PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics

LEARNING
MODULE 01: –
Principles of
Statics

AMT 3102-
ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Prepared by:
ENGR. CARMELITA C. ARBOZO

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Allotted
Title Page
Time
Introduction to Statics 4 10 minutes
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 4-5 10 minutes
Idealization 5 10 minutes
Force System 6 10 minutes
Axiom of Mechanics 6 10 minutes
Newtons 3 Laws of Motion 7 10 minutes
Scalar and Vector quantities 8 10 minutes
Units of Measurement 9 20miuntes
The International System of Units 10 20minutes
Example Solved Problems 11, 12, 13 60minutes
Module Activity No. 1. Conversion of Units 14 30 minutes
Plate No. 1 Conversion 15 40 minutes
Total 240 minutes

TABLES OF REFERENCES
References No.
Materials (textbooks, references, journals, online) 1
Singer, Ferdinand L., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics 2
Mcgill, David J., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and an Intro to Dynamics 3
Singer, F.L (1954). Engineering Mechanics (2nd Ed.) New York: Harpens
4
and Row, Publishers, Inc.
Hibbeler, R.C. (2010) Engineering Mechanics (12th Ed.) New Jersey:
5
Pearson Prentice Hall
Beer, F.P. & Johnston, Jr. E.R. (2016) Vector Mechanics for Engineers
6
Static (11th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Education

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics

This module discusses the Principles of Statics that includes the introduction to statics,
fundamental concepts and definitions, force system, axioms of mechanics, newtons 3
laws of motion, scalar and vector quantities, units of measurements, the International
System of Units and example solved problems in conversion of units.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

CLO1. Apply the knowledge of Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

mathematics to solve complex
mechanics problems; Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
CLO2. Utilize scientific concepts, laws MLO 01. Introduce basic quantities &
and theories in solving problems related idealization of mechanics by disussing
to their field of specialization; TLO1. Apply the concepts of Mechanics
Newton's Laws of Motion & Gravitation. and Statics and its relevance to their
CLO3. Convey a general understanding MLO 02. Discuss difference of scalar and chosen course.
of engineering mechanics as a way to vector by reviewing the principles for
associate their knowledge in their applying system of units. TLO 02. Be able to provide an
chosen course; introduction to the basic quantities and
MLO 03. Mastering conversions through
solving problems in conversion of units
idealization of Mechanics
CLO 10. Demonstrate honesty in doing
individual/group work on this course. TLO 03. Master converting units to
another system of units by teaching the
conversion tables.

HONESTY CLAUSE

As a state college, students are expected to uphold and integrity, principle and self-
respect, using their knowledge and skills for the enhancement of human welfare and
environment; being honest and fair in their class activity, requirements and other
projects will not engage in cheating or plagiarism. The institution undertakes as a
modest and nominal ideal of behaviors in academic matters that students be
straightforward and that they distribute for deposit solely the produce of their particular
efforts.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics

Introduction to Statics

What is Mechanics?
• Mechanics – is that branch of science which deals with the forces and their
effects on bodies on which they act and as a result the body may either in
rest or in motion.

Mechanics is divided into two parts:

1. Statics:
➢ Statics deals with the forces acting on a body under which the body
is in rest.
➢ Statics is a branch of mechanics which studies the effects and
distribution of forces of rigid bodies which are and remain at rest. In
this area of mechanics, the body in which forces are acting is
assumed to be rigid.
➢ Statics is primarily concerned to system of forces applied to body at
rest. It includes the following topics: resultant of force system;
equilibrium of force system; cables; friction; trusses; frames; centroid;
center of gravity; and moment of inertia.

2. Dynamics:

➢ Dynamics deals with forces acting on a body under which it is in

motion.
➢ Dynamics is the study of body in motion. It covers the following:
kinematics, dynamics, kinetics, work-energy equation, impulse and
momentum, and mechanical vibrations.

.
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
• Basic Quantities: The following four quantities are used throughout
mechanics

1. Space – Associated with the notion of the position of a point P given in terms
of three coordinates measured from a reference point or origin.
2. Length – is used to locate the position in space thereby describe the size of a
physical system. Once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then use it
to define distances and geometric properties of a body as multiples of this
unit.

3. Time - is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of

statics are time independent, this quantity plays important role in the study of
dynamics.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
4. Mass – is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to compare the action
of one Body with that of another. This property manifests itself as a
gravitational attraction between two bodies and provides a measure of
resistance of matter to a change in velocity.
5. Force. In general, force is considered as a “push” or “pull” exerted by one
body on another. This interaction can occur when there is direct contact
between bodies, such as a person pushing on a wall, or it can occur through a
distance when the bodies are physically separated.
6. Area. The two-dimensional size of shape or surface.
7. Volume. The three-dimensional size of a space occupied by a substance.
8. Weight. The force with which a body is attracted toward the centre of the
earth.
9. Particle, A body of negligible dimension.
In Newtonian Mechanics, space, time and mass are absolute concept of
independent of each other. Force, however, is not independent of the other
three. The force Acting on a body is related to the ass of the body and the
variation of its velocity with time.
Fundamental Principles:

Idealizations. Models or idealizations are used in order to simplify application of the

theory. Here we will consider three important idealization.

Particle. A particle has a mass, but a size that can be neglected. For
example, the size of the earth is insignificant compared to the size of its orbit,
and therefore the earth can be modeled as particle when studying its orbital
motion. When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics
reduce to a rather simplified

Rigid body. A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large

number of particles in which all particles remains at a fixed distance from one
another, both before and after applying a load. This model is important because
the material properties of anybody that is assumed to be rigid will not have to
be considered when studying the effects of forces acting on the body. In most
cases the actual deformations occurring in structures, machines, mechanisms,
and the like are relatively small, and the rigid-body assumptions is suitable for
analysis.

Concentrated Force. A concentrated force represents the effect of a loading

which is assumed to act at a point on a body. We can represent a load by a
concentrated force provided the area over which the load is applied is very
small compared to the overall size of the body. An example would be the
contact force between a wheel and the ground.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Force Systems

A force system is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body
or on a group related body. When the lines of action of all forces in a force
system lie in one plane, they referred to as being coplanar.
A force system is a collection of forces acting at specified locations (may also
include couples). Thus, the set of forces shown on any free body diagram
make up a force system. Force system is simply a term used to describe a
group of forces.
When two or more forces act on a body, they are called to form a system of
forces. Following systems of forces are important from the subject point of
view:

1. Coplanar forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane,
are known as coplanar forces.
2. Collinear forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same line,
are known as collinear forces.
3. Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as
concurrent forces. The concurrent forces may or may not be collinear.
4. Coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and
their lines of action also lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar
concurrent forces.
5. Coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one
point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar
non-concurrent forces.
6. Non-coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point,
but their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are known as non-
coplanar concurrent forces.
7. Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at
one point and their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are called
non-coplanar non-concurrent forces.

Axiom of Mechanics

➢ The first is the parallelogram law: the resultant of the two forces is the
diagonal of the parallelogram formed on the vectors of these forces.
➢ The second is the two forces are in equilibrium only when equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear in action.
➢ The third axiom defines the relationships inside an equilibrium force
system.
➢ The fourth one is the axiom of action and reaction. Action and reaction are
equal but oppositely directed.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Newtons 3 Laws of Motion.
Engineering Mechanics is formulated on the basis of Newton’s three Laws of Motion,
the validity of which is based on experimental observation. These laws apply to the
motion of a particle as a measured from nonaccelerating reference frame. Stated
briefly as follows.

First Law.
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Fig. 1.1a(©Russell C. Hibbeler)

Second Newtons Law.

A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experience an
acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is
proportional to the force.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 eq. 1-1

Fig. 1.1b(©Russell C. Hibbeler)

Third Law. The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.

Fig. 1.1c(©Russell C. Hibbeler)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitational Attraction. The Law of
Universal Gravitation states that the gravitational force between two points of
mass is proportional to the magnitudes of their masses and the inverse-square
of their separation, r.
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺 eq. 2
𝑟2

Where:
F= force of gravitation between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation: according to experimental evidence,
G = 66.73𝑥10−12 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠 2
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
r = distance between two particles
Weight. According to Eq. 1-2, any two particles or bodies have a mutual
attractive (gravitational) force acting between them. In the case of a particle
located at or near the surface of the earth, however, the only gravitational force
having any sizable magnitude is that between the earth and the particle.
Consequently, this force, termed the weight, will be the only gravitational force
considered in the study of mechanics.
From eq. 1-2, we can develop an appropriate expression for finding the
weight W of a particle having a mass 𝑚1 = 𝑚. If we assume the earth to be a
nonrotating sphere of constant density and having a mass 𝑚2 = 𝑀𝑒 , then if r is
the distance between the earth’s center and the particle, we have.
𝒎𝑴𝒆
𝑾=𝑮
𝒓𝟐
Letting 𝑔 = 𝐺𝑀𝑒 /𝑟 2 yields
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 eq. 1-3
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Two quantities involved in Mechanics.
1. Scalar Quantities – has only magnitude but no direction
Examples:

Length Mass Speed Area Work

Distance Time Density Volume Power

2. Vector Quantities – have both magnitude and direction

Examples:

Displacement Weight Force Pressure Gravity

Velocity Acceleration Impulse Momentum Drag

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Units of Measurements
A measured quantity must have both a number and a unit.
• The units often used for scientific measurement are those of the metric
system.
• In 1960 the International System of Units (SI Units) was proposed as a
replacement for the Metric System.

The Four Basic Quantities

1. Length
2. Time
3. Mass
4. Force

SI Units.
The international System of units, abbreviated SI after the French
“Syst𝑒́ me International d'Unit𝑒́ s, " is a modern version of the metric system
which has received world wide recognition. As shown in Table 1-1, the SI
system defines length in meters (m), time in seconds (s), and mass in kilograms
(kg). The unit of force called a newton (N), is derived from F = ma. Thus 1
newton is equal to a force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an acceleration
of 1m/s² (N = kg∙m/s²).
If the weight of a body located at the “standard location” is to be
determined in newtons, then W=mg must be applied. Here measurements give
g = 9.80665 m/s²; however, for calculations, the value of g = 9.81 m/s² will be
used. Thus,
W = mg (g= 9.81m/s²
U.S. Customary. In the U.S. Customary system of units (FPS) length is
measured in feet (ft), time in seconds (s), and force in pounds (lb.), Table 1-1.
The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F=ma. Hence,1 slug is equal to
the amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s² when acted upon by a force of 1 lb.
(slug = lb.∙s²/ft)
Therefore, if the measurements are made at “standard location”, where
g = 32.3 ft/s², then from W = mg
𝑾
𝒎= , (g = 32.2 ft/s²)
𝒈

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Table 1-1 Systems of Units

Table 1-1 (©Russell C. Hibbeler)

Conversion of Units.
Table 1-2 provides a set of direct conversion factors between FPS and SI units
for the basic quantities. Also, in the FPS system, recall that 1ft = 12 in. (inches),
1mi.(mile)= 5,280ft, 1 kip (kilo-pound) = 1,000 lb. and 1 ton = 2,000 lb.

Table 1-2 Conversions Factors

Table 1-2 (©Russell C. Hibbeler)

The International System of Units

The SI system of units is used extensively in our study to become the world wild
standard for measurement. Therefore, we will now present some of the rules for its
use and some of its terminology relevant to engineering mechanics.

Prefixes. When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units
used to define its size may be modified by using a prefix. Some of the prefixes used
in the SI systems are shown in Table 1-3. Each represents a multiple or submultiple
of a unit, which if applied successively, moves the decimal point of a numerical quantity
to every third place.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Table 1-3 Refixes

Table 1-3 (©Russell C. Hibbeler)

Rules for Use. Here are few of the important rules that describe the proper use of
the various SI symbols:
• Quantities defined by several units which are multiples of one another are
separated by a dot to avoid confusion with prefix notation, as indicated by N =
kg∙m/s² = kg∙ 𝑚𝑠 −2 . Also, m∙s (meter-second), whereas ms(milli-second).

• The exponential power on a unit having a prefix refers, to both the unit and its
prefix. For example, 𝜇𝑁 2 = (𝜇𝑁)2 = 𝜇𝑁 ∙ 𝜇𝑁. Likewise, 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑚𝑚.

• With the exception of the base unit kilogram, in general avoid the use of a
prefix in the denominator of composite units. For example, do not write N/mm,
but rather KN/m; also, m/mg should be written as Mm/kg.

• When performing calculations, represent the numbers in terms of their base or

derived units by converting all prefixes to powers of 10. The final result then
be expressed using a single prefix. Also, after calculation, it is best to keep
numerical values between 0.1 and 1,000; otherwise, a suitable prefix should
be chosen.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Example: Conversion of Units:
1. The distance from the university to home is 10 mi and it usually takes 20 min to
drive this distance. Calculate the average speed in meters per second (m/s).
(Note: Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)

Solution
• Calculate average speed. Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of
travel. (Take this definition as a given for now. Average speed and other motion
concepts are covered in later chapters.) In equation form,

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
10 𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 0.50 𝑚𝑖/𝑚𝑖𝑛
20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Convert miles per minute to meters per second by multiplying by the conversion
factor that cancels miles and leave meters, and also by the conversion factor that
cancels minutes and leave seconds
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 1609𝑚 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.50 𝑥 𝑥 = 13𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑚𝑖 60𝑠
2. The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm3 under standard conditions. Convert this to
kg/m3.
Solution
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔 (100𝑐𝑚)3 3
𝑘𝑔
7.86 3 𝑥 3 𝑥 = 7.86 𝑥 10
𝑐𝑚 10 𝑔 1𝑚3 𝑚3

3. Convert 2km/h to m/s. How many ft/s is this?

𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟
2 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.556𝑚/𝑠
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑚 3,600𝑠
𝑚 1𝑓𝑡 1.82𝑓𝑡/𝑠
0.556 𝑥 =
𝑠 0.3048𝑚

4. Convert the quantities 300𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 52 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 to appropriate SI units.

4.448𝑁
300𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠 𝑥 = 1,334.5𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
1𝑙𝑏
1𝑘𝑁
1,334.5𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 𝑥 = 1.334𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
1,000𝑁
52𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 14.59𝑘𝑔 (3.28𝑓𝑡)3
𝑥 𝑥 = 26.8 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 1𝑚3
kg 1000g 1Mg 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝑴𝒈/𝒎𝟑
26.8 x 103 x x =
m3 1kg 106 g

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
5. Evaluate each of the following and express with SI units having an
appropriate prefix: a) (50 mN)(6 GN), b) (400 mm)(0.6MN)², c) 45 MN³/900Gg.

Solution:
1𝑁 109 𝑁
a) (50𝑚𝑁)(6𝐺𝑁) = [50𝑚𝑁𝑥 1000𝑚𝑁] [6𝐺𝑁𝑥 ]
1𝐺𝑁

= 300(106 )𝑁 2
1𝑘𝑁 1𝑘𝑁
= 300(106 )𝑁 2 (103 𝑁) (103 𝑁)

= 300kN²

2
1m (106 𝑁)
b) (400𝑚𝑚)(0.6𝑀𝑁)2 = [400mm x ] [(0.6𝑀𝑁)2 𝑥 (1𝑀𝑁)2
]
1000mm

= [0.4𝑚][0.36(1012 )]𝑁 2
1𝐺𝑚∙𝑁2
= 0.144(1012 )𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2 = 144 𝑥 109 𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2 𝑥 109 𝑚

= 144𝐺𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2
3
45𝑀𝑁 3 45𝑀𝑁 3 (106 𝑁) 1𝑘𝑁 2 1𝐺𝑔 1000𝑔
c) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1000𝑁)2 𝑥 𝑥
900𝐺𝑔 900𝐺𝑔 1𝑀𝑁 3 109 𝑔 1𝑘𝑔

= 50𝑘𝑁 3 /𝑘𝑔
=

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Name: _________________ Date: _____________ Score:______ Rating:_______
Course, Year and Section: _____________________ Schedule: ______________

Module Activity No. 1

Conversion of Units
Instruction:
➢ Copy the problem first before solving on a separate sheets of a short bond
paper. (Example. Copy problem 1 then solve and show your solution, then
followed by problem so on and so forth.)
➢ You will be given 120 minutes to solve the following problems. There are 10
problems allocate your time 12 minutes each problem.
➢ Write legibly avoid too much erasures.
➢ Box your final answer.
➢ Submit your paper as soon as you’re done in the LMS.

1. Estimate or measure your height.

a. Convert your height from feet and inches to meters
b. Convert your height from feet and inches to centimeters (100 cm = 1
m)
2. Estimate or measure the amount of time that passes between breaths
when you are sitting at rest.
a. Convert the time from seconds into hours
b. Convert the time from seconds into milliseconds (ms)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Name: _________________ Date: _____________Score: ______ Rating:_______
Course, Year and Section: _____________________ Schedule: ______________

Plate No. 1
Conversion of Units
Instruction:
➢ Copy the problem first before solving on a separate sheets of a short bond
paper. (Example. Copy problem 1 then solve and show your solution, then
followed by problem so on and so forth.)
➢ You will be given 120 minutes to solve the following problems. There are 10
problems allocate your time 12 minutes each problem.
➢ Write legibly avoid too much erasures.
➢ Box your final answer.
➢ Submit your paper as soon as you’re done in the LMS.

1. Convert the French speed limit of 140 km/hr into a) mi/hr, b) ft/sec, c)
m/sec, d) yd/min.
2. Estimate or measure your weight.
a. Convert your weight in pounds into a mass in kg
b. Convert your mass from kg into µg
c. Convert your weight into Newtons
3. Represent each of the following combinations of units in the correct SI
𝑘𝑁
form using an appropriate prefix: a) , b) Mg/mN, c) MN/(kg∙ms).
𝜇𝑠

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