "value decade", where :
• Input costs are rising.
• Revenues are low due io competition.
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• Travellers are demanding value for money.

This means that loyalty for a destination will be undermined by bargain hunting. As quality goes
down, the compatibility of tourism with human and physical environments is being questioned. In
fact, there is a questioning of the very values on which tourism has developed in the modem era, with
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worldwide anti-tourism networks. Within this global perspective, the liberal economic policy
announced by India has renewed interest in India as a destination, an interest that goes just beyond
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the 'mystique'. The success of any destination does not depend only on the richness of the tourist
product, but on the effectiveness of the Tourism System which determines the packaging and
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marketing of the product. An example of this new approach is the creation of a new appeal. Today,
Golf Tourism is a prime draw for the world's highest spending travellers. China, which is making a
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major bid for a premier position in World Tourism, has chosen golf as one of its major systemic
interventions. The Chinese are planning 400 new golf courses in the next 15 years. Thailand which
had no golf courses 15 years ago now has 50 of international standards. India has a very old golfing
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tradition and many of its clubs are more than a hundred years old. However, they are said to be
below international standards and if India is to get a share of this significant market, at least 50 new
courses have to be developed. Yet, two projects, one near Bangalore and the other at Begul (Goa) have
already activated people in these villages to demonstrate against such development. But despite such
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demonstrations elements of the Tourism System demand that such development will take place if
India is to increase its share in the market. The system then introduces push factors that ensure that
the problem of land use will be effectively resolved by employment and evaluating a job in tourism
services as of more value than in self-employment in any traditional sector. This evaluation in the
name of progress and development has critiques as well as supporters.

Q4. Discuss in detail any five International Tourism Organizations.

Ans. WTO
World Tourism Organisation (founded 1975) is an intergovernmental body. It is a successor to the
International Union of Official Travel Organisations (IUOTO) which existed from 1947 to 1975. As a

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United Nations specialised agency the WTO's membership comprises 113 of the world's governments
and over 170 affiliate members (international and regional tourism organisations) from the Travel and
Tourism Industry. WTO headquarters are at Madrid (Spain) and its three functionaries are:
• WTO Secretariat (permanent office at Madrid)
• General Assembly (meets every two years)
• Executive Council (meets twice a year)
The fundamental aim of the organisation shall be :
"the promotion and development of tourism with a view to contributing to economic development,

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international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction of race, sex, language or religion. The
Organisation shall take all appropriate action to attain this objective. In pursuing this aim, the

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Organisation shall pay particular attention to the interests of the developing countries in the field of
tourism."
Here we must remember that WTO is the only intergovernmental organisation open to the operating
sector. This combination of public and private sector involvement encourages a hands-on approach to
strategic issues affecting the industry. WTO also provides a forum for industry to "establish the

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frameworks and global standards of travel and tourism". It attempts consolidation of one of the

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world's fastest growing industries.
WTO's activities include:
• Technical Cooperation: As an executing agency of the United Nations Development
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Programme (UNDP), WTO provides assistance to governments on a wide range of tourism
Issues, from sustainable tourism development, investment needs and technology transfer to
marketing and promotion. Over 600 projects have been fielded since 1980.
• Education and Training: Education and training is one of the major building blocks of the
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travel and tourism industry. WTO offers a variety of programmes, including "distance
learning" courses, which have been organized with Purdue University and the Sorbonne.
Other projects include the establishment of a network of WTO Education & Training Centres
and publication of a Directory of Tourism Education and Training Institutions.
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• Environment and Planning: The goal of sustainable tourism development underlies WTO's
work in environment and planning. Activities include participation in forums on tourism and
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the environment, such as the Rio Earth Summit and the Globe seminars in Canada. WTO is
also developing a global programme European Community's Blue Flag Programme of clean
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beaches for tourism, based on the Several publications, including three joint reports with the
United Nations Environment Programme, provide vital input on tourism planning in resorts,
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communities and national parks

• Facilitation and Liberalisation: WTO works towards the removal of barriers to tourism.
Activities in this area include promotion of improved access to tourism for the handicapped,
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research on Computer Reservations Systems, involvement with the General Agreement on

Trade and Tariffs (GATT) process, assistance on health and safety issues.
• Marketing and Promotion: WTO continuously monitors and analyses travel and tourism
trends in over 165 countries, which provide invaluable data for strategic planning and
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marketing Equally important has been the 1991 WTO Ottawa Conference on Tourism
Statistics. which established global definitions of tourism In this way a substantial base was
created for the uniform measurement of tourism flows.
• Publications: WTO also has a number of publications. They include: Yearbook of Tourism
Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (annual), Travel and Tourism Barometer
(quarterly), Directory of Tourism Education and Training Institutions.
IATA the International Air Transport Association (IATA), is a non governmental organisation and
membership consists of practically all air carriers. The Active memhzrs are engaged in international
operations whereas the Associate membership consists of domestic airlines. IATA aims:

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• At encouraging the dcvclopment of reliable, regular and economic air transport for the
benefit of travellers,
• To foster air comrnercc and study the problems their in, and
• To research thc problcms and issues related to the industry.
Founded in 1945, thc activities of IATA have increased over the years. Today its services and roles
include : setting rates on global routes agreeable to member airlines, planning of time tables for
international flights, standardising and coordination of certain services like baggage checks,
reservations, etc. In addition IATA also provides statistical data on international air travel and acts as

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a clearing house for air ticket coupons.
UFTAA Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association was founded in 1966. Its members are
national organisations and regional organisations. It aims representing the travel agency industry and

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travel agents at different forums and negotiates on their behalf. Further we list fcw other
organisations: International Federation of Tour Operators (IFTO) which represents national tour
operator associations. International Youth Hostel Federation (IYHF) which represents national youth
hostel associations. International Hotel Association (IHA) representing the hotel and restaurant
industry. International Association of Tour Managers (IATM), Pacific Asia Travel Association

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(PATA), etc.

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Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA): PATA was founded in the year 1951 as a non-profit
corporation to stimulate interest in the Pacific region as a vacation land and to develop, promote and
facilitate travel to and among the many pacific destinations. The founder of the association is
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Mr.Lorrin Thurston a leading newspaper publisher in Honolulu. The association had 44 founder
members. Its headquarters is San Francisco. PATA has its own director for Europe who is based in
London and works to promote traffic from the European market into the pacific region. PATA’s first
Asian office was opened in Manila in 1976. The activities of PATA include assisting small and
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upcoming destinations to develop their infrastructure providing experts, planning group travel
schemes and provide up to date information in the field of tourism. Its publication “Pacific Travel
News” is recognised by wholesale and retail travel agents as an important source of information
material about pacific region. PATA has also published “Pacific Area Destination Handbook” which
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is a comprehensive handbook in 31 pacific destinations. Besides this a hotel directory and a travel
guide distinct the hotels, resorts, and travel services in the pacific region has been published by
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PATA. The organisation provides meeting point for the people involved in all aspects of travel trade.
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
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ICAO was formed in 1944 as a specialised agency of the United Nations. ICAO has a membership of
over 150 nations. The Headquarters of the organisation is located at Montreal-Canada. Its regional
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offices are at Mexico City, Lima, Paris, Cairo Bangkok and Dakar.
The difference between IATA and ICAO is that IATA is a non-government organisation, but ICAO is
organisation of various governments in the world.
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Objectives
• To ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world
• To encourage the cost of aircrafts design and operation of peaceful purpose
• To encourage the development of airways, airports and navigation facilities for international
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civil aviation
• Meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air
transport
• Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition
• Ensure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected and that every contracting
country has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines.
• Avoid discrimination between contracting countries.
• Promote safety of flights in international air navigation.

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Q5. What is the purpose of regulations related to Tourism? Discuss in brief the different types of
Inbound and Outbound Travel Regulations.
Ans. Undoubtedly this description excites Wet imagination. Matched by the unfailing warmth and
hospitality our people, India should naturally become a destination for tourists from all parts of the
globe. But nay! soon the excitement subsides and gives way to a realism that evokes a different
regpotlse-India, a land of disorder where laxity in J! kinds of regulatiClns is a norm. This is-an image
based only partially on truth, but very largely a consequence of lack of infurmation or even
disinformation to some extent about the legal, regulatory control ptacticcd in the country and adhered

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to in the same measure as in other part of the warld.
It is, therefore, an essential requirement on the part of a tourism professional to obtain and master
comprehensive information on the regulations that affect tourism both directly and indirectly. Also

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important is the passing of this information on to the itinerant tourist & This will help to annul their
misfounhed fears regarding India as a prcqwctive destination. In addition this will enable them to
know about and respect the regulations during their stay in India. In this Unit our aim has been to
provide you with important information in this regard.
Here you must keep in mind the fact that the development and promotion of tourism in the country

.
has largely been the responsibility of the Deptt. of Towism. Sadly, it has been functioning as a

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regulatory authority without any supporting legislation that specifically relates to tourism. As a result
it has not always been possible to ensure a co-ordinated development of the infrastructure and a
uniform regulatory code for tourism. In this context it is noteworthy that Asian and European
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Countries, which value their tourism potential, have very successfully provided support and
incentives to the tourism sectors by incorporating such features into a Tourism Act.
Inbound-Outbound Travel Regulations A traveller who is also a tourist is governed by the laws and
regulations in force in the country which he visits. As a tourism professional, therefore, it is of vital
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conccnl to you that you are well versed in such regulatory controls that will affect your prospective
clients. It is .only then that you will be able to provide them with all the necessary information. As a
tourism professional dealing with outbound tourists it is important for you to obtain information
about regions which your clients are intending to visit.
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Port and Visa Requirements: It is extremely important for all the visitors (except from Nepal, Bhutan
and Bangladesh) ' from abroad to possess a valid passport issued by their respective countries before
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they - enter Indian territory through land, sea or air route.

Currently visa is an essential requirement for people of all nationalities for entering India. There are
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several kinds of visas as listed below, available to foreign nationals:

• Entry Visa
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• Tourist Visa
• Business Visa
• Long termVisa (maximum duration of five years; multiple entry facility), and
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• Collective Landing perbit (group tourists from abroad)

Indian Consular Offices in different countries issue Indian visas. The fee for this visa is US $ 5 per
person. But nationals of Britain pay a Visa fee of £23 (1994 rates). The maximum duration for which
tourist visas are issued is 180 days. But if a visa is issued for a lesser duration and an application for
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the extension of the same is made within 180 days, no extra fee is charged. The only requirement is
submission gf a set of identical passport photographs. There is also the provision for the extension of
visa beyond 180 days, but this is exceptionally operated. In such cases then the fee charged varies
within a fixed scale. Visas can be renewed in all State capitals and district headquarters on an
application made to the district police chief (Commissioner of Police/Scnior Superintendent of
Police/Super~ntendent of Police). Visa renewals and extension cases in the cities of New Delhi,
Bombay and Calcutta are handled by Foreigners' Regional Registration Offices (FRROs). In Madras
such cases are dealt with by the Chief Immigration Officer (CIO). In Appendix-B we have given you
addresses of major Indian Consular Offices overseas and FRRO and CIO in India. The outbound
travellers will seek visas from the embassics/consulates of respective countries they intend to visit.

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Most of these offices are located in New Delhi. The addresses of the embassies of the neighbouring
countries have been given in Appendix-C.
Speeial Permits: Normally there is no restriction on Indian and foreign nationals for movement
within India. But in the case of border states and the two groups of islands, (Andaman and
Lakshadweep), a visitor requires a special entry permit. This permit is valid for a maximum period of
15 days only. For group tourists the application for special permit must be made atleast two weeks in
advance of the intcndcd date of visit. We have given below detailed information with regard to the
issuance of such permit state-wise.

m
Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Foreign nationals visiting the islands require prior permission. This
can be obtained from Immigration Officer Port Blair on arrival. Permits can be obtained in advance
from Chief Immigration Officers at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
Arunachal Pradesh: All foreign nationals intending to visit Arunachal Pradcsh require restricted area

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permits issued by Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Lok Nayak
Bhawan, Khan Market, New Delhi, Indian Nationals (domestic tourists) can obtain permits from
Arunachal Bhawan at New Dclhi, Calcutta, Cuwahati and Tezpur.
Assam: Only Guwahati, Sibsagar, Halflong and Kaziranga are open for foreigners. To visit these

.
places permits are issued by Assam State Tourist Information Centres at Delhi and other parts of the

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country. Tourists can apply with passport size photographs, photocopy of passport and visa number.
Permit is granted to groups of four and above only.
Gujarat: Border regions of the Rann of Kutch are restricted areas. Permits to visit Banni region and
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areas beyond the India Bridge are issued for both foreign and Indian nationals by the District
Collector, Bhuj.
Himachal Pradesh: Lahaul and Spiti and the district pf Kinnaur are restricted areas for which entry
permits are granted to a group of four or abve, sponsored by a travel agency for a fixed itinerary.
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These permits are issued by Deputy Commissioner, Shimla; Deputy Commissioner, Kullup; Deputy
Commissioner Keylong and District Magistrate, Rampur.
Custom Regulations: The usual duty free regulations of one bottle of liquor, i.e. 950 ml or less and
200 cigarettes apply for India. If the tourist brings in more than $1 000 in cash or in traveller's cheques,
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it must be declared by completion of a currency declaration form. While small items like perfumes,
cosmetics etc., are allowed into the country, larger items like video cameras are likely to be entered on
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a 'Tourist Baggage Re-export' form to ensure that the article is taken back on departure. The TBRE
form should be resubmitted on departure. A tourist can clear goods upto Rs.2,400 in value duty free.
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Goods brought in excess of this are chargeable to duty as per prevailing law.
The figures/amount and regulations are as per the prevailing law in January 1994. They are subject to
ic

change by the Government hence, it is better to always keep one self update on them

Q6. Write a brief note on various modes of transport.

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Ans. Various modes of transport are:-

• Road transport
• Rail transport
• WaterTransport
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• Air transport
Road transport is one of the most promising and potent means suitable for short and medium
distances. It provides the basic infrastructure for bringing the rnajalty of the people who are living in
far-off vwes into the mainstream of national life by connecting them with different place% It offers a
number of advantages such as flexibility, reliability, speed and door-to-doordoor semi&, besides
supplementing and increasing the efficiency of the other modes of transport. It has a vital role m the
opening up of interior and remote areas and is relatively cheaper and less capital intensive.
The national highways are the principal arterial routes connecting the union capital with the state
capitals, major ports and various highways. They constitute 2% of the total road network of 19 inch
kilometres (1988) in the country and cater to 40% of the total roed traffic in India.

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State highways connect state capitals with district headquarters, important cities and towns within a
state, the national highways and the highways of adjacent states.
District ronds take the traffic from the main roads to the interior of each district and to rural areas.
They are further sub-classified into major district roads which are metalled and have a high standard
and specification and other district roads which are relatively of lower specification and design.
Classifled village roads connect villages or groups of villages with cach other and to the nearest
district and other main highways, railway states and river gluts. These reds provide the basic
infrastructure in rural areas.

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Unclassified village roads are mostly then roads. Having a far lower standand in most cases, they are
merely tracks in rural areas
Two-think of the villages in the country approximately 4 lakhs village) are without weather roads

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while cno-hird are without any rad ink tall despite the length in India increaning from 4 lakh
kilometres (1951 to 19 telkommetra (1988) As per LATO Mamal "ot of the roads are gnite ood,
however, link ads leading to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctaries mary tint alys he gool In
Appeoda-lwe tave mestioned home destinations distance and time take travel.
Rail Transport: Railways are the principal carriers specially suited for long distance level. In a vast

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country like India they serve as the main artery of inland transport. After independence 8000

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kilometres of new railway routes have been added to the railway network. The present route length
of Indii Railways is 62,000 kilometres out of which 12% is electrified. Yet it is Mi's largest, and world's
second largest, state-owned railway system under a single managment. The railway trdcks in India
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are of three types: Broad Gauge (1.67 metres), Metre Gauge (1.00 metre) and Narrow Gauge (0.76 &
0.61 mews).
Among these, the broad gange lines account for 55% of the total network and carry 85% of the total
traffic
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The Indian Railways have been concentrating on long distance passenger traffic as against short
distance which can be more economically carried by road traffic.
Along with its vital role in cconomic development the railways play it significant role in the tourist
system. In a vast comtry like India. stretching from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, the majority among the
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domestic tourists are primarily dependent on railways for long hour travel One basic reason for the
choice of railways as a mode of transport is that it is economical More the LTC fac given to the
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employees permits rail travel as per the salary slabs and relevant category. Replacement of the steam
engine by diesel and electric engines has definitely increased the speed of mobility, Electronic
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signalling and other scientific devices are being increasingly used to make my journey more faster
and comfortable. For example initially Bombay and Calcutta were connected with Delhi by superfast
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Rajdhani Express Now Bangalore and Madras are also connected by Rajdhani. Introduction of
superfase Shatabdi Express between Chandigarh-Delhi and Bhopal-Delbi have saved much time of
travel and the joumey las bean male more confortable. Toy trains running between Kalka and Shimla
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or New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling are auor atrictiods for the arts. Similarly 'Palace on Wheels which
takes the tourists toujor bistoncal places in Rajasthan via Agra was introduced to offer a package tour
to the tourne Rocently, the railway authorities have introduced the weekend package tours starting
from Delhi to neatby tourist place for 2 to 3 days. Similuty more Palace on the Wheel fikn truins are to
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be introduced in the near future. Indrail tickets are soft abroad for foreign tourists.
Water Transport: Before the coming of road and rail transport it was water transport (regarded 2s die
oldest transportation mode) which carried goods and persons from one place to another. In spite of
bridge construction over rivcrs it still has relevance because of environmental considerations and less
costs. Bcf'orc analysing its relevance in tourism the three broad categories of water transport. They
are: Coastal Shipping, inland waterways and foregin going raffic.
1) Coastal Shipping: India has a vast coastline of about S500 kilometres. There is considerable scope
for otilisation of coastal shipping for transport of goods and passengers. It is the most energy-efficient
and cheapest mode of transport over long distances. Passenger traffic on this mode is at present from

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mainland to Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands. One seasonal service also
operates from Bombay to Goa.
2) Inland Waterways: The inland waterways like Coastal Shipping has inherent advantages like being
the cheapest mode, energy saving, low investment, etc. The share of inland waterways in the
country's transport system is 1% though the navigable inland waterways extend to 14,500 kilometres
comprising of a variety of river systems, canals and backwaters. Nearly half of these are suitable for
mechanised vessels. This mode is still grossly underutilized. The Inland Waterways Authority of
India constituted in 1986 has been entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and

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regulation of National Waterways for shipping which is vet to take offective shape and tap the vast
potential of this mode of transport in Indin
3) Foreign Going Traffic: There are 11 major and 139 minor ports in India. The major ports are under

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the control of the Ministry of Surface Transport of the Union Government. The minor parts are under
the state governments. The number of ships calling on the major ports in 1991 was 9416 with n traffic
of 152 million tonnes India's share in the total world sea trade in terms of value is a mere E.6. The
development of Indian Shipping industry is extremely low. India's share in the world sea fleet is 156.
After knowing this last information on water transport, you must be interested to know how Gan

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tunk of using it to promote tourism. Cities have rivers and seas have tornadoes potentiality to plin

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different package tours on hu, steamer or shin For example West Bengal tourisin department
introduced special tourist launches to Guru wonsts Sundertin (fanois for the Royal Bath Tuen bithe
Witch itself various facilities were permited to make the joumey and stay comfortable The project hise
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beeni e SUC cess The upproach to Elephant Caves is trougti more launch only which ply for a way of
India (Bombay).
AIR TRANSPORT
Scheduled air transport started in India in 1932. Until its nationalisation in 1953, the existence of air
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transport was only symbolic and played relatively small role in the economy of the nation. As its use
to the British government was limited and technological level of this industry being inadequate, they
never took any efforts to develop the same. After the enactment of the Air Corporation act. 1953
nationalising the air transport industry in India two Corporations were set up viz, Indian Airlines and
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Air-India. The former operated domestic services and to neighbouring countries while the latter
catered to international traffic in and out of the country. Vayudoot was formed as a subsidiary of
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Indian Airlines and Air India and caters to the feeder routes in remote hilly and inaccessible areas.
Pawan Hans was formed in 1985 to run the helicopter services and was initially named the Helicopter
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Corporation of India. Its objective was to provide helicopter service in support of the offshore oil
drilling in India besides linking Andaman Nicobar, Lakshwadeep Islands with the mainland. and
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connecting inaccessible areas and difficult terrains in Jammu & Kashrnir, Sikkim and the North-
Eastern S tam. After nationalisation, the two Air Corporations updated technology in the indusuy and
today Indian Airlines and Air-India have an all-Jet fleet of the most modem type of aircrafts equipped
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with the state-of-art technology with matching infrastructure on ground.

Since nationalisation, the union government has invested Rs. 100 crores by way of equity and loan
capital in Indian Airlines and approximately Rs. 153 crores in Air-India The annual hirnover of these
two Corporations is more than Rs. 2000 crores per year each. While Air-Indii carries annually 22 lakhs
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passengers, Indian Airlines carries 88 lakhs, Vayudoot carries 4.10 lakhs and Pawan Hans 2.5 lakhs.
Since 1990 the government has permitted private operators to operate trunk routes within India and
compete with Indian Airlines. There are a few small companies operating along with Indian Airlines
on domestic routes. These are East West Airlines, Trans Bharat Aviation, Jagson Airlines, Modi Luft,
City Link Airways, Sahara India Airlines, etc. Recently the Air Corporation Act has been modified to
facilitate the 'open skies' policy.

Q7. What are various types of accommodation? Discuss each in brief.

Ans. We refer to tourist accommodation", when in fact we are talking about hotels. On the face of it
this is true, but the word "hotel" has a very defined sense and conjures images of a multi-storied

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building with anywhere from 100 to 600 rooms. In fact, the tourist wails of such accommodation also,
but the kinds of tourists are so varied and the nature of tourist activity is such that the facilities that
are used by tourists have to be described in more specific terms. For example, there are some tourists
who wish to travel on a very small budget; they would probably stay at homes of friends in the larger
city, and once they go to a more remote place, Goa, they would look for a guest house where they
would want a clear bed a toilet facilities at the very most. In addition they may also want to have
breakfast there. Alternately, there are very rich tourists who will stay in the Five Star Deluxe category
of hotels in the large city and seek to stay in very exclusive resorts on a remote beach in Goa. A quick

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survey of the destinations tells us that both these categories of facilities are available to the guest. This
is applicable to both domestic as well as foreign tourists.
The various categories of accommodation are:-
i) Five Star Deluxe Hotels: These are usually to be found in the metropolitan city areas and have

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anywhere between 200 to 800 rooms. Some hotels in this category have over a thousand rooms in
their inventory. They are categorized by certain international standards which include a given
number of restaurants, particular size of lobby, business centre facilities, a swimming pool ctc.
including, of course, very strict standards of quality control. These hotels are usually wed primarily

.
by the business executive (often 90 per cent of the customers are business town and women) and the

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very upscale tourists There are also other star categories like three star, one star etc. However,
categorisation into stars is to mandatory in India. Hotels offer themselves for categorisation which
hased on certain criteria and inspection by officials.
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ii) First Class Hotels: These are a step down from the above category, but contain most of the
facilities that are provided in the Five Su Deluxe bertels. These are also located usually in the large
metropolitan cities and some desired erties its well. These hotels are also used by a combination of
business executives and tourists.
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iii) Non-Star Hotels: At every tourist destination yod ane eros one mall hotels who doesn't ce under
chusitied categones. Yet way tourist stav there per their budget chestnuts For example at Kovakun
beach there to foc Alan Buy once National it and they say in smalf sayin picov near the beach Such
examples are alt atalant at very destination he it a hill station or pilgrimage center.
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iv) Resorts and Lodges: These are meant almost exclusively for the tourists and more often are found
in so-called "off the heatem track" destinations. In some countries, where the economic dependence
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on tourism is very great such accommodation can also be found in the cities or just outside the cities.
Thus, in Kenya for example, one can find very elaborate lodges even in Nairobi, the capital city where
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most tourists enter the country.

v) Tented Camps: While most of the types of accommodation discussed so far involve solid
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structures, a type that is fast gaining popularity around the world is the tented camp variety. These
involve relatively low investment. These are ecologically very friendly in that they do not threaten to
spoil the landscape too much and can be set up seasonally to reduce expenditure by not having to
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spend too much on the upkeep of the place when the tourist season is over.
Tented camps are usually set up in very remote places such as near a game park or reserve (some
countries allow such camps even within the game reserve) and they have anywhere from 10 to 80
rooms. Their bathrooms are either attached or set up separately, depending on the level of luxury that
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is in standard to be provided. In addition in game parks, which are associated with willlife viewing
and safaris, tour operators have set up tented camps in conjunction with other activities such as
fishing tours, white-water rafting tours and canoeing.
vi) Heritage Hotels: Tourists visiting a historical city are very fond of historical palaces. Often they
dream of staying in the same way and style as that of Rajas. Keeping in view this tourist interest the
Government of India's Tourism Department started encouraging Heritage Hotels. By providing
financial incentives to the owners of forts, palaces and havelis the Tourism Department encourages
the owners to convert their properties into Heritage Hotels. Responding to this scheme Heritage
Hotels have come up in many areas.

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vii) Guest Houses: The guest house is to be found in cities, towns and even remote destinations.
Usually those who use these facilities are individuals who travel on their own, spend relatively longer
periods of time in a purti trition, wish to get to know the bost culture intimately and want their
expenditure to be modest. Therefore, they may have only one or two meals a day and spend the rest
of the time outside the guest house. More often than not, the guest house is run by a family and
although they may do so in a very efficient manner, the operations are not what might be called
"professionally"" managed and the tourist is often living, literally, asa "guest" of a family. The House
Boat accommodation is a unique example of this category.

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viii) Alternative Accommodation: While the above are some of the broad categories into which the
types of accommodation are divided, there are a whole range of other types of accommodation such
as the small boarding houses which are converted into so-called *"guest houses", the YMCA and

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YWCA facilities. lodges managed hy tourism departments and tourist camps." Some of these could
also be termed the unorganized sector of the hospitality industry and should be kept in mind when a
professional in the tourism industry is informing his or her potential customer of the options
available for accommodation purposes. One can also recommend for short or overnight stay the rest
rooms of the railways or dharamshalas.

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In concluding this Section it is important to keep in mind that generally speaking the tourist spends

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approximately 40 persent of his funds on room and board. Thus it is imperative that any advice,
suggestion or recommendation that is given in this regard must he carefully considered and
discussed in great detail. The burden of accomplishing this rests with the tourism professional and
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not necessarily with the customer, who is not always aware of the options available at a given
destination.

Q8. Write short notes on the following:

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a) Alternative Tourism
Ans. Alternative tourists like to do things differently. They want to be less with other tourists and
more with the living cultures. They aim to avoid using special 'tourist' accommodation, transport and
other services. They prefer to use or share the services of the local population. In this way they hope
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to experience some aspect of their lives. Many tourists choose alternatives because they are concerned
about the negative impact which Mass Tourism can have on a destination. Tour operators can
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specialise in such forms by focussing on people and their culture rather than providing created
comforts. Such trips can be of an extended duration and can cost less than the traditional two week
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vacatiqn, but they can also be high priced. Travel is with "local friends" and the purpose is to come to
ones own understanding of political, social and religious traditions. Destinations are out-of-the way
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villages and mbal hamlets, or palaces of ex-maharajas. Hotels and homes are characterised by friendly
atmosphere and cleanliness. Transport is crammed with locals going to market with their wares on
camels or donkeys, boats in backwaters or treks in the mountains. India is a popular alternative
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destination. It is a "subtle mix of ancient and modem, ritual and urban. filled with local colour and
vitality".
b) Seasonality in Tourism
Ans. The seasonal variations in climate make significant impact on travel and tourism. The visible
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impact is the emergence of tourist seasons because of climatic changes. People to cooler places like
beaches and mountain resorts during summer months and to warmer during winter. The
development of hill stations in India is primarily due to this phenomena When the mercury goes up
in the plains of India, the hill tops are usually cool and pleasure The British rulers in India, therefore,
developed a number of hill stations to have a comfortable life during hot weather seasons. These
include Srinagar, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Shimla, Kulli Manali. Mussoori, Nainital. Shillong, Darjeeling.
Mount Abu, Kodaikanal and Ooty. Several millions of international and domestic tourists visit these
hill resorts every year duçing hot weather season. In fact it is an escape from unpleasant weather at
home. Some of them have also become popular for winter sports activities during cold weather
seasons.

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India also has a coastline of about 5700 kms providing a comparatively cool climate during summer
and warmth during winter. Beach tourism thus becoming popular in India with the development of
some of the internationally known beaches like Goa, Kovalam, Mamallapuram, Puri, Konark,
Gopalpur-on-Sea, etc. The climatic differences between different regions have thus helped India to
develop beach and hill tourism.
The tourist movement in the whole of the world is, infact, influenced by climatic seasons. Tourist
looks for better weather conditions. Hence, from the Tourism point of view the bot season is the peak
season at hill stations. Millions of tourists flock to Mediterranean beaches in Europe and west coast

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beaches in United States during summer. During winter, the tourists travel to warmer regions
incinding India. Relatively few international tourists visit India during summer months as compared
to winter season.

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The peak tourist season is from October to March with the largest arrivals during the month of
December. The lean tourist season is from April to June with the lowest arrivals during the month of
May
The diversity of climates in India with its several striking contests is also a motivation for the
movement of domestic tourists from one part of the country to another. While Assam in the cast

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presents extreme dampers, Rajasthan in the west prosents extremo dryness. Similarly, Punjab in the

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north hus continental climate with alternating fierce sumner beat and winter cold while Kerala in the
south has a tropical maritime climate with almost invarying warmth and uniformly moist air. These
contrasts in climate between different regions drive millions of people screts the contry in different
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neason. There is normally a heavy rush of tourists from north to south during how the season and
from south to north daring north cast monsoon.
c) Carrying Capacity
Ans. Unplanned an unregulated management of tourism programmes leads to structural or visible
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modifications of the natural and social environment that are often destructive and difficult to remedy.
One main problem is that the benefits of tourism have been measured in economic terms but the
ecological factors cannot be calculated in monetary terms and are therefore gorod
All tourist destinations are ecosystems in their own right and have carrying capacities. They could be:
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• Of the public amenities and utilities (normally intended to serve the needs of a smaller local
community).
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• the ecology of the environment of the locus, of the capacity of the people to live a life of
comfort, satisfaction and dignity in their own cultural and social milicu.
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Carrying capacity is a notion which recognizes that both natural and human attractions have upper
limits in their capacities to absorb visitors a capacity above which a deterioration of the resource itself
ic

takes place.
Carrying capacity is a function of a number of tourism factors as well as of a variety of social,
economic and environmental features of the destination area. Among the latter are environmental
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features like:
• climate, topography, flora and fauna,
• the level of economic development of the area,
• the sophistication of its social and political organisation, and
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• the scale of tourist infrastructural development.

All these things together will govern the capacity of a destination to absorb the demands placed on it
by tourism.
This emphasises very careful examination of these factors prior to developing any new tourism
project or programmes. Once such an exercise is undertaken (known as Environmental Impact
Assessment or EIA), its results must be made public, and the residents of the project are must be
involved in arriving at a final decision
Although the tourism carrying capacity of a specific destination can help determine an optimum level
of development, this must be accompanied by appropriate legislation and policies. This must be

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regularly monitored and evaluated for etfectiveness. This is seldom done or generally ignored by
government and tourism policy planners.
d) Grand Tour
Ans. The term is popularly understood to describe a circuit of Western Europe undertaken by a
wealthy social elite for culture, education and pleasure. It is a frequent reference point in the history
of tourism in Europe. Most modern studies have a conventional image of the Tour, without
recognising that it was the first extensive movement of tourists for which we have primary sources
like letters, joumals and diaries of tourists. These sources indicate that any extensive movement of

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tourists is brought about by a particular social and cultural environment, and each country can
develop its own perspective on the nature of the Grand Tour
The impact of such a tour on art and intellectual life, social and economic history is well as literature

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indicate that the aristocracy was perhaps most visible. However, it is the middle class, both merchant
and scribe, who have recorded the passage of the tourist, while the artisan has passed on his craft and
skill in the search for a master There are several debatable assertions regarding the Grand Tour - that
it followed a prescribed route and was leisurely in pace. Now, we have evidence of no set pattern
being followed and also wavelling as fast as possible. It is also questionable that the Grand Tour was

.
ssential part of a diplomatic training or the rounding off of a spell at Oxford or Cambridge. Was it the

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result of a secularisation of religion? Was the decline of the toar due to the coming of the Railways or
changing cultural values with the increase in the size of the middle clas? The idea of the Grand Tour
as an extensive itinary for tourists to follow owes something to all these factors in the course of its
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development. WWe can inenion the characteristics of the Grand Tour as follows
• The Grand Tourile defined in terms of class, which would determine the place visited and the
mode of travel. For example, the nobility would follow the court masorts in the hills, near
lakes or along the coast. The aristocracy and the high officials would follow suit as well as
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visit renowned centre of learning

• The Grand Tour can be defined by the destinations on the itinerary, but soch a definition
would limit the classes involved in extensive travel.
• The Oxford English Dictionary defines the Grand Tour as a tour of the principal cities and
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places of interest in Europe, formerly said to be an essential part of the education of young
men of "good buth" and "fortune". This definition, besides heing Euro-centric has class
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limitations and has been broadened to suggest that the tour was of certain places and cities of
Western Europe undertaken primarily, but not exclusively for education and pleasure.
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• Reasons for undertaking the Grand Tour were also diverse: career, education: culture,
literary, health, scienti busine economic. AI one or more of these motivations could have been
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the primary one, depending on the social status, cultural environment and trends in transport
and accommodation
• The Grand Tour itinerary was closely linked to the availability of tourism resources, both
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relating to trends in fashion as well as facilitation. The timing was also related to seasonal
variations as well as events and activities of the concerned individuals Similar trends allected
the length of stay at different destinations
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Q9. Discuss in detail the social, political and environmental impact of tourism.
Ans. SOCIAL IMPACT Among the most debated issues pertaining to the tourism in the Third World
are those related to the effects that tomists and the industry have on societies and cultures of local
communibies.
A general argument is that tourism contributes to international understanding and harmony. On the
contrary it has severely effected indigenous customs and ways of life in certain cases. Tourists are
seldom well prepared for an international cultural encounter which is vastly different from their own.
Their knowledge, in most cases, is cursory, i.e. glamorised images gleaned from glossy travel
brochures, movies and similar material. Travelling with the aid of malaria and diarrhoea
prophylactics, in air-conditioned buses and staying in disinfected five star hotels, creates an artitkid

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bamer between the tourists and the host community. Cohen calls it "an environmental bubble". Such
circumstances do little to create mutual understanding among people so vastly different form each
other. Contacts with locals is often limited to those who serve the t,ourists - shopkeepers, hotel
workers, tour guides, travel agents, - as well a. beggars, pimps, conmen, touts, prostitutes, drug
peddlers and so on. The 'tourist encounter, results in promoting stereotypes - both of hosts and
tourists - and even an outright animosity and aggression.
From an initial 'euphoria' about tourism, Third World communities exhibit 'xenophobia* in the later
stages of the so-called "tourism life-cycle". The exhibition of xenophobia takes various forms, For

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example, the tourist is there to be 'ripped off exploited to the maximum; tourists are offered 'real
bargains' on their purchases, while what is sold is either highly overpriced or of poor quality i.e.
'cheating with a smile'. Tourists expect a glimpse of 'native culture' during their visit. Travellers have

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traditionally been welcomed, in most societies, to join and participate in rituals, ceremonies and
performances - such as harvest festivals, marriages and other rites de passage. With growing numbers
of tourists now demandmg such participation as a 'right', Third World countries offer 'cultural shows'
devoid of intrinsic meaning. This phenomenon is known as 'staged authenticity'. The steredtyped
image of the tourist wearing T-shirt and jeans slinging a walkman and a camera (preferably

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Handycam) - is all too often a true one. Whether or not all tourists tit the stereotype - that of being

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loaded with Dollars, Deutsche mark and Yen - the visible display of modem consumer goods is a
stark reminder of the affluence of the world's powerful minority.
The resulting impulses within the host community for emulation generates a certain tension and
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restlessness, and increases their propensity to consume. This is known as the demonstration effect of
tourism. Only a handful of people in the Third World have the reqources to participate in the global
marketplace. The majority have to he satisfied with "window-shopping". In chorate terms, they
constitute "an incipient market" of potential profitability.
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Environmental Impact: Different kinds of tourism activity effect the natural and built environment.
There is a complex iriteraction betxi Zen tourism and the environment. Many studies have shown that
tourism has an immense impact on the physical environment, and that little has been done to remedy
or control the assault on the ecology. This is especially distressing in view of the fact that a major part
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of tourism depends on nature: mountains, beaches, deserts, forests, wildlife, water-bodies and the
llke. Tourism de,stroys tourism, an oft-repeated truism, is one which has seldom entered the
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consciousness of planners and developers. Based on Amita Plaeumaron's table of Environmental

Impact of Tourism (1989) we provide you certain figures:
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Wildlife: Different sorts of tourism have varying impacts on the environment. A useful case study
can be the experience of promoting national parks and forest areas for tourists.
Tourism in National Parks, Reserves and Sanctuaries has considerable effects on the wildlife which
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ranges from disruption of animal feeding and breeding patterns to providing the impetus to maintain
such protected areas. However, as mentioned earlier, unplanned tourism puts enormous pressure on
the carrying capacity of the area which has severe effects on the wildlife. Tourism can also be an
advantage to conservation because when the common man understands and experiences wildlife he
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can play an active role in protecting nature.

The point here is that tourism also is an active promoter of protected areas. Protected from whom is a
question that needs to be asked. Due to the money generating capacity of tourism. it is actively
promoted in these areas. What is not clear is whether the income generated is re-invested in
afforestation, protection of the wildlite, park maintenance, and so on.
POLITICAL IMPACT
The links between tourism and politics in many Third World nations are almost inevitable. Given the
need to boosting images of their sagging regimes and fattened bureaucracies, politicians often see the
tourism industry as a direct way of gaining powerful friends, including Western governments, ad

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agencies and investors. A healthy balance of payments can be achieved by prominently displaying
gross earning from tourism, which in turn can be used to obtain aid and investments.
On the part of the critics, they have emphasised several aspects of tourism that have di political
implications, some of which are:
• the relationship of master-slave between tourists and locals, akin to that of cultural realities,
• the priority given to external assistance, investments and imports, over and above developing
local capabilities, enterprise and production,
• that a priority for tourism takes budgetary allocations away from social sectors such as

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education, health, sanitation and provision of other basic necessities.
• that tourism being of a volatile nature, over-dependence on It can be dangerous for a
Country's future development which ought to be more diversified, less mono-cultural, and

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• the lack of protection for workers in the tourism industry,
Several other arguments can be cited, not least of which is the issue of land use for recreational
perposes, in the context of adequate and ineffective land reform policies.
Pins and projects should not be evolved secretly or continue to be veiled long after approval have
been given and construction begun. Efforts by local groups to obtain Information should not be

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shnned. Tourism activists have complained of harassment. threats and even physical violence. It is a

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sad reality that peoples' participation in tourism decisions must often take the form of agitation
campaigns, legal and other forms of action in certain areas
Primarly, the issue is one of democratic participation in decision making about tourism. Tourism
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activists make the point that they have the right to have their opinion heard and taken into
consideration, since the development of tourist has a direct repercussion on their economy, ecology,
culture and everyday life.
Governments and industry must realise that the underlying conviction is the desire for greater
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political participation in economic and social processes of which tourism is only a part Ignoring thus
sentiment can only lead to greater dissatisfaction further agitations and canguigns, evei attacks on the
industry and tourists, as has happened in some parts of the Third World. Such a situation would
hardly he a conducive setting for attracting tourists.
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Q10. What do you understand by tourism planning? Discuss the need for tourism planning ?
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Ans. Tourism planning is the process of considering the needs of people planning a trip and using
those factors to determine the best resources, programs and activities for their trip. Tourism planning
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is intended for local residents and businesses of the location, as well as tourists who travel there.
Need For Tourism Planning
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The constituents of the Tourism Industry are also varied and there is intense competition among the
destinations to attract tourists. Though many countries may be late entrants in the business of
tourism, they have the advantage of evaluating and using to their own benefit the experience of
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others in this area. In order to direct the development of tourism in a country or at a destination there
has to be a policy with identified targets and a plan to achieve them. This is more so necessary in
order to maximise the benefits, remove or prevent the negative impact of uncontrolled mass tourism
and go in for sustainable development. Hence, tourism planning is needed for a variety of reasons
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like
• to coordinate the role of public and private sectors,
• to properly direct development
• to demarcate the areas for development,
• to determine the types of tourism to be promoted,
• to prevent negative impact,
• to regulate and legislate,
• to improve the quality of services,
• to train human resources, and
• to market a destination, etc,

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More and more governments are giving priority to tourism policy formation and setting of goals. To
achieve the goals their ought to be proper planning and monitoring of the plan Even the planning
process includes various steps like:
• Study Preparation i.e. identifying the project of study and its terms of reference.
• Determining the Goals 1.e. setting the objectives and goals of the project (they may be
modified later depending on the nature of feed back),
• Surveys is having an inventory of the development area in terms of the prevailing situation,
etc.

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• Analysis is analyzing and synthesising the survey outcomes, as to what kind of approach is
required, etc
• Plan Formulation formulating a policy for development along with operation aspects, in

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other words a blueprint logging in view the resources available.
• Recommendations, how to go about.
• Implementation, putting the plan and recommendations into operation
• Monitoring continuous feedback on the implementation
• Evaluation whether things are going in the desired direction.

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In the subsequent Sections we shall be discussing the tourism policy and plans of the Indian
Government. However, as tourism professionals you must remember that policy and planning is
essential for every entersise and service in tourism. Hotels, airlines, travel agencies, tour operators,
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shopping outlets, local bodies etc., all formulate their own policies and plans of action.
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