Reading Zno Tests
Reading Zno Tests
Reading Zno Tests
L. V. Hnapovska, T. V. Turchyna
Guidance manual
Sumy
Sumy State University
2020
1
UDC 811.111:37.091.26(076)
H 56
Reviewers:
Hnapovska L. V.
H 56 Cramming for ZNO in English. Enhance Your Reading Skills :
guidance manual / L. V. Hnapovska, T. V. Turchyna. – Sumy : Sumy
State University, 2020. – 125 p.
Cramming for ZNO in English is the first part of a series of books for undergraduate
students who plan to apply for university Master course and pass independent external test of
English (ZNO). The guidance manual covers a wide range of materials which help language
learners enhance their skills of reading. Its units update students on the test features, equip them
with effective strategies of approaching various task formats, and provide hands-on experience
of practicing the tasks. The book can appear handy for both teachers and students, and can be
used in a teacher-guided classroom setting as well as in students’ independent self-study work.
UDC 811.111:37.091.26(076)
2
CONTENTS
Р.
PREFACE …………………………………………………… 5
ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………………..... 7
3
4.1. Matching sentences to gaps in a text ……………………… 83
ZNO Task 4: Sample task 4 (1) ………………………………… 85
ZNO Task 4: Sample task 4 (2) …………………………………. 90
4.2. Matching clauses to gaps in a text ………………………… 93
ZNO Task 4: Sample task 4 (3) …………………………………. 95
ZNO Task 4: Guided practice …………………………………… 99
ZNO Task 4: Practice file ………………………………….......... 102
4
PREFACE
To the Student!
We are all well aware that modern globalized world
encourages academic mobility and mobility of labour across the
European Union borders and far beyond them. So that to be able
to take up study places or work opportunities, it is essential now
to be able to use a foreign language, especially English as a
lingua franca of international communication, as well as to be
able to prove that you can use the language at the level required
by employers, universities and other agencies.
Modern language examinations focus on assessing a
learner’s ability to communicate in a foreign language, and do
not concentrate on testing how well you can recite the rules of
the language, how many words you have learned, or whether
you sound like a perfect native speaker. Today the key to
language assessment is to challenge the test-takers with the tasks
that in some way resemble the things they may have to do with
the language in real life: what matters to users of examination
results (employers, universities, foreign institutions) is how well
the candidates can get their message across or understand
others’ meanings in relevant real life situations.
Thus modern language tests are not interested in whether
you can transform isolated sentences into paraphrased versions,
or whether you can give a definition of a word out – or even
within – context. Modern examinations are rarely interested in
whether you can translate sentences in your first language into
the target language, whether you can translate sentences from
the target language into the mother tongue or, indeed, whether
you can give the mother tongue equivalent of an underlined
word in an English passage. What matters in modern language
exams is whether you can achieve your aims in the foreign
language, understand and be understood, get your message
across even if you may do this without 100 % accuracy [3, 7].
As the time approaches for you to apply for your university
Master’s programme, you must be feeling some anxiety because
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taking an external independent test of English (ZNO) has
recently become an essesntial part of application process. This
test is based upon international standards of quality language
assessment, and relates to the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages (CEFR) devised by the Council of
Europe. If you are planning to take this examination, then this
Study Guide is for you. It has been specially designed to ease
your anxiety and help you:
understand and feel comfortable with the ZNO format;
use effective strategies while approaching various test
tasks;
enhance your ability to comprehend authentic texts in
English.
This Study guide has been organised in 4 Units which
will:
update you on the key features of ZNO in English;
explain how the ZNO assessment happens;
specify which of your language abilities are to be tested;
provide opportunity for you to gain hands-on experience in
doing the ZNO reading tasks.
For each Sample task given in the book there is a
detailed task analysis and description which will insrtuct you in
what you are to do and how to complete the task, while
guidance questions in each item of the task will help you reach
the right conclusion.
Useful tips and Checklists will remind you of the
various steps you should take while approaching each task.
We sincerely hope that Cramming for ZNO in English will
be a new experience in your learning English –
an interesting and easy way to achieve your goal.
So GOOD LUCK!
6
ABBREVIATIONS
e. g. ‘for example’
(used to provide an example)
i. e. ‘that is’
(used to explain a certain point or idea)
etc. and so on
(used to indicate that you can continue the list of
points or ideas you have already mentioned)
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UNIT 1
BACKGROUND TO ZNO IN ENGLISH:
what should you know about the test?
A learner can:
understand the main ideas of complex texts on
both concrete and abstract topics, including
technical discussions in his/her field of
specialisation
interact with a degree of fluency and
spontaneity that makes regular interaction with
native speakers quite possible without strain for
either party
produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of
subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical
issue giving the advantages and disadvantages
of various options
CEFR
What the learner can do
Level
B2 I can read correspondence relating to my fields of
interest and easily understand the essential meaning.
I can understand specialised articles outside my field,
provided I can use a dictionary to confirm
terminology.
I can read many kinds of texts quite easily at different
speeds and in different ways according to my purpose
in reading and the type of text.
I have a broad reading vocabulary, but I sometimes
experience difficulty with less common words and
phrases.
I can go quickly through long and complex texts,
locating relevant details.
I can obtain information, ideas and opinions from
highly specialised sources within my field.
I can quickly identify the content and relevance of
new items, articles and reports on a wide range of
professional topics, deciding whether closer study is
worthwhile.
I can understand articles and reports concerned with
contemporary problems in which the writers adopt
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particular stances or viewpoints.
CEFR
What the learner can do
Level
B1 I can understand straightforward texts on subjects
related to my fielf of interest.
I can find and understand general information I need
in everyday material, such as letters, brochures and
short official documents.
I can search one long or several short texts to locate
specific information I need to help me complete a
task.
I can recognise significant points in straightforward
newspaper articles on familiar subjects.
I can identify the main conclusions in clearly written
argumentative texts.
I can recognise the general line of argument in a text
but not necessarily in detail.
I can understand the description of events, feelings
and wishes in personal letters well enough to
correspond with a friend or acquiantance.
I can understand clearly written straightforward
instructions for a piece of equipment.
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whether you can deal with the sort of text you might have to
read in the real world;
if you can understand the text in the way you might have to
in the real world.
For example, you read TV/cinema schedules in order to
discover when a particular programme/movie is being shown, or
to decide which programme/movie to watch. You might read an
advertisement to find the job position you are interested in. You
might read and compare website comments on the product or
service you are planning to buy in order to see what other people
think of this product or service.
Because readers are active and selective, they do not
usually read every word in a text, nor do they normally try to
understand every word: they simply grasp enough to suit their
purposes. Similarly, when taking a reading test, you are not
expected to understand every word or, indeed, carefully analyse
all the details of every sentence. You are expected only to read
enough to meet your purpose – which, of course, is to answer
the test question(s).
You should carefully read the instructions to the task, and
look at the questions before starting to read the text. Besides,
before you read a text it is often sensible to get a very quick idea
of its topic – by reading the title or skimming very rapidly
through the text. Usually you should spend less than two
minutes on this, so that to think about what you know on the
topic and what the text might be about. You will then read the
text more carefully and tackle each question or task one by one.
Because you are likely to know at least something about the
topic of the text you are reading, you need to actively ask
yourself whether the text makes sense in terms of what you
know, or whether your answer makes sense in terms of what you
know about the topic, or about the world. Thus, when taking a
test of reading, you are expected to be active and selective in the
way you read. Being selective means not only making decisions
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about what to read or how much to read. It also means deciding
how fast or slowly and how carefully to read: whether to look for
details or read quickly and get a gist, i. e. general idea, of the
text.
1.2.2. What reading skills are you expected to demonstrate?
When preparing for an exam it is important that you should
understand what is being tested – if you are not clear about this,
you are less likely to do well on the exam. We will discuss this
issue further in this part of the book.
We have already said that people usually read texts
selectively and flexibly, i.e. they do they NOT read texts to
understand every word, and they may even skip or ignore words
they do not understand or which they think they do not need.
This is a good technique to practise when preparing for an exam
because you usually do not have enough time to think of every
word in every text in an exam. You should also develop the
habit of deciding whether you need to know the meaning of
certain words – if you do not, and then ignore them! If you do,
and you do not know the word, then you need to use strategies
to guess the meaning of the words you do not know, from the
context they are used in.
For example, read the following sentence:
You know the word ‘roses’. You can easily guess what
‘chrysanthemums’ are by association with the word from your
mother tongue. But you probably do not know the word
‘pantbeas’, and you may not know what ‘pansies’ are. You
know the word ‘flowers’ and so you can guess that
chrysanthemums and pansies are sorts of flowers – it probably
does not matter what sort they are. In fact, the word ‘pantbeas’
13
does not exist – we made it up. But in this context, it takes on
the meaning of a sort of flower!
When reading, people often understand things that are not
directly stated in the text. We say they ‘read between the lines’ –
they infer what the author is trying to say, even if it is not
explicitly stated. To give an example, read the following two
sentences:
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The next units of the book are organised according to the
test methods used in the ZNO Reading paper. Each unit contains
description of how a certain testing technique works, gives
advice on how to respond to that task type and provides an
opportunity for you to try your hand at doing tasks of different
types.
UNIT 2
GUIDELINES TO TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES:
how should you approach Multiple Matching tasks?
OUT TO LUNCH
(1) __________
It is the prettiest room in London, and the most D
extravagant,” hotelier Giles Shepard looks around Are the people
him with satisfaction. We are lunching at his lunching at
place, The Ritz. To our left is Sir David English Ritz famous
and
from Associated Newspapers. To our right is Max respectable?
Hastings, editor of The Evening Standard. We are yes
not only in one of the prettiest dining rooms in
London, but also in one with power and influence.
(2) __________
In a city full of bright new restaurants, where a C
new place to eat appears on a daily basis, the buzz What is the
of The Ritz dining room is interesting to behold. It main advantage
of The Ritz
is full of people. Business associates rub
mentioned in
shoulders with ladies who lunch, socialities sit this
side by side with socialists. At least they would, if paragraph?
the tables were closer together. But this is one of space between
the The Ritz’s tricks. “We understand the need for tables, privacy
privacy,” says Shepard. “There are not many
things you can describe as luxurious these days,
but privacy is one and space is another.”
(3) __________
From the comfortable seclusion of our table, we A
watch an American party of eight eating Why is
asparagus with their knives and forks. asparagus
mentioned in
18
“Extraordinary,” says Giles Shepard, “but they this
think it’s dreadful manners when we pick it up paragraph?
with our fingers. Another example of our different as an example of
cultural
cultures, I fear!”
differences in
table manners
(4) __________ I
We discuss how important it is to choose food Why could
that does not embarrass you; food that won’t eating some
suddenly create some sort of terrible culture food embarrass
you?
shock.
you might not
know how to eat
it
(5) __________
“Like artichokes,” said Shepard. “Not easy to eat. B
I was once seated beside a young lady at lunch, How would you
when an artichoke starter arrived. I thought I was describe this
being helpful when I mentioned in an abstract sort event with the
lady?
of way how to eat them. She insisted she knew as embarrassing
what she was doing and downed each one whole.
Sadly, she had to leave the table, presumably to
extract each prickle from her throat.”
(6) __________
We agreed that artichokes are bad news in the H
how-to-do-it stakes. Others include asparagus, not Why are
even the Queen risks butter trickling down her different foods
chin or anything that contains a bone or shells. mentioned in
this
Lobster, of course, is impossible. The safest bet is paragraph?
a plate of smoked salmon followed by fillet steak. as examples of
“what to choose
and what to
avoid”
(7) __________ F
I wonder if there is a general return of lunching in Find a heading
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hotels, or is The Ritz alone in fashion? Shepard that
graciously mentions that there are other corresponds to
outstanding places throughout the capital, such as the second part
The Savoy. The Dorchester too, has a lot going for of the question
asked in this
it. The Oriental is much better and the food is paragraph.
wonderful.
(8) __________
Nobody around us seems to be suffering from E
time constraints, and I notice that although we Are people at
have sipped a little champagne while choosing “The Ritz”
pressed for
our meals, eaten two courses, drunk double
time?
coffees and chatted non-stop, we have taken up a no
very reasonable hour-and-a-half. “It’s part of the
lunching secret,” agrees Mr Shepard. “Lunch is
the best meal of the day because few of us can
allow it to drag on. The fact that it takes place in
daylight gives us a carefree moment in our day as
well as being fun.”
A A shameful comparison
B Complexity anf inefficiency
C The case at the moment
D Rights for both
E No protection
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F An unsuccessful attempt
G A paradise for working mothers
H A future promise
I It’s for women only
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THE HIGH PRICE OF EUROBABIES
(0) __________
Nothing in the law of a country is simple. But it is B
a disfrace that British law, on something as
important as maternity leave for working women,
should be as complicated as it unfortunately is.
And if that was not bad enough, women in the UK
have the worst maternity pay rights in Europe.
(1) __________
Before 1975, motherhood in the UK had a high Before 1975 if a
cost. Until that year, there were no legal rights for woman had a
pregnant working women. A mother had baby and lost
her job was she
absolutely no legal rights if having her baby protected by
meant she lost her job. the law?
(2) __________
Today’s law gives a minimum measure of What does this
protection to most working women, but it has paragraph
been a slow progress with several later Acts describe – the
siuation
complicating the first two. Nowadays, women’s nowadays or
employment contracts in Britain, especially at some past
senior and middle-management level, often experience?
include geberous maternity rights. But the reality
for most women is still the bare legal minimum,
and in the UK that minimum is really bare.
(4) __________
Mothers get a raw deal in the UK, but fathers What does this
hardly get a deal at all. Some of the big paragraph
refer to?
corporations are starting to take fathers seriously
Does it describe
but they are few and far between. Some the situation
businesses may allow a man a few days off when with mothers
his wife or partner has a baby, but for many only?
fathers there is no legal entitlement in their terms
of employment. Research has shown that only 31
per cent of workplaces employing men allow their
employees paid paternity leave. The general
attitude is that childbirth is something to be left to
a woman to get through on her own, even when
she is not a single parent.
(5) __________
Since 1982 the EOC has been calling, without What happened
success, for a modest five day paternity leave for in 1993?
new fathers. In 1993 when the Labour MP Did it succeed?
Greville Janner introduced a Private Member’s
Bill to give spouses or partners of pregnant
women the right to a maximum three months’
unpaid leave, John Major’s government blocked
it.
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(6) __________
However, the tide now seems to be turning. What did Tony
Several years ago, it was leaked to the press that Blair’s
Tony Blair’s government was proposing to give government
promise to do?
working fathers one week’s paid paternity leave,
though at the low level of £57.20. The Minister
was quoted as saying “We want to send a message
to women that men should be by their side when
they give birth”. Nothing camje of thay suggested
move and the Government has since issued White
Paper ‘Fairness at Work’ in which it promises to
implement an EU directive on the whole subject
of Parental Leave.
(7) __________
So, again, Britain is behind its European partners. What happens
Most of Europe already has that message. In fact, in other
many countries have gone beyond the concept of countries? Do
both parents
mere paternity leave for the father and have have equal
developed the idea of parental leave for rights there?
whichever parent wants it. For instance, in
Belgium there is three to 12 months’ paid leave
for up to a total of three years during any one
person’s working life, although this does not
apply to senior managers. In France and
Germany, parental leave is available until a child
is three and may be taken by either parent or
shared, but, in France, it is only paid leave for the
first child. On the other hand, the Netherlands,
Greece, Portugal and Spain all offer generous
shared leave but only on an unpaid basis.
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ZNO TASK 1: Practice file
Checklist I need to:
read the text
read the headings
identify main ideas
Suggested time underine key words
for doing a task: delete heading used
15 min answer all questions
identify extra heading
divide time sensibly
B A mistaken decision
F Deciding to change
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SHOPPING TO HELP OTHERS
(1) _____________
Charity shops were first set up as a new way of raising money
for the big charities in England. These shops were seen as the
ideal solution for big organizations trying to raise money from
the general public. The shops gave them direct access to the
high streets of the country. People out doing their shopping
could stop off a charity shop to make a donation or buy some
second-hand bargains while helping a good cause. Also, it made
people feel better.
(2) _____________
The Imperial Cancer Research Shop in Westgate Street is one of
the shops trying to do something different. Nowadays, there is
often a large selection of new goods displayed in the front
windows. This new direction is a deliberate policy decision
made by the charity to try to increase profits.
(3) _____________
A person speaking for the charity said that they had found it
harder to make money during the recession. They believe that by
selling new goods instead of second-hand ones, they will begin
to appeal to a new type of customer. By displaying new goods in
front windows, people will see them, come in and buy them or
something else. Some people even go into these shops and offer
to do volunteer work there.
(4) _____________
She said that during the recession, the charity did not receive as
many donations. People were wearing their clothes for longer,
and when clothes did come into the shop, they were often in
very bad condition. She also said that they wanted people to
come into the shop for whatever reason, whether to buy new
26
goods or old. New goods are seen as an ideal way of getting
people into the shop, and this would thereby raise more money
for the charity.
(5) _____________
One charity shop where you won’t find new goods is the PDSA.
The charity introduced new items into its shops two years ago.
The staff discovered though, that people didn’t want to buy new
goods. They preferred to buy items that had been donated. The
experiment lasted only one year. After that they removed most
of the new items from the shops and had only second hand ones
for sale. The only new things they sell now are mugs, diaries
and postcards.
(6) _____________
At the Barnardos shop in Shaftesbury Road, the staff is busy
getting prepared for their latest promotion: this will be a grand
sale of second-hand jeans. The sale starts on Saturday. Last year,
this particular shop made £26 000, but only £2 500 of that figure
came from the sale of new goods. This may be proof that the
public really prefer buying second hand goods.
(7) _____________
The manager of the shop said that of all the charity shops it
stocks the lowest percentage of new items. He added that the
staff was very proud of the prices the shop could offer. Prices
ranged from 5p to £30. But the manager said that when it came
to price the shops faced a dilemma. They would like to help the
poor by keeping prices very low, but were also faced with the
problem of trying to raise much – needed money for charity.
27
PRACTICE TASK 1.2
Read the text below. Match choices (A-I) to (1-6) of the article.
There are three choices you do not need to use.
(1) _____________
These days, we have learned to control fire so well that it has
almost vanished from everyday life. It is only on the rare
occasion that it slips out of our control that we realize what a
destructive element it can be.
(2) ______________
Fires were very common in the past. In 1666 the Great Fire of
London destroyed three quarters of the city. The fire began in a
baker’s shop in Pudding Lane and burned for three days. It
destroyed 400 streets and 13 200 houses. St.Paul’s church was
burnt to the ground, along with 86 churches and many other
official buildings like Royal Exchange and Custom House.
28
(3) _____________
In 1923, a firestorm devastated all of Tokyo. A firestorm is a
large uncontrollable fire which is kept burning by strong winds.
This was the greatest peacetime fire of modern times. It was
started by an earthquake and this set off local fires from power
cables and cooking pots, which rapidly burnt the houses made of
wood and paper.
(4) _____________
The first official fire brigade was set up in London in 1864 by
Nickolas Barbon. The first engines were operated by hand by up
to 30 men. In 1829 the steam fire engine was invented. Modern
fire brigades have many specialist vehicles for fight fires in all
sorts of circumstances.
(5) _____________
The basic vehicles is the fire engine, which has a tank that can
carry several thousands liters of water and 300 meters of hose-
pipe. These can deliver up to 7 500 liters of water per minute
and the pressure is so strong that many fires are “knocked out”.
Fireboats, however, can pump up to 1 000 000 liters per minute.
(6) _____________
In order to put out fires which have broken out in high places in
multi-storey buildings, most modern fire brigades have trucks
with long ladders and platforms that rotate at the top of the
ladders.
29
PRACTICE TASK 1.3
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1-7) of the article.
There is one choice you do not need to use.
F The ease with which the disk can be used means it is very
popular.
(1) ______________
Doctors in Europe will soon be able to train and practice their
skills on a computerized patient that can move and be very
30
flexible on screen. The body which was used to create these
images was that of a man who died recently in America and
donated his body to medical science.
(2) ______________
As soon as he died, his body was frozen. By a special process,
his body was photographed, layer by layer, in colour. As each
layer is only one millimeter thick, the body is shown in great
detail. Altogether, 2 100 photographs were taken, and the
addition of scanned images finally produced a total of 10 000
colour pictures.
(3) ______________
American scientists first produced the photographic images of
the body and then made them available over the International
Computer Network in July. But there was so much information,
32 billion bits of it in fact; that it would have taken more than a
week to send all of it would have taken more than a week to
send all of it through the standard network.
(4) ______________
Now the information, which was originally on 22 CD’s, has
been compressed onto a single CD-Rom disk that can be used on
standard desktop or portable computers. Because it is so widely
available and so easy to operate many doctors in Europe are now
making use of it.
(5) ______________
A doctor in France, who specializes in face and neck operations
at the Medical Surgical Centre says that he has been using these
computerized images to demonstrate to patients who has to be
done during their operations. He also uses the computer images
to teach other doctors. He thinks that the pictures are very useful
because they give a full picture of the body, but believes that
captions describing parts of the body would be helpful.
31
(6) ______________
The real step forward however, would be if they could move the
body around on a computer screen. The experts are working on
this though. They believe that being able to see such things as a
heartbeat and the movement of other body organs will enable
doctors to practice new methods of operating, before working on
real-life patients. Once such changes have been made, the
system could become the most popular way of planning an
operation and also of teaching future surgeons.
(7) ______________
Now that a man’s image has been created for the computer, a
woman is the next step. The body of a 59-year-old woman who
died of a heart attack is being used to achieve this. She will be
ready for the computer screen in December. The final goal,
however, is to create such a life-like model on computer that
doctors will be able to perform operations on it. This will greatly
reduce the risk of making a mistake on a real patient.
32
PRACTICE TASK 1.4.
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1-5) of the article.
There are three choices you do not need to use.
(1) ____________
Life is easier if you are right-handed. You can open a can of
tomatoes, use a pair of scissors or write a cheque without
problem. In earlier times left-handed people were sometimes
33
thought to be bad or even dangerous and were sometimes even
killed.
(2) ____________
Even quite recently, children who wanted to use their left hands
were taught to use their right instead. The teacher of King
George VI of England (1895−1952) tied his left hand behind his
back to make him use his right, and it was probably because of
this that he had… speech problems later in his life. However
modern ideas about how children use their hands are very
different. Some doctors now think that the choice is made when
babies are still very young. Look at his advice from a modern
book for parents:
(3) ____________
“There is no natural law which states that one is superior to the
other, so it should never bother you if your child is left-handed”.
But why is anyone left-handed?
(4) ____________
Psychologist Dr. Marian Annett thinks that a long time ago
people used both hands equally; what changed things were that
human beings learned to speak. The left hemisphere controls the
right-hand side of the body and the right controls the left.
Speech became connected to the left hemisphere of the brain;
and as speech became more and more important, so the left-
handers are often slower to speak and read than right-handers.
But left-handed people have advantages too.
(5) ___________
According to the recent scientific theories, left-handed people
have a better chance of becoming great sportsmen. Left-
handedness emerges most strikingly in the arts; back in the
Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Hans
34
Holbein were all notable left-handers. There are even famous
left-handed people in the world of music like Beethoven and
Paganini. You may also add such talented individuals as Paul
Klee, Charlie Chaplin, Lenny Bruce, Greta Garbo, Marilyn
Monroe, and the problem of left-handedness will never bother
you again.
D A safer alternative
G An early success
NUCLEAR POWER
(1) _______________
Nuclear power is currently produced by fission or splitting of
atoms. This method produces dangerous by-products which are
difficult to dispose of, and there is the possibility of radioactive
35
fallout as in the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. Fusion, on the
other hand, is a relatively safe process which does not rely on
dangerous fuels.
(2) _____________
Most people have heard of Einstein's formula, E=mc², but what
does it mean? In fact, it is a description of how mass is
converted into energy, and it is this energy which powers the
stars, including our own sun. If we can reproduce this process
on Earth, we will have an infinite source of energy which does
not rely on fossil fuels such as coal, gas or oil. One source of
fuel for nuclear fusion is deuterium, which is a type of hydrogen
found in ordinary water.
(3) ______________
Conventional ways of generating power are wasteful. Typically,
60−90 % of the energy generated is lost, meaning that we can
only use 10–40 %. There is also the problem of waste materials
and pollution. Nuclear fusion is more than ten million times
more efficient than burning coal as a source of energy.
(4) ______________
The main difficulty in recreating the process of fusion on Earth
is the enormously high temperature which must be
generated. Fusion occurs naturally in the Sun, which is at a
temperature of ten million kelvin. This temperature must then
be maintained long enough for the reaction to take place.
(5) ______________
The first machine to reach the required temperature was the
Tokamak, which was developed by Russian scientists in
1968. The Tokamak is a doughnut-shaped chamber surrounded
by magnets, which create a strong electrical current. The
Tokamak could only maintain this temperature for a few
36
milliseconds, but this was the first time it had been
achieved. Scientists are now working with lasers to increase the
temperature.
(6) ______________
It seems that it may be only a matter of time before we are able
to produce enough power for all our needs, from a plentiful
source, without causing damage to the planet. If so, imagine the
benefits it would bring.
2.2. Matching questions to several short texts
38
ZNO TASK 3: Sample task
You are going to read a travel guide to six romantic destinations.
Match places (1–6) to the most suitable answer to questions (A–H).
There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.
(2) Merida
The university town of Merida in the Venezuelan B
Andes is famous for two things: its ice cream What is one of
shop boasts in the world (avoid the garlic and the two things
Merida is
spinach flavours – that’s not romantic), but more
famous for?
importantly, it is the source of the longest and underlined in
highest cable car on the planet. Watch the city fall the text
away behind you as the cable car climbs to an
astonishing 16 000 ft summit, then step out and
feel your head spin at the wonder of the landscape
(not to mention the lack of oxygen).
39
(3) Miami D
Learn to skate together in Miami – not like In which place
Torville and Dean, it doesn’t get quite that cold can you see a
on South Beach. In-line skating is all the rage in disrict of
decorated
the art deco district, gliding hand-in-hand through
buildings?
candy-coloured buildings on one side, the ocean underlined in
on the other. You can hire the skates and all the the text
equipment at several shops nearby.
(6) Fiji
The staff of Yasawa Island resort in Fiji are not H
keen on crowding guests. Say the word and they Which place
will abandon you on one-and-a-half mile long caters to people
Champagne Beach for the day with little more who want to be
alone?
than an enormous shade, a vast picnic, plenty of underlined in
cold drinks, books, games, your swimsuit and the text
snorkel gear to explore the spectacularly colourful
40
marine world.
Which romantic destination would you recommend for
someone who …
41
ZNO TASK 3: Guided practice
You are going to read six extracts from a brochure describing
London’s well-known museums. Match museums (1–6) to the most
suitable answer to questions (A–H). There are two extra choices
which you do not need to use.
44
ZNO TASK 3: Practice file
Checklist I need to:
skim-read the texts;
skim-read the questions;
scan the texts to find what each
Suggested time question refers to;
for doing a task: underline the part of the text that is
15 min referred to or paraphrased in each
question;
delete options used;
answer all questions;
identify extra headings;
divide time sensibly
JOB ADVERTISEMENTS
(1) Consumer Law Group
LLC is among Illinois' fastest growing law firms. We are
currently seeking a bilingual IL licensed attorney experienced in
litigation with an emphasis in Criminal Defense and for its high
volume legal practice. Bilingual fluency (Spanish/English) is
highly preferred for this position.
46
In which advertisement are the following points mentioned?
47
PRACTICE TASK 3.2
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1–6) of the article.
There are two choices you do not need to use.
50
PRACTICE TASK 3.3
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1–6) of the article.
There are two choices you do not need to use.
(2)
At Columbia Law School students focus on a diverse range of
areas like constitutional law, international human rights, law and
economics, and legal theory. The LLM programs can be
undertaken with a strong emphasis on a thesis or coursework-
only. The longer thesis is aimed at law students who have
demonstrated a strong potential for advanced research, many of
whom desire a career in legal academia.
(3)
Essex Law School offers LLM programs that allow students to
earn their degrees remotely. The Faculty covers concentrations
in the area of Business Law, Criminal Law, Legal Theory and
Health Law, Ethics and Policy within the LLM degree program.
Entry into these concentrations is on a competitive basis. These
programs are perfect for students who can't afford to take a year
off.
51
(4)
George Washington University does not encourage candidates
to contact potential faculty supervisors before applying. The
coursework-only format is designed for international law
students who wish to specialize in a specific area of law,
particularly in one of the Faculty of Law's several strengths, to
develop an understanding of the US and North American legal
processes and laws, or to explore the common law at an
advanced level.
(5)
Victoria University’s Faculty of Law offers a general LLM
with coursework, covering subjects including intellectual
property law, business, human rights and the environment, and
law reform and policy, a key subject area in the nations’ capital.
The school attracts a lot of LLM applicants from outside the
country. One of the things that attracts people is our internship
option, which is not so common in LLM programs for students
who can't afford to take a year off.
(6)
The philosophy of the LLM program is to offer our students a
broad platform to design their own course of study within
parameters set by Harvard Law School faculty. Within this
framework, LLM students have enormous latitude in planning
their year. Interested faculty and special student advisers work
hard throughout the year to help students to identify and refine
their study objectives.
52
According to the advertisements at which university or law
school _______?
53
PRACTICE TASK 3.4
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1–6) of the article.
There are two choices you do not need to use.
54
(3) Lantau Island
The main reason people go to this island is to visit the largest
Buddhist monastery in Hong Kong located high in the Lantau
hills. Walk up 260 steps to the 100 ft tall seated statue of
Buddha and take in the breathtaking view of the surrounding
hillsides. You can even stay at the monastery and taste some of
the delicious, yet simple vegetarian fare.
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PRACTICE TASK 3.5
Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1–6) of the article.
There are two choices you do not need to use.
OUTDOOR ADVENTURE
(1)
Experience the natural beauty of majestic Mt Rainier on this
guided, small-group tour from Seattle. Enjoy a scenic, narrated
journey past lakes, waterfalls and historic towns to Mt Rainier,
the highest mountain in the state of Washington and one of the
tallest in the lower 48 states. Take in spectacular views from
Narada Falls, considered the most popular waterfall in Mt
Rainier State Park and the aptly named Paradise, at 5 400 feet
above sea level on the south slope, among others.
(2)
Hurricane ridge, huge trees, hikes, Lake Crescent and quaint
towns. Visit the 5th most visited National Park in the US. Enjoy
Puget Sound ferry rides, natural wonders - from gigantic trees
dripping with moss to small flower plants, and enjoy the
spectacular view from mile high hurricane ridge. See the heart
of this unusual and wild eco-system. On this tour you have a
good chance of spotting elk, deer, eagles, and maybe even
banana slugs.
(3)
The Salt River in central Arizona is a gem in the desert and an
oasis for the people who like rafting. The Salt River runs west
out of the White Mountains through 2 000 foot deep Salt River
Canyon. The canyon is lined with giant Saguaro cacti and
beautiful rock walls. The Salt River is fed by snowmelt and only
runs from March to May. Most Salt River Rafting outfitters run
57
a one-day trip and a five-day trip. The one-day trips are
convenient and fun. The five-day trips are a fantastic extended
adventure that provides excellent rapids and scenery.
(4)
This exhilarating 20-minute seaplane adventure gives you a
chance to feel the freedom of soaring though the sky. Lift off
from Lake Union and get a stunning bird’s-eye view of Seattle,
with beautiful Mt Rainier set as a backdrop in the distance. Get
incredible views of the iconic Space Needle, the downtown
skyline, the bustling Elliott Bay waterfront and more. You’ll
hear a commentary about the city and land back on Lake Union
to conclude the tour.
(5)
Home to 8-foot octupi and sixgill sharks, Puget Sound is one of
the deepest, most diverse aquatic ecosystems in the Lower 48.
Harmless creatures aside, it’s also home to some great diving.
From West Seattle’s Alki Beach to the San Juans, the Puget
Sound offers entertaining dive options for beginners and pros
alike. Contact a local dive shop for suggested dives and local
know-how.
(6)
Seattle is literally inundated with lakes, rivers and saltwater, so
it only makes sense that kayaks are a preferred mode of
sightseeing. Several outfitters offer rentals on Seattle’s Lake
Union and Elliott Bay, but if you’re hankering for an escape
from civilization, head north to the San Juan Islands. Once there,
you’ll find stunning scenery and first-class paddling - plus a
bevy of guide services to provide the boats and show you the
way to aquatic nirvana.
58
Which attraction gives you an opportunity to __________?
59
UNIT 3
GUIDELINES TO TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES:
how should you approach Multiple Choice tasks?
BROTHERS
62
1 What does the writer mean by saying “the C
man can read”? Which
A He changes what he reads using his sentences
imagination. explain this?
underlined in the
B He only reads stories aloud.
text
He reads in a meaningful way showing (para 1)
C
his emotions.
D He learned how to read at school.
66
guests, but gives them his full attention. He demonstrates his
power by not rushing off to another restaurant or to the office.
2 How did the writer feel about this? Find in the text
A silly some words or
B pleasantly shocked phrases which
describe how
C offended
the writer felt
D trendy about it.
8 What conclusion does the writer give us? What is the real
A It doesn’t matter how powerful a host meaning of this
is. concluding
paragraph?
B Do not change restaurants all the time.
C Show your power in another way.
D It’s all part of business.
68
ZNO TASK 2: Practice file
Checklist I need to:
read the text
read the questions
Suggested time underine key words
for doing a task: answer all questions
15 min divide time sensibly
check answers
69
children’s fair in Valencia which further demonstrates
Spaniards’ creative progress to international fashion buyers.
The government is trying to create an environment where
fashion and textile designers have an opportunity to prosper.
Talented companies and designers can succeed in Spain but
although there is much creativity, there is a lack of managerial
experience. Some people still do not believe enough is being
done, and point to Italy where they believe there are far better
chances for designers succeed. One highly regarded Spanish
designer is now manufacturing her entire line of clothing in
partnership with an Italian company. The problem, as some see
it, is that the amount of money being provided by the Spanish
government is still not enough. People in the fashion industry
know they will not be able to make an impression in foreign
countries unless government funding is increased.
Nevertheless, much progress is being made. While the
exclusive salons are in the larger cities, studios and boutiques
are opening throughout Spain and many Spaniards are already
involved in exporting their clothes. Through their own efforts,
designers are beginning to open shops in France, Italy and
Japan. But most fashion houses are quite small, and they are
finding it difficult to create the industrial and financial links
needed for growth and expansion.
Many designer products are hard to make, expensive to
market and sometimes difficult to sell. But they create a better
image for the industry, and you end up with higher quality
products in general. One international critic thinks that the
relative youth of the Spanish industry could create fresh and
lively fashions, well able to compete with the industries in
France and Italy.
70
1 What is the Spanish government ultimately trying to achieve?
A an improved image of Spanish fashion products
B an increase in imported clothing
C an increase in clothing sales
D a change in the manufacturing ability of the textile industry
72
customer feel comfortable about buying that company’s
products.
1 According to the writer, a business name is a good one if it
A identifies your market needs.
B avoids confusion with other companies.
C creates a different kind of image.
D persuades people to use your company.
REALITY TELEVISION
Reality television is a genre of television programming
which, it is claimed, presents unscripted dramatic or humorous
situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary
people rather than professional actors. It could be described as a
form of artificial or "heightened" documentary. Although the
genre has existed in some form or another since the early years
of television, the current explosion of popularity dates from
around 2000.
Reality television covers a wide range of television
programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble
the frantic, often demeaning programmes produced in Japan in
the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to
80
surveillance- or voyeurism- focused productions such as Big
Brother.
Critics say that the term "reality television" is somewhat of
a misnomer and that such shows frequently portray a modified
and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in
exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to
act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on
screen manipulated through editing and other post-production
techniques.
Part of reality television's appeal is due to its ability to
place ordinary people in extraordinary situations. For example,
on the ABC show, The Bachelor, an eligible male dates a dozen
women simultaneously, travelling on extraordinary dates to
scenic locales. Reality television also has the potential to turn its
participants into national celebrities, outwardly in talent and
performance programs such as Pop Idol, though frequently
Survivor and Big Brother participants also reach some degree of
celebrity.
Some commentators have said that the name "reality
television" is an inaccurate description for several styles of
program included in the genre. In competition-based programs
such as Big Brother and Survivor, and other special-living-
environment shows like The Real World, the producers design
the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and
the environment, creating a completely fabricated world in
which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select
the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios,
challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular
behaviours and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of Survivor and
other reality shows, has agreed with this assessment, and avoids
the word "reality" to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good
stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama."
81
1 In the first paragraph, the writer says 'it is claimed' because
A they agree with the statement.
B everyone agrees with the statement.
C no one agrees with the statement.
D they want to distance themselves from the statement.
3 Japan
A is the only place to produce demeaning TV shows.
B has produced demeaning TV shows copied elsewhere.
C produced Big Brother.
D invented surveillance focused productions.
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ZNO TASK 4: Sample task 4 (1)
You are going to read a magazine article about Ewan McGregor, a
British actor. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.
Choose from the sentences (A – H) the one which fits each gap (1 –
7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
C “I just didn’t get it. I just remember not liking many of the
teachers. They said I had attitude problems.”
D “No, he’s very, very involved with the part. He’d obviously
thought about it a great deal! You can see that at each point,
in each scene, he knows exactly where he wants to be. He’s a
very dynamic and instinctive actor.”
G “I was more nervous than I have been for a long time. Sitting
there, feeling really scared again. It was brilliant!”
H
His first professional acting job
was as an Indian in the film A The text does not refer to his first
Passage to India where job.
immediately, he says, “I knew I
was where I wanted to be.”
88
There is another way of finding answers to the gaps. You
can look at the answer sentences and find links to the passage.
Checklist I need to …
read the text
read the sentences
decide on the structure
underline key words
read the text before and after each
gap
fill in all answers
divide time sensibly
decide on the extra sentence(s
89
ZNO TASK 4: Sample task 4 (2)
91
Which part of
the text could
this refer to?
paragraph 4
Does it refer to
paragraph 4?
no
E It was far away from memories of Harry and What was “far
racing around London achieving things that away from
suddenly didn’t seem important. memories of
Harry”?
life in Eze
G You say, “One day I’m going to …” but you Finish her
can’t envisage that day. sentence.
e.g. “… stop
working so
92
hard.”
When do you
say this?
When you are
fed up with
working hard.
Checklist I need to …
skim the text to get a general idea
read quickly through the passage to see
what it is about
look through the clauses to get an idea of
their meaning
consider which clauses can fit
grammatically
think about the meaning of the clauses that
could fit
read a larger section of the text before and
after the gap
fill in all answers
divide time sensibly
decide on the extra sentence(s)
94
ZNO TASK 4: Sample task 4 (3)
Item (5) The text before Item 5 leads you to expect some
D sort of contrast with “talk to your pet”, and so is
97
likely to begin with a word “but”. Since Clause D
also makes sence in the context, it is the correct
answer.
Item (6) The meaning of the sentence in which gap (6) is
J placed is about a dense network of antennae used
for mobile phones. The structure of the preceeding
clause leads one to expect some sort of relative
clause in the gap, and, therefore, Option J, “spaced
about 200 metres apart…” fits both the meaning and
the structure of the sentence.
Item (7) The clause before the gap leads one to expect
C either something about the location, or, readinf
beyond the gap, something Yoko, who is on the
Internet. She is likely to be logged onto the Internet
at home, rather than in the street, and so Clause C
fits in terms of meaning, and it is also suitable
grammatically.
Item (8) The text after the gap indicates that the missing
H words are likely to say something about a device or
object that could indicate location – “showing
where Mint is”– after the gap suggests a picture or a
map. Clause H, therefore, fits into the gap
semantically (i. e. its meaning fits), and it also fits in
terms of grammar.
Item (9) The last sentence of the passage, where Item 9
F is located, seems not to have a main clause. The
missing clause is therefore likely to have a subject
and a main verb. The sentence also implies a
contrast between Britain and somewhere else, and it
can be Japan. It also implies that unlike in Britain,
this network will work, presumably in Japan. So
Clause F is the most suitable one.
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ZNO TASK 4: Guided practice
You are going to read an article about a famous artist, Vincent Van
Gogh. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose
from the sentences (A – H) the one which fits each gap (1 – 6). There
is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
Van Gogh had arrived in Provence the previous Where was Van
year, finally finding himself as a painter after a Gogh at that
decade of artistic wandering. When the voices time?
drove him to Saint Remy, Van Gogh was in one
of the most productive periods any artist has ever
had, creating in the last 21/2 years of his life the
work that most people know him by. But there
were times in Saint-Remy, after he ate paint,
when his doctors wouldn’t let him near the artist’s
palette. (1) ___ .
Van Gogh was the most autobiographical artist, and his works
reveal much about the last years of his passionate life. Born in
Holland in 1853 Vincent Van Gogh was the eldest son of a priest;
his formal education was patchy, but he was a great reader who
loved literature and biography.
99
(2) ___. At 23, Vincent was fired. He then What sort of
wandered through odd jobs before he decided to information do
become an artist. “I want to paint drawings that you expect
before ‘he was
will touch people,” he wrote to Theo in 1882.
fired’?
Which extract
(3) ___ . further
explains Van
Gogh’s words?
But poverty and the pain of having sold only a How did Van
few of his paintings pressed in on Van Gogh as Gogh feel about
his health failed. “I cannot help that my pictures his paintings?
do not sell,” Van Gogh wrote. (6) ___ .
Some years later Van Gogh shot himself. Theo died six months
later but his widow, Johanna devoted the rest of her life to
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establish Vincent Van Gogh as a great painter.
A “What I want to express, in both figure and landscape, isn’t
anything sentimental or melancholy, but deep anguish. In
short, I want to get to the point where people see my work and
say: that man feels deeply, that man feels keenly.”
B It’s quite remarkable, then, that during his year in the asylum
he managed to create a series of beloved masterpieces such as
the Starry Night, found today at New York’s Museum of
Modern Art.
D “I didn’t have to put myself out very much in order to try and
express sadness and extreme loneliness,” Van Gogh wrote.
E In April 1899, Van Gogh had checked himself into the asylum
in this monastery, looking for relief from the epilepsy that had
tormented him in Arles, where he had threatened his friend
Paul Gauguin with a razor and had cut off his left ear lobe
during a fit.
G At 16, he went to work for an art dealer, a job that his younger
brother, Theo, followed him into.
H “The day will come, however, when people will see that they
are worth more than the price of the paint and my living
expenses.”
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ZNO TASK 4: Practice file
Checklist I need to:
read the text
read the sentences
Suggested time decide on the structure
for doing a task: cross out example (if any)
15 min underine key words
read the text before and after each
gap
fill in all answers
divide time sensibly
decide on the extra sentence
TICKETLESS TRAVEL
103
travel to its busy Frankfurt-Berlin route, and only its most
regular travelers are invited to take part in their scheme.
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PRACTICE TASK 4.2
Read the text below. Seven sentences have been removed from it.
Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (1–6). There
is one extra choice you do not need to use.
The crowd was Jubilant. Mike Tyson had just beaten Buster
Mathis Junior in the third round in a cavernous stadium in
Philadelphia, as everyone suspected he would. Fox Television
had transmitted the fight coast to coast. (1) ___ . This was a pity.
They missed the only surprise of the evening.
Dressed in her baby-pink robe, with her greased face and hungry
look, Christy Martin pounces into the ring later than scheduled.
The straying crowd heading for the exit lingers. Within 144
seconds Christy has floored her opponent. A seasoned ringside
photographer shakes his head and says, “she’s something else,
isn’t she?” (2) ___ .
Back in the dressing room, she brushes her long hair and worries
about her injury of the night. (3) ___ .
Christy is 27 and has been fighting for just five years, yet some
consider her to be the Tyson of female boxing. And, like Tyson,
she’s signed to the prince of all promoters, Don King – the most
powerful man in a multi-million dollar sport. (4) ___ . “I’ve
gone from fighting $25-a-round club shows to fighting in the
best and biggest rings in the boxing world. We spoke to all the
promoters, but none of them was interested in having a woman
fighter. Now I’m glad because we were available when Don
King had time to talk to us. King gives people opportunities and
I’m glad he gave me a chance.”
105
At the press conference after the fight, Christy waits respectfully
as Mike Tyson talks to the press. But as soon as he’s finished,
the are off. (5) ___ . From the stage Don King booms, “Where
are you all going? What’s the matter with you guys – are you
discriminating?”
(7) ___ . Until Christy came on the scene and Don King got
involved, it was dismissed as “two women slapping each other
about”. But in the cut-and-thrust world of boxing, the only thing
that counts is a fighter’s ability, and Christy has earned her
respect. Mention her name in the after-fight bar and everyone
agrees. “I used to say I didn’t want any women fighting in my
ring, full stop,” says match-maker Bobby Mitchell, “but I’ll
never say it again. Christy Martin shuts mouths and opens eyes.”
A Millions saw Tyson, but now the main event was over, the
cameras were switched off and the crowd was going home.
B For the second time that night, Christy is left with only a
handful of people to impress.
C As she prowls the ring, arms held high and punching the
air, Christy Martin looks like a woman on top of the world.
106
D Women’s boxing has never been taken very seriously by
the almost exclusively male boxing crowd.
F Since signing with him two years ago, Christy’s left blows
are now worth thousands of dollars.
H “It does hurt my feelings that I work so hard and don’t get
mentioned,” she says.
108
C The world-class financial sector is supported by a sound
legal framework and is highly competitive.
110
making. Finally, setting and resetting the props caused a good
deal of frustration.
Director Nicolai Fuglsig said about the project : ‘Despite all the
challenges, the cast was fantastic and it was a really amazing
experience.’ Whether or not the effort put into the advert pays
off is another matter entirely.
A Then the falling dominoes head out of the room into the
streets, causing progressively larger objects to tumble.
B These were all chosen to suit the town and fit in with the
people’s way of life.
D Iruya is situated 3 000 metres above sea level and the film
crew was not used to working in such conditions.
F Added to this was the total of one hundred and thirty 'actors'
who were recruited from a five neighbouring towns.
112
If you are indicating approval on a business matter, never give
the OK sign of a ring formed by the thumb and index finger. (6)
___ . Instead, close the first and shoot the thumb up. During the
business day you will most likely be offered cafezinho, a very
strong Brazilian coffee. Accept it graciously so as not to offend
your host. If you don’t like coffee, sip it slowly.
113
APPENDICES
Додаток 1
ЗНО: Дорожня карта Частини 1 («Читання»)
завдання
Основне вміння,
Номер
Основне вміння,
Номер
116
Додаток 3
Частина 1 («Читання»): Дорожня карта Завдання 2
завдання
Основне вміння,
що перевіряється Формат завдання
№
119
Додаток 4
Частина 1 («Читання»): Дорожня карта Завдання 3
завдання
Основне вміння,
Номер
121
Додаток 5
Частина 1 («Читання»): Дорожня карта Завдання 4
завдання
Основне вміння,
Номер
123
REFERENCES
124
Навчальне видання
ГОТУЄМОСЯ
ДО ЗОВНІШНЬОГО НЕЗАЛЕЖНОГО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ
З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ.
Розвиваємо навички читання
Навчально-методичний посібник
(Англійською мовою)
Формат 60×84/16. Ум. друк. арк. 7,44. Обл.-вид. арк. 8,16. Тираж 300 пр. Зам. №
Видавець і виготовлювач
Сумський державний університет,
вул Римського-Корсакова, 2, м. Суми, 40007
Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи ДК № 3062 від 17.12.2007.
125