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    3 - P2 Space in Urban Design, Urban Aesthetics, Urban Pattern 9212022

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    KC Glaiza
    The document discusses several theories of urban development and models of urban land use: 1. Central place theory, public choice theory, and bid rent theory explain the emergence and arrangement of towns and cities. 2. Models of urban land use include the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each model portrays different patterns of urban growth and the spatial distribution of land uses and social groups within cities. 3. Theories discussed include central place theory, public choice theory, bid rent theory, and characteristics of central business districts. Urban models analyzed are the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each has advantages but

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    3 - P2 Space in Urban Design, Urban Aesthetics, Urban Pattern 9212022

    Uploaded by

    KC Glaiza
    61 views44 pages
    The document discusses several theories of urban development and models of urban land use: 1. Central place theory, public choice theory, and bid rent theory explain the emergence and arrangement of towns and cities. 2. Models of urban land use include the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each model portrays different patterns of urban growth and the spatial distribution of land uses and social groups within cities. 3. Theories discussed include central place theory, public choice theory, bid rent theory, and characteristics of central business districts. Urban models analyzed are the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each has advantages but

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    The document discusses several theories of urban development and models of urban land use: 1. Central place theory, public choice theory, and bid rent theory explain the emergence and arrangement of towns and cities. 2. Models of urban land use include the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each model portrays different patterns of urban growth and the spatial distribution of land uses and social groups within cities. 3. Theories discussed include central place theory, public choice theory, bid rent theory, and characteristics of central business districts. Urban models analyzed are the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each has advantages but

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views44 pages

    3 - P2 Space in Urban Design, Urban Aesthetics, Urban Pattern 9212022

    Uploaded by

    KC Glaiza
    The document discusses several theories of urban development and models of urban land use: 1. Central place theory, public choice theory, and bid rent theory explain the emergence and arrangement of towns and cities. 2. Models of urban land use include the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each model portrays different patterns of urban growth and the spatial distribution of land uses and social groups within cities. 3. Theories discussed include central place theory, public choice theory, bid rent theory, and characteristics of central business districts. Urban models analyzed are the concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, and urban realms model. Each has advantages but

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    of 44

    PLANNING 2:

    Theories, Rules, and Process in Urban Design


    AR162
    Ar. Don G. De Vera, uap
    URBANIST
    Sir Patrick Geddes
    Daniel Hudson Burnham
    Charles Edouard Jeanneret
    Or Le Corbusier
    HOMER HOYT
    FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
    Spatial and Local Theories of urban
    Development
    Introduction
    • Spatial is relating to space
    • Urbanization is the movement of population from
    rural to urban areas
    • A theory is an organized system of accepted
    knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances
    to explain a specific set of phenomena.
    • Urbanization is a relatively new global issue
    • In 1950 only 30% of the world’s population was
    urbanized and 50% in 2009 lived in urban centres
    Theories explaining the emergence of towns
    A. Central place theory
    • Examples. Polders of the Netherlands, the Fens of
    East Anglia in the UK
    • Developed by the German geographer Walter
    Christaller in 1933
    • It explains the reasons behind the distribution
    patterns, size, and number of cities and towns.
    • Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
    conclusion that people gather together in cities to
    share goods and ideas
    Central place theory
    Assumptions
    • humans will always purchase goods from the closest
    place
    • unbounded isotropic (all flat), homogeneous, limitless
    surface
    • evenly distributed population
    • all settlements are equidistant and exist in a
    triangular lattice pattern
    • evenly distributed resources

    Isotropic - is uniformity in all orientations


    Central place theory
    B. Public choice theory
    • Advanced by Paul Peterson in his 1981 book, City
    Limits
    • States that urban politicians and governing regimes
    are subordinate to the overall economic principles
    that force cities to compete to capture new
    investment and capital.
    • The competitive nature of cities encourages the
    business elite and politicians to favour new
    development
    Theories explaining how towns are arranged

    Grid model/Hippodamian plan


    Examples; The city of Priene
    • Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus who is
    considered the father of rational city planning
    • The center of the city contains the agora (Market
    place), theaters, and temples. Private rooms
    surround the city’s public arenas.
    • The plan can be laid out uniformly over any kind of
    terrain since it’s based on angles and measurements.
    Grid model/Hippodamian plan

    Hippodamian plan /Grid Model used in Priene city


    C. Bid rent theory
    • geographical economic theory that refers to
    how the price and demand for real estate
    change as the distance from the central
    business district (CBD)
    • This is based upon the idea that retail
    establishments wish to maximize their
    profitability, so they are much more willing to
    pay more for land close to the CBD and less
    for land further away from this area.
    • The amount they are willing to pay is called
    "bid rent".
    Bid rent theory
    Urban Land Use Model
    A. Concentric Zone model
    • Also known as The Burgess Model, The Bull's Eye
    Model
    • Developed in the 1920's by the urban sociologist
    Ernest Burgess.
    • The model portrays how cities social groups are
    spatially arranged in a series of rings.
    • The size of the rings may vary, but the order always
    remains the same.
    Concentric Zone model
    Concentric Zone model
    1. Central Business District (CBD) - This
    area of the city is a non-residential area and
    it’s where businesses are. This area s called
    downtown ,a lot of sky scrapers houses
    government institutions, businesses,
    stadiums, and restaurants
    2. Zone of Transition- the zone of transition
    contains industry and has poorer-quality
    housing available. Created by subdividing
    larger houses into apartments
    Concentric Zone model
    3. Zone of the working class- This area
    contains modest older houses occupied by
    stable, working class families. A large
    percentage of the people in this area rent.
    4. Zone of better residence- This zone
    contains newer and more spacious houses.
    Mostly families in the middle-class live in this
    zone.
    5.Commuter’s Zone/Suburbs- This area is
    located beyond the build-up area of the city.
    Mostly upper class residents live in this area.
    Concentric Zone model
    Shortcomings
    • It assumes an isotropic plain
    • land may restrict growth of certain sectors
    • The model does not fit polycentric cities
    • It describes the peculiar American geography,
    where the inner city is poor while suburbs are
    wealthy; the converse is the norm elsewhere.
    What are t he m ain characteristics of
    a CBD?
    ```

    H ow m a n y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a CBD c a n y o u
    spot in the next four s l i d e s ?
    What typical
    c h a ra c te r i s t ic s
    o f a CBD a r e
    shown here?

    The Tallest
    Buildings Why? Public Buildings eg.
    Corn Exchange / Town
    Hall

    Busy – lots of
    pedestrians

    Markets
    Purpose built
    shopping centres
    providing
    undercover
    shopping experience

    Big Department
    Stores and National
    Chain Stores – why?
    What typical
    c h a ra c t e r i s t i
    c s o f a CBD
    are s h ow n
    here?
    What typical
    c h a ra c te r i s t i
    c s o f a CBD
    are s h ow n
    here? Public Buildings eg.
    Corn Exchange /Town
    Some of the oldest Hall
    buildings

    Very accessible –
    public transport &
    traffic management
    required due to
    Historic/ old street congestion.
    pattern – often some
    narrow streets
    Entertainment –
    e.g.
    restaurants

    Entertainment e.g.
    pubs

    What typical
    c h a ra c te r i s t i
    c s o f a CBD
    are s h ow n
    Entertainment e.g. cinemas
    here? (although increasingly these
    are moving further out of
    town)
    B. Sector model.
    Chicago and Newcastle upon Tyne/Newcastle
    • Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt
    • It is a model of the internal structure of cities.
    • Social groups are arranged around a series of
    sectors, or wedges radiating out from the central
    business district (CBD) and centred on major
    transportation lines
    • low-income households to be near railroad lines, and
    commercial establishments to be along business
    thoroughfares
    Modeling Cities: Hoyt

    Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees


    growth of various urban activities as expanding along
    roads, rivers, or train routes.
    Sector model.
    Shortcomings
    • Applies well to some towns only
    • Low cost housing is near industry and
    transportation proving Hoyt’s model
    • Theory based on 20th century and does not take
    into account cars which make commerce easier
    • With cars, people can live anywhere and further
    from the city
    C. Multiple Nuclei method
    • The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model
    created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the
    1945
    • City grows from several independent points rather
    than from one central business district.
    • As these expand, they merge to form a single urban
    area.
    • Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as
    nodes
    • Based on the idea that people have greater
    movement due to increased car ownership.
    Multiple nuclei model
    • The model has four geographic principles
    ▫ Certain activities require highly specialized facilities
     Accessible transportation for a factory
     Large areas of open land for a housing tract
    ▫ Certain activities cluster because they profit from
    mutual association
    ▫ Certain activities repel each other and will not be
    found in the same area
    ▫ Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid
    the high rent of the most desirable locations
    Modeling Cities:
    Harris-Ullman

    Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity,


    not a single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract
    certain uses while repelling others.
    Multiple nuclei model

    Assumptions Criticisms
    • Land is Flat • Each zone displays a
    • Even Distribution of Resources significant degree of
    • Even Distribution of people in internal heterogeneity
    Residential areas • and not homogeneity
    • Even Transportation Costs
    • No consideration of
    influence of physical relief
    and government policy.
    • Not applicable to oriental
    cities with different
    cultural, economic and
    political backgrounds
    D. Urban Realms Model
    Francisco Bay area
    Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the 1960’s
    • Each realm is a separate economic, social and
    political entity that is linked together to form a larger
    metro framework
    • suburbs are within the sphere of influence of the
    central city and its metropolitan CBD
    • Now urban realms have become, so large they even
    have exurbs, not just suburbs
    Urban realm depends on
    • Overall size of the metropolitan
    region
    • Amount of economic activity in
    each urban realm
    • Topography and major land
    features
    • Internal accessibility of each
    realm
    E. Core frame model
    • The Core frame model is a model showing
    the urban structure of the Central Business
    District of a town or city.
    • The model includes an inner core where land
    is expensive and used intensively
    • The outer core and frame have lower land
    values and are less intensively developed. T
    • various land uses are linked to the bid rent
    theory
    Core frame model
    F. Irregular pattern model
    • Arrangement of Public space that characterizes the
    stage of "Transition from village to city" especially in
    Third World.
    • This urban model is due to lack of planning or
    construction and illegal without a specific order.
    • Includes blocks with no fixed order, or permanent and
    temporary structures. S
    • structures are not related to an urban centres near
    the place
    Howard gardens
    Letchworth Garden City, Welwyn Garden city
    • Developed by Sir Ebenezer Howard (1898)
    • Inspired by the idea of ideal/Utopian cities
    • Inspired works on Model villages by Robert
    Owen and Model industrial towns by
    Buckingham.
    • Comprised of Town, Country and Town-
    country interactions
    Howard gardens
    THANK YOU

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