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    6 - Twinning

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    IRENE SEBASTIAN
    There are three main types of twinning: 1. Separate twins which develop independently from two separate eggs or the separation of a single zygote. 2. Conjoined twins which are monozygotic and remain physically connected due to an incomplete separation of the embryo. 3. Asymmetrical twins where one twin is normally developed while the other is an abnormal or parasitic twin that remains physically attached and relies on the other for survival.

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    6 - Twinning

    Uploaded by

    IRENE SEBASTIAN
    36 views12 pages
    There are three main types of twinning: 1. Separate twins which develop independently from two separate eggs or the separation of a single zygote. 2. Conjoined twins which are monozygotic and remain physically connected due to an incomplete separation of the embryo. 3. Asymmetrical twins where one twin is normally developed while the other is an abnormal or parasitic twin that remains physically attached and relies on the other for survival.

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    6- Twinning (1)

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    There are three main types of twinning: 1. Separate twins which develop independently from two separate eggs or the separation of a single zygote. 2. Conjoined twins which are monozygotic and remain physically connected due to an incomplete separation of the embryo. 3. Asymmetrical twins where one twin is normally developed while the other is an abnormal or parasitic twin that remains physically attached and relies on the other for survival.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views12 pages

    6 - Twinning

    Uploaded by

    IRENE SEBASTIAN
    There are three main types of twinning: 1. Separate twins which develop independently from two separate eggs or the separation of a single zygote. 2. Conjoined twins which are monozygotic and remain physically connected due to an incomplete separation of the embryo. 3. Asymmetrical twins where one twin is normally developed while the other is an abnormal or parasitic twin that remains physically attached and relies on the other for survival.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    TWINNING OR EMBRYONIC DUPLICATION

     Causes of multiple births

    • Fertilization of separately ovulated egg


    • Complete or partial separation of
    blastomeres during cleavage or
    blastocyst stage
    • Duplication during gastrulation
    CLASSIFICATION

    1. Free or unattached or
    separate to each other
    2. Cojoined to each other
    3. Symmetrical or
    asymmetrical
    UNIFIED CLASSIFICATION

    Free, symmetrical twins


    which are dizygotic twins
    (most common) developing
    independently with their own
    EEM.
    • Dizygotic (fraternal)
    twins
    • Arise from two
    oocytes, derived
    from two separate
    ovarian follicles,
    each fertilized by
    separate
    spermatozoa during
    a single breeding
    cycle
     Free,symmetrical twins which are monozygotic derived
    from a single zygote which separates or duplicate at
    different stages of development
     During late cleavage to blastocyst , bisection may
    lead to the development of two identical embryos
    with their own EEM
     When z. pellucida ruptures causing escape of some
    blastomeres may develop into two embryos
    provided that part of the embryonic disc is bisected
    also
     Aninstance when the blastodisc splits
    immediately prior to gastrulation, the embryos
    formed and usually shares EEM
    • Monozygotic
    (identical) twins
    • Arise from a single
    oocyte fertilized by
    a single
    spermatozoon
     Free,asymmetrical twins – may originate from a
    monozygotic or dizygotic embyros, one member
    is normal and the other is rudimentary surviving by
    sharing the blood supply of the normal one
     Abnormal twin has its own amnion but has no
    recognizable body form consisting of skin,
    muscle teeth,etc; sometimes ,the craniofascial
    structures can be identified also
     Abnormal twin is termed amorphous globosus,
    anidian,acardiac or holocardiac fetus
     Acardiac twin is common in cow
     Abnormal twin is different from mummified or
    lithopedion ( still birth)
     Cojoined or fused symmetrical twins – are
    monozygotic in origin and generally
    termed diplopagus but popularly known
    as siamese twin
    ▪ Incomplete division of the embryo
    occur
    ▪ sometime during the primitive streak
    stage and are identified according to
    the site of attachment such as:
    • Thoracopagus- fused at the thorax
    facing each other
    • Abdomonopagus- joined at the
    abdomen with often partially fused
    intestines
    ▪ Pygopagus- fused back to back at the
    pelvic or sacral region
    ▪ Cephalopagus – joined at the head
    region. Duplication at this region uses
    prefixes (di, tri, tetra) to describe the
    anomalies such as:
    • Dicephalus – two heads
    • Diprosopus –two faces
    • Dicaudatus – two tails
    • Tetrabrachius- 2 pairs of thoracic limbs
    • Tetrascelus – 2 pairs of pelvic limbs
    • Cojoined, asymmetrical twins – are
    unequal in size, consisting of one normal
    individual, the autosite and an extra
    body part only, the parasite such as
    extra limbs attach at the back or at the
    schial region projecting caudally

    Asymmetrical twinning usually


    happens when the specific organ
    forming regions are already
    established ( limb, heart,eye etc.
    fields)

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