Abiy Atakure

Studies on Applications of FACTS Devices to Improve Overloading and Unbalanced 2019
Power System Operating Conditions
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STUDIES ON APPLICATIONS OF FACTS DEVICES TO IMPROVE

OVERLOADING AND UNBALANCED POWER SYSTEM OPERATING
CONDITONS ON ETHIOPIAN GRID
BY: ABIY ATAKURE TEKELEHIMANOT
ADVISOR: PROF.N.P. SINGH
A Thesis Submitted to Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, School of
Graduate Studies Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science in Electrical
Engineering (Electrical Power Engineering)
April, 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
BY: ABIY ATAKURE TEKELEHIMANOT
Chairman, Department of Electrical Signature
And Computer Engineering
Prof. N.P. Singh Signature

Advisor
Internal Examiner Signature
External Examiner Signature

Declaration
I, the undersigned declare that this thesis is my original work, has not been presented
for Degree in this or other universities, all sources of materials for this thesis have
been fully acknowledged
Abiy Atakure
GSE/1058/07
Place: Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa
Date of Submission:
This is certifying that the above statement made by the student is correct and true to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
Prof.N.P. Singh signature:

Advisor’s Name
II M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

Acknowledgment
First of all, I would like to thank God, for His provision of strength that helped me to
overcome any difficulties during the entire work. Without His help I couldn’t be able
to finish it.
Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Prof.N.P. Singh, for his
valuable comment, timely response and great commitment. I’m also grateful to his
motivation and his dynamic suggestions for solutions to any of the challenges faced
during the thesis work.
Then I would like to appreciate my workmates and friends, Ethiopian Electric Power
corporation staffs for their hospitality and willingness to provide me the PSS/E dongle
to use it for simulation for the entire transmission grid. I have received a very keen
support from the office during the overall period of the study.
And I want to thank all my family for their continuous and tireless support. Finally, I
want to say thank you to all my friends who took part in this work directly or
indirectly.
III M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

Table of Contents
Declaration ..................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... III
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... IV
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. VII
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. VIII
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... IX
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives of the Thesis ..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 6
1.6 Organization of the Thesis................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 13
FUNDAMENTALS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS ..................................................... 13
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13
IV M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

2.2 Types of FACTS Controllers ............................................................................. 14
2.3 Distributed Series Reactance.............................................................................. 18
2.4 DSR for Power Flow Controller ........................................................................ 23
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................. 26
ETHIOPIAN GRID TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTED SERIES

REACTANCE PLACEMENT ...................................................................................... 26
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 26
3.2 Ethiopian Grid System Modeling Using PSS/E ................................................ 30
3.3 Model in PSS/E .................................................................................................. 36
3.4 Investigation of Partial Blackout of the System as of 2017 ............................... 38
3.5 DSRs Placement to Improve the Performance of Transmission System ........... 42
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................. 48
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH

DSRs AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS .................................................................. 48
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 48
4.2 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System without DSR ........................ 49
4.3 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System with DSRs ........................... 51
4.4 Analysis of Simulation Results ........................................................................ 55
4.5 Cost Benefit Analysis of Using DSRs .............................................................. 58
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................. 61
V M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK ........................ 61
5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 61
5.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 61
5.3 RECOMNDATIONS ......................................................................................... 62
5.4 SUGGESTIONS OF FUTURE WORK ............................................................ 62
REFERNCES ................................................................................................................ 64
APPENDIX A: Summary of Contingency Analysis .................................................... 68
APPENDIX B: Peak Load 2017 Data’s ........................................................................ 83
APPENDIX C: Load Flow Analysis ........................................................................... 116
APPENDIX D: General Network Diagram of EEP .................................................... 121
VI M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

List of Figures
FIGURE 2-1 TYPES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS 14

FIGURE 2-2 TWO BUS SYSTEM 15
FIGURE 2 -3 SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT OF DSR [9] 19
FIGURE 2- 4 DSR CONNECTED TO A TRANSMISSION LINE [10] 19
FIGURE 2- 5 D-FACTS DEPLOYED ON POWER LINE 20
FIGURE 2-6 DSR COMMUNICATIONS 22
FIGURE 2 -7KEY ELEMENTS OF THE INTERFACE TREE VIEW, MAIN MENU, TOOLBARS,
SPREADSHEET, VIEW OUTPUT BAR DIAGRAM, VIEW STATUS BAR. 32
FIGURE 2- 8 OVERVIEW OF THE SPREADSHEET VIEW 33
FIGURE 2 -9 TREE VIEW (EXPANDABLE FORM OF NETWORK COMPONENTS) 34
FIGURE 2- 10 OVERVIEW OF DIAGRAM VIEW OF A SAMPLE SYSTEM 35
FIGURE 3-1 COST ALLOCATION US$M IN 2016 MONEY .................................................. 27

FIGURE 3-2EXISTING AND PLANNED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ............. 28
FIGURE 3- 3 LOADING ABOVE ITS RATINGS .................................................................... 43
FIGURE 3- 4 NODE VIEW OF WOLYTA SODO II ............................................................... 44
FIGURE 3-5NODE VIEW OF WOLYTA SODO II FOR PLACEMENT OF DSRS...................... 45
FIGURE 3- 6 RELATION BETWEEN INJECTED INDUCTANCE AND LINE CURRENT ............... 46
FIGURE 4- 1 LINE GRAPHS FOR BRANCHES LOADING, RATINGS AND PERCENTAGE .......... 50
FIGURE 4-2 POWER FLOWS ON BRANCHES WITHOUT USING DSRS ................................. 51
FIGURE 4-3POWER FLOW ON BRANCHES USING DSRS ................................................... 54
FIGURE 4-4COMPARISONS OF POWER FLOWS ................................................................. 56
FIGURE 4- 5 COMPARISONS OF POWER FLOWS ............................................................... 56
VII M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

FIGURE 4-6CHANGES IN POWER FLOWS BY ADDING DSRS............................................ 57
List of Tables
TABLE 3-1TRANSMISSION AND SUB TRANSMISSION LINES ON THE EXISTING SYSTEM [1] 27
TABLE 3- 2 GENERATION DISPATCH 38
TABLE 3-3 INTERCONNECTION TRANSFER 39
TABLE 3-4 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 40
TABLE 3-5LOADING ABOVE ITS RATINGS 42
TABLE 3- 6 LINE PARAMETERS 46
TABLE 4- 1 TRANSMISSION LINES SELECTED FOR ANALYSIS ........................................... 48

TABLE 4-2BRANCHES LOADING, RATINGS AND PERCENTAGE WITHOUT DSR ................ 49
TABLE 4-3 PLACEMENT OF DSR HAVING ITS REACTANCE VALUE 20% OF 132KVALABA
– WOLYTA SODO II LINE........................................................................................... 52
TABLE 4- 4 PLACEMENT OF DSR HAVING ITS REACTANCE VALUE 30% OF 132KVALABA
TABLE 4- 5 PLACEMENT OF DSR HAVING ITS REACTANCE VALUE 50% OF 132KVALABA
VIII M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

Acronyms
% Percentage
ALA Alaba
ASW Active Smart Wire
DC Direct Current
D-FACTS Distributed FACTS
DOE Department of Energy
DSI Distributed Series Impedance
DSR Distributed Series Reactance
DSSC Distributed Series Static Compensator
DUM Dummy
EEPG Ethiopian Electric Power Grid
EHV Extra High Voltage
EMS Energy Management System
FACTS Flexiable Alteranting Current Tranmission Systems
GRED Great Renaisance Dam
GUI Graphic User Interface
GW Giga Watt
HV High Voltage
km Kilometer
kV Kilo volt
M$ Million United States Dollar
MVAr Mega Volt Amper
MW Mega Watt
IX M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

NGCC National Grid Control Center
OPF Optimal Power Flow
PSS/E Power System Simulator for Engineers
pu Per uint
R Resistance
RAS Remidal Action Sechme
S Apparent Power
SPS Special Protection Secheme
T&D Transmission and Distribution
TVA Tensase Valley Autority
U.S United States
USD United States Dollar
V Voltage
VAR Volt Amper
WS2 Wolyta Sodo Two
Z Impedance
μH Micro Henery
X M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

Abstract
An important issue in today’s power system is the need to analyze and determine the
adequacy of transmission capacity. There is a need for approaches to increase
transmission system capacity without construction of new transmission facilities, all
while assuring secure operation of the grid. Smart grid technologies such as FACTS
and DSRs can enhance capacity utilization and increase flexibility in controlling
power flows on transmission lines.
Distributed Series Reactor (DSR) control is a new smart grid technology that can be
applied to control flows in the transmission system. DSRs can be used to balance
flows in a single line as well as to control the distribution of power flows in parallel
lines. This thesis investigates the application of Distributed Series Reactors (DSRs) on
Ethiopian National Grid transmission systems to control power flow and to improve
the overloaded line capacity and shifting power to other parallel branches which are
under loaded. Simulation studies are carried out on Ethiopian grid using power system
simulation for Engineers (PSS/E). 400kV, 230kV and 132 kV transmission lines of the
Ethiopian gird are considered for simulation studies.
Placement of a DSR having its reactance value 20% of the overloaded line enhances
the existing transmission capacity utilization of the 400kV lines by 89.22%, for the
230kV lines by 81.28% and the same for 132kV lines by 83.79%. Moreover, the
overloading condition of the 132kV line is improved by 95%.
the existing transmission capacity utilization of the 400kV lines by 89.22%, the 230kV
lines by 81.32% and the same for 132kV lines by 82.42%. Moreover, the overloading
condition of the 132kV line is improved by 85%.
the existing transmission capacity utilization of the 400kV lines by 89.22%, the 230kV
XI M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

lines by 81.31% and the 132kV lines by 80.13%. Moreover, the overloading condition
of the 132kV line is improved by 79%.
In this study cost benefit analysis of DSR placement having its reactance value 20% of
the overloaded line is performed. The cost benefit analysis for the construction of new
transmission line for 84.76% capacity improvement needs 12.25M$ and the total cost
for the same capacity improvement using DSRs are deployed on the overloaded line
needs 3.33M$. Comparing this total cost of DSRs which is 3.33M$ with that of
building new lines which is 12.25M$, it appears that the DSRs implementation cost
reduced by 27.18 % relative to the traditional approach of building new lines.
Key Words: Distributed Series Reactance (DSR), Ethiopian Transmission System,

Power transfer capacity, Overloaded Lines and Cost Benefit Analysis.
XII M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In recent years, Ethiopian grid system has been progressed in rapid development and
expansion processes. Many big hydro power plants and very long EHV transmission
lines has been added to the grid to serve the fast-growing economy of the country, also
in the near future many more power plants and transmissions systems are expected to
be connected with the power grid.
Interconnections and power trading with other control areas (neighboring countries),
Sudan and Djibouti have been realized, enabling robustness and dynamicity of the
grid. Further, power grid interconnectors will be available in the east African regions,
example Ethio-kenya, Ethio-Sudan-Egypt, etc.
Since, Ethiopia has a great deal of hydro and wind power potential, the interconnectors
will create opportunities for foreign electricity market, mainly to sell electricity to east
African countries. Apart from this the interconnectors will have mutual benefits for
reliability and security of the interconnected grid system itself and social-economical
& political stability of the region.
In the last two decades local customers of EEP ranging from very big industries to
small household customers, their demand for electric power is growing at a very fast
rate. Foreign investment policy of the country is highly attractive and due to this
various type of new industries are booming & being operational. To serve this vast
electric power demand, improving existing power grid reliability and security is
mandatory & highly essential.
Currently, EEU customers get access for electricity either through the National
Electric Power Grid or through the Off-Grid system. The former is the most dynamic,
1 M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

robust and very huge interconnected electricity infrastructure supplying most urban
areas, being the backbone for industrialization and economic transformation, also
having interconnectors with other National Power Grid (neighboring countries) for
electricity export and trading. The later one is very small, self-contained system (SCS)
supplying electricity to remote and localized areas very far from existing national grid
system.
The Ethiopian National Grid is 100% powered by renewable energy resources mainly
coming from hydro and wind power plants. Installed capacity of Hydro power plants
is 2657MW, Wind power plant 328MW and others. In addition, GRED hydro power
project having a capacity of 6000MW is also expected to be connected stage by stage.
In the year 2020 the total installed capacity of the Ethiopian National Grid will be
more than 10,000MW [1].
There are 155 number of substation under transmission substation operation

department, and 19 number of power plant substation managed by Generation
operation department. Therefore, in total there are 174 number of substation in the grid
system including 500/400/230/132/66/45/33/15kV substations. The Ethiopian National
Grid Control Center-NGCC is responsible for the grid reliability operation &
coordination.
A recent Department of Energy (DOE) report highlights the problem of congestion in

transmission lines near major metropolitan centers. Transmission network
infrastructures face much more public opposition and as a result take longer to get
approvals and land for the construction of newlines. As the load continues to increase
it is possible that the transmission network may not be able to keep up with the
increase of the load.
In transmission system planning projects, the cost of congestions often a

consideration. Building new transmission lines may not be the most cost effective
approach to alleviating congestion [2]. Many researchers have looked for a way to
2 MSc. Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

control power flow that is less costly than building new lines. For some cases, the only
solution to control flow is to invest in new lines; A few studies [3] investigate several
different methods for controlling power flow. Other authors use series and shunt
compensator devices to control power flow. Other studies [4] propose using flexible
alternating current transmission system devices, but these devices are expensive for
large area implementations, but in some cases, there are other solutions. One new
techniques for controlling power flow, distributed series reactors (DSRs), shows
promise.
Distributed series reactors are lightweight devices that can be installed quickly on
transmission lines [5]. Distributed series reactors can be used to increase the capacity
of a transmission system by moving flow from heavily loaded lines to lines that are in
parallel and which have unused capacity. This is accomplished by using the DSRs to
increase the reactance of the heavily loaded lines. In the study here, DSRs are used as
an alternative way to alleviate overloading problems, providing economic benefits
overbuilding new transmission lines.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The transmission system is the core part of power system network which deliver
power to the distribution system. Maximize the capacity power flow on the
transmission line plays a key role to reduce transmission networks take a much longer
time to plan and construct and reduce investment on new lines, moreover getting
transmissions line corridor has been a challenge specially in major cities like in Addis
Ababa due to huge displacement cost are a head ache for the utility provider. The
132kV Alaba – Wolyta Sodo II transmission line which is connected to the 230kV and
400kV lines is overloaded and this line is connected to the maximum generating plant
like Gibe III. It is a problem for using efficiently the 400kV lines which have a big
capacity to transport more power to the load center. Moreover, it will be a cause for
cascading failures for the power system. Analysis such kinds of problems on

applications of FACTS devices to improve overloading and unbalanced conditions

using Power system simulation software for Engineers (PSS/E) on existing power
grid.
These days, the Ethiopian Electric Power grid is highly suffering from frequent
blackouts, 15 number of blackout has been recorded in the year 2015 alone [1]. Most
blackouts were the results of cascading failures of the power system due to some lines
are overloaded. Preventing such blackouts is a very important goal that requires detail
study, analysis & close monitoring of the state of the power flow
This thesis considers or focuses on problems of overloading and unbalanced operating

conditions in 400kV, 230kV and 132kV transmission system of Ethiopian national
grid and investigates the methods for solving the above problems as well as to enhance
the power transfer capacity of the transmission system.
1.3 Objectives of the Thesis
General Objective
The general objective of this thesis is to analyze and investigate the unbalanced and
overloaded operating conditions of Ethiopian national grid transmission system and to
explore the applications of FACTS devices for alleviation of these problem as well as
to enhance to its power transfer capacity.
Specific Objectives of the Thesis
The specific objectives of the thesis research are as follows:
 To evaluate and analyze the power transfer capacity 400kV, 230kV and 132kV
transmission systems of Ethiopian national grid and identify the unbalanced and
overloaded operating conditions.

 To investigate the mitigation of unbalanced and overloaded operating conditions of

the transmission system using DSRs
 To determine the capacity and location of DSR to solve the overloaded and
unbalanced operating conditions.
 To carry out simulation studies using PSS/E (power system simulation for
engineers) and compare the power transfer capacity with the existing transmission
system with that obtained using the proposed technique or method.
 To carry out cost benefit analysis of the existing system with implementation of
DSR and the new transmission system with the same power transfer capacity.
 To draw relevant conclusions and make recommendations for improvement of
capacity on transmission systems on Ethiopian power grid (EEPG)
1.4 Methodology
132kV, 230kV and 400kV transmission systems from existing Ethiopian national grid
are considered for the study of overloaded and unbalanced power system operating
conditions. The capacity improvement analysis has been carried out using Power
System Simulation for Engineers (PSS/E) during peak load of 2017 of the grid. Two
cases are evaluated during power flow study where the capacity enhancements on
400kV, 230kV and 132kV transmission system are determined. The cases are: (1)
Power flow study without DSRs are used; (2) Power flow study with placement of
DSRs having its reactance value 20%,30% and 50% are operated on the overloaded
line in an attempt to better utilize the capacity of each line.

Figure 1- 1 DSR placing and operating flow chart
1.5 Literature Review
Initial field trials distributed series reactor implications for future applications
presented by Bruce Rogers [25]. The Distributed Series Reactor is a self-contained
device, powered by induction from a transmission line conductor that increases the
series impedance of a circuit by injecting series reactance. The concept was first
demonstrated in 2002 – 2003 and has been demonstrated in pilot installations on HV

transmission lines. For a 161-kV line, assume 5 spans per mile and a device at each
end of each span i.e. 10 devices per mile. Approximate impedance increase = 20%. An
application had been tried on 39 bus system gird for a base line 1904 MW and
increase the MW to 638 (33.5%) and line availability from 59 % to 93% using
distributed series reactance.
The pilot test results: -
 Total Impedance Increase (33 DSRs / Phase @ 47 μH / DSR): .226 % (degree of

control limited by number of available devices and a test line that was longer than
optimal for the demonstration)
 Devices also successfully used to adjust phase imbalance
 Single point failure of communication system identified for necessary design
upgrade
 DSRs presently considered unsuitable for bundled conductor use, although
technically feasible
 Simplest application is reduction of maximum contingency load for postponement
of line up rate
 Ability to quickly relocate DSRs reduces cost to individual projects
 Future designs may provide capacitive injection to reduce reactive impedance
 Future designs with high speed controls may be low cost alternative to FACTS
Load growth and power flow control with DSRs: Balanced vs unbalanced
transmission networks, Shamia Omran [26]. A new smart grid technology, the
Distributed Series Reactor (DSRs), is investigated in this paper. DSRs can be used to
balance flows in the phases of an unbalanced line or used to control the distribution of
flow in a meshed network. In this paper, DSRs will be used to alleviate overloads that
result due to increased load. The design is performed for an unbalanced, 3-phase
system, and then for a balanced, 3-phase model derived from the unbalanced model,

where the symmetrical components transformation is used to create the balanced

model.
 The authors have created 3-phase models of transmission systems for 7 different
utilities in the U.S., where some of the transmission systems spanned multiple
states, and included volt-age levels of 230 kV, 345 kV, and 500 kV, where the
majority of the lines were not transposed. In several utilities there were no
transposed lines in the transmission systems. The reasons for imbalance at the
receiving end of a line can be due to impedance unbalance, load unbalance, and
sending end voltage unbalance. This paper only addresses impedance unbalance,
but as demonstrated in the case study in the paper, the effects of impedance
unbalance (i.e., non-transposed lines) can be significant on flows and voltages.
Thus, to investigate the effect on DSR design of the line impedance model, two
cases are considered, an unbalanced, 3-phase impedance model, and a balanced, 3-
phase impedance model. The balanced model is derived by assuming that the lines
in the unbalanced model are transposed. In the unbalanced model the self-
impedances are unequal with symmetrical but unequal off diagonal elements. The
same is true for the shunt admittance matrix of the unbalanced model. In the
balanced model the impedance matrix has diagonal elements that are equal in value
and off diagonal elements that are zero
The author investigates:
 The overloads start to occur in the balanced model at 141% load growth, whereas
overloads do not occur in the unbalanced model until 145% load growth is reached.
At the 141% and 143% load levels, the unbalanced model has no overloads and no
DSRs are needed. However, the balanced model experiences overloads at the 141%
and 143% load levels, where75 DSRs and 900 DSRs are required, respectively.
This is quite a significant difference between the 2 models.

 At the 149% load level, 3750 DSRs are deployed in the unbalanced model to
alleviate overloads whereas in the balanced mode l5550 DSRs are deployed
 For a given loading, use of the balanced model in the design results in many more
DSRs for control than when the unbalanced model is used in the design. It was
shown that the balanced model assumption, if used when lines are truly unbalanced,
can lead to significant errors.
 The majority of the transmission system in the U.S. is unbalanced, and since
significant errors can arise when just the impedance unbalance is considered.
 The application of DSRs can increase the utilization of the line capacity in a system.
This increased utilization can delay or eliminate the need for building new
transmission lines. Whether DSRs should be used to increase line utilization or
new lines should be built is partly an economic question.
Investigation of distributed series reactors in power system applications and its

economic implementation by Ahmet Onen [27]. The transmission system expansion
planning process requires lots of calculations looking many years into the future, and
the results are based on assumed load growth. If the load growth assumed in the
planning process is not correct and unexpected load growth occurs for some load
points, the transmission system could face serious congestion and even overloading
problems.
In this paper, transmission line impedance adjustment techniques using distributed

series reactance (DSR) is considered. The IEEE39 bus transmission system used in
this work. Line ratings, line lengths, and load flows for the system have been taken.
The DSR congestion relief factor is defined as the rate of maximum system loading
without DSRs to the maximum system loading with DSRs, as given by equation (2.13)
LoadingWithoutDSR
DSRCongestionReliefFactor = (2.13)
LoadingwithDSR

This study represents a new control method of power flow by using DSR modules.
Algorithm is tested on the IEEE New England (39bus) test system. The results and
observations with the DSR algorithm are stated here:
 The proposed algorithm with DSR modules can be used to manage power flow and
capacity expansion and reduce overloads when some areas require special load
growth.
 The proposed algorithm with DSRs is tested for constant load growth applied to
each bus, and the results show that the proposed algorithm is also useful for
entire‐system expansion planning
 Single contingency of generation outage is tested with the proposed algorithm. The
results show that the proposed algorithm fully utilizes the capacity of the existing
system by using DSRs when generation outages occurred
 Line outages are also tested with the proposed algorithm and one of the largest
lines was taken out by considering the worst case; the results show that the DSR
algorithm can utilize capacity effectively, when there are line outages and also
overloading problems when there is a line contingency as well.
 Simulation results show the practicability and success of the DSR technique as a
control for power flow in providing a cheaper alternative to the construction of new
transmission lines.
Feasibility of DSR applications in transmission grid operation—Control of power flow

and imbalanced voltage by Mohammad Nawaf Nazira, ∗ , Shaimaa Omrana, Robert
Broadwaterb [31]. This paper studied the application of Distributed Series
Reactors(DSRs) in increasing transmission capacity and reducing voltage imbalance in
unbalanced transmission networks. The IEEE 39 bus standard transmission system
model was modified to a 3-phase, unbalanced, model consisting of lines operating at
230 kV, 345 kV and 500 kV.
It was shown that as the network load is increased and with-out employing DSRs, the
full capacity of the transmission network was underutilized as the low voltage line, the

230 kV line, over-loaded first, and the high voltage line, the 345 KV line, was left
with significant unused transmission capacity. In order to increase the utilization of the
high voltage line, DSRs are added to the low volt-age line, and this has the effect of
pushing more power toward the alternate high voltage path.
With the unbalanced transmission lines evaluated, it is found that unsymmetrical

operation of DSRs is more beneficial than symmetrical operation. With the
unsymmetrical operation only half the number of DSRs is needed to achieve the same
trans-mission capacity increase. Hence, unbalanced operation of DSRs over the phases
of the low voltage line can result in substantial transmission capacity increase while
using substantially fewer DSRs.
The economic analysis for symmetrical and unsymmetrical operation of DSRs

demonstrated significant potential economic benefits from using DSRs.
The second part of the paper studied the application of DSRs to reduce voltage
imbalance. In applications where reducing the voltage imbalance rather than
increasing the transmission capacity is the main objective, DSRs can also be useful.
The modified 3-phase, IEEE 39 bus system is again used to study the voltage
imbalance. In this case a 345 KV line in parallel with a 500 KV line was considered. It
is found that under certain unsymmetrical DSR operation on the500 kV line, the
voltage imbalance at the receiving end of the line can be reduced from 0.275% to
about 0.008%.
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis is organized into five Chapters:
In chapter 1 is an introductory part giving background of the study. The basic problem
is described. The objectives of the thesis work are stated. The methodologies are
clearly described and finally researchers done in the area of the application of

distributed series reactance have been discussed in detail. In Chapter 2 deals with
fundamentals of FACTS Controllers deeply assessed. Different kinds of FACTS
controllers and the basic principle have been discussed. The concept of using a
distributed series compensator to control the power flow and the proposed power flow
controller in this study clearly described.
In chapter 3, Ethiopian grid existing transmission system overview is evaluated.

Overloaded and under loaded lines are identified at peak load power flow. Placement
of distributed series reactance on overloaded line is conducted.
In Chapter 4 is simulation Studies using power system simulator for engineers

(PSS/E) are carried out on the overloaded line. Performance evaluations without DSR
and with DSR with regarding to capacity improvements of the 400kV, 230kVand
132kV transmission system have been investigated. The cost benefits Analysis of DSR
with regard to construction of new transmission line is conducted.
Finally, conclusions, recommendations, and future researches are discussed in chapter

5. Results obtained from the thesis work are summarized and relevant conclusions
have been drawn. Possible solutions for the problems during the thesis work have been
recommended and future works in the area of the application of DSRs are proposed.

CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS
2.1 Introduction
In its most general expression, the FACTS concept is based on the substantial
incorporation of power electronic devices and methods into the high-voltage side of
the network, to make it electronically controllable. Many of the ideas upon which the
foundation of FACTS rests evolved over a period of many decades. Nevertheless,
FACTS, an integrated philosophy, is a novel concept that was brought to fruition
during the 1980s [6]. FACTS look at ways of capitalizing on the many breakthroughs
taking place in the area of high-voltage and high current power electronics, aiming at
increasing the control of power flows in the high voltage side of the network during
both steady-state and transient conditions. The new reality of making the power
network electronically controllable has started to alter the way power plant equipment
is designed and built as well as the thinking and procedures that go into the planning
and operation of transmission and distribution networks. These developments may
also affect the way energy transactions are conducted, as high-speed control of the
path of the energy flow is now feasible. Owing to the many economical and technical
benefits it promised, FACTS received the instinctive support of electrical equipment
manufacturers, utilities, and research organizations around the world.
Several kinds of FACTS controllers have been commissioned in various parts of the
world. The most popular are: load tap changers, phase angle regulators, static VAR
compensators, thyristor-controlled series compensators, inter phase power controllers,
static compensators, and unified power flow controllers. Providing the ability to
control the flow of current can help the system operators to use the network resources
more efficiently. State estimation and optimal power flow are such technique that

adjusts line flows, by monitoring the prevailing system conditions, to extract the
unused capacity from the grid.
The objective of state estimation is to estimate the unknown network quantities, which
can be voltage magnitudes, phase angles, etc., from the quantities that are easily
measurable such as generator’s injected power, line reactance, transformer tap settings.
[19, 20]
Optimal power flow simulations must be carried out every time the loading or the
operating conditions on the network change. A central control and communication
units are required to compute the new state of the system and adjust the control
variables. Computational complexity and the requirement of an extensive
communication capability make this approach difficult to implement for very large
power networks
2.2 Types of FACTS Controllers
SERIES SHUNT
(SVC-Static Var
(TSCS-Thyristor controlled series Compensator and
Capacitor and SSSC-Static STATCOM-Static
Synchronous Compensator)
Synchronous Series Compensator)
FACTS
and SERIES-SERIES
SERIES-SHUNT
DSR-Distributed
(UPFC-Unified Series
PowerReactance
Flow (IPFC- Interline Power Flow
Controller) Controller)
Figure 2-1 Types of FACTS controllers

FACTS devices change the system parameters, such as voltage magnitude, voltage
angle, or the line reactance, to improve the transmission capacity and utilization of
existing lines by controlling the flow of current through them.
Figure 2.2 shows a simple two bus system, with the associated parameters. The basic
equation governing the flow of real and reactive power between the two buses/nodes is
described by equations 2.1 and 2.2
Figure 2-2 Two Bus System
V2 2
P12 = V1V2 ZS cos(θS − δ) − cos θS Watt/Phase (2.1)
ZS
V1 V2 V2 2
Q12 = sin( θS − δ) − sin θS Watt/Phase (2.2)
ZS ZS
P12 and Q12: the flow of real and reactive power from Bus 1 to Bus 2,
V1 and V2: the voltage magnitudes at the two buses,
δ: the phase difference between the voltages at the two buses,
|Zs|: the absolute value of line impedance, and
θs: the angle of the line impedance

The equations can be further simplified if the line resistance (R) is neglected as shown
in equations (2.3) and (2.4). This assumption holds true if the reactance of the line
(XL) is much greater than the resistance (R)
V1 V2
P12 = sin 
XL
V2
= sin δ, if |V1 | = |V2 | = |V| (2.3)
XL
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2 2
𝑄12 = cos 𝛿 −
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑆
V2
= (cos δ − 1) , if|V1 | = |V2 | = |V| (2.4)
XL
Here XL is the line reactance
The equation highlights that both the real and reactive power flows between any two
buses can be controlled by changing the voltage magnitudes, voltage phase difference,
or the reactive impedance of the line. All FACTS devices alter one or more of these
system parameters to control the flow of power. Controlling the power flow by
changing the different parameters is presented in the following sections.
Series controllers
The series controller could be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or
power electronics based variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous and
harmonic frequencies to serve the desired need. In principle, all the series controllers
inject voltage in series with the line. Even variable impedance multiplied by the
current flow throughout, represents an injected series voltage in the line. As long as

the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current, the series controller only
supplies or consumes variable reactive power.
Shunt controllers
As in the case of series controllers, shunt controllers may be variable impedance,

variable source or a combination of these. In principle all shunt controller inject
current into the system. Even variable shunt impedance causes a variable current
injection into the line. As long as injected current is in phase quadrature with the line
voltage it supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship
will involve real power exchange also.
Combined Series – Series Controller
This could be a combination of separate series controllers, which are controlled in a

coordinated manner, or it could be a unified controller. The series controllers could
provide independent series reactive compensation but also could transfer real power
among the lines via the power link (D.C link). The real power transfer capability of the
unified series-series controller, referred to as interline power flow controller, makes it
possible to balance both the real and reactive power flow in the lines. And there by
maximize the utilization of the transmission system. Note that the term “unified” here
means that the DC terminals of all controller converters are all connected together for
real power transfer
Combined Series – Shunt Controller
This is a combination of series and shunt controllers which are controlled in a

coordinated manner or a unified power flow controller with series and shunt elements.
In principle combined shunt and series controller inject current in to the system with

the shunt part of the controller and voltage in series in the line with the series part of
the controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are unified, there can be
a real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers via the power link.
2.3 Distributed Series Reactance
As adjusting the impedance and admittance of the transmission line is one method to
control the Power flow, Distributed Series Reactor controller was first proposed as a
D-FACTS device to fulfill this objective. Lines that is likely to see overloads at certain
times of the day or under Defined contingency conditions can be modified with DSR
modules to automatically control the line reactance and thus current flow.
The DSR adds reactance to the self-impedance (diagonal elements of the impedance
matrix) of the line model [7]. The DSR addition affects the self-impedance of the line
impedance matrix Z where Zii = self-impedance of phase i, and i = A, B, C. Zij =
mutual impedance between phases i and j, and i, j = A, B, C.
The value of the reactance added depends on the number of DSR modules activated
and the selected reactance for each DSR module [8].
Distributed Series Reactors has been developed by a vendor working initially with the
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Department of Energy Advanced Research
Program Agency -Electric (ARPA-E) [12]. DSRs are clamped to phase conductors and
powered by induction from the line current. A magnetic link allows the device to
inject inductive reactance to increase line impedance. In a meshed transmission grid,
increased impedance in one path results in transfer of power flow to other paths [8].
The distributed series reactor, shown in Figure 2.5 [9], consists of a split transformer
hung from the conductor. The conductor forms the primary winding of the transformer.
When the secondary winding is shorted, the unit operates in monitoring mode and
negligible inductance is coupled in series with the line. When the secondary winding
is opened, the magnetizing inductance of the transformer is coupled in series with the

line, and the unit operates in injection mode. While an individual device has a very
small effect on the impedance of a line phase, adding numbers of them can change
reactive impedance by several percent.
Figure 2 -3 Schematic Circuit of DSR [9]
Figure 2- 4 DSR connected to a transmission line [10]
DSR Installation
Fig. 2.6 shows a conceptual schematic of D-FACTS devices deployed on a power line
to alter the power flow by changing the line impedance. Each module is rated at about
10 kVA and is clamped on the line, floating both electrically and mechanically. Each
module can be controlled to increase or decrease the impedance of the line, or to leave

it unaltered. With a large number of modules operating together, it is possible to have

a significant impact on the overall power flow in the line. The low volt ampere ratings
of the modules are in line with mass manufactured power electronics systems in the
industrial drives and uninterruptible power supply markets and suggests that it would
be possible to realize extremely low cost. Finally, the use of a large number of
modules results in high system reliability, as system operation is not compromised by
the failure of a small number of modules.
Figure 2- 5 D-FACTS deployed on power line
Equation (2.5) shows how power flow varies with the line reactance. Control of real
power flow on the line thus requires that the angle δ or the line impedance XL be
changed. A phase shifting transformer can be used to control the angle δ. This is an
expensive non-scalable solution and provides limited dynamic control capability.
Alternatively, a single series compensator can be used to increase or decrease the

effective reactive impedance XL of the line, thus allowing control of real power flow
between the two buses. The impedance change can be effected by series injection of a
passive capacitive or inductive element in the line. Alternatively, a static inverter can
also be used to realize a controllable active lossless element such as a negative or
positive inductor or a synchronous fundamental voltage that is orthogonal to the line
current
V1 V2 sin δ
P12 = (2.5)
XL

WhereV1 and V2 are the bus voltage magnitudes, δ is the voltage phase difference, and
XL is the line impedance. The concept of D-FACTS presents the highest potential to
increase power flow and consequently the transfer capacity of a meshed transmission,
sub transmission, and distribution network. In a meshed T&D network, the power
transfer capacity of the system is constricted by the first line that reaches the thermal
limit. The inability to effectively control power flow in such a network results in
significant under-utilization of the overall system. D-FACTS devices offer the ability
to improve the transfer capacity and grid utilization by routing power flow from
overloaded lines to underutilized parts of the network. Capacitive compensation on
underutilized lines would make them more receptive to the inflow of the current, while
inductive compensation on overloaded lines would make them less attractive to
current flow. In both cases, the throughput of the system is increased by diverting
additional power flow from the congested parts of the network to the lines with
available capacity.
Communication and Control
DSRs can be controlled in several ways. They can be pre-programmed to operate at a

given current threshold, managed manually from an operating center in response to
system conditions, or controlled automatically for more complex applications.
Communications may be simply through one-way power line carrier, or two ways
through cell phone circuits. Manual or automatic control is achieved as shown in
Figure 2.7 through real-time communications. A Super DSR manages a set of
proximate distributed series reactors and communicates with a DSR System Manager,
which interfaces the entire fleet of DSRs with the energy management system (EMS).
The central system manager allows configuring, monitoring and operating the DSRs
as well as data archival. A DSR can provide line current, conductor temperature, fault
location indication, fault current, ambient temperature, conductor vibration, conductor
sag angle, and conductor blowout angle

When the DSR controller detects a fault, it returns the units to monitoring mode in less
than 100microseconds to ensure that the DSRs do not interfere with existing
protection schemes. To date, none of the DSR pilot deployments have required any
changes to protection settings [11].
Applications include reliability improvement, delaying new line construction,

reduction of congestion/ re-dispatch, simplification or removal of operating
procedures, maintenance and construction outage support, phase balancing, and
improved situational awareness
Figure 2-6 DSR communications
DSRs can be deployed to simplify or eliminate a remedial action scheme (RAS) or

special protection scheme (SPS). In a study for a utility, a specific n-2 asset outage
resulted in tripping generation and load with a RAS. Deploying DSRs on a number of

transmission lines simplified the RAS and eliminated 1200 megawatts (MW) of
generation and load shedding.
Pilot Test
Distributed Series Reactors has been developed by a vendor working initially with the
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Department of Energy Advanced Research
Program Agency -Electric (ARPA-E) [12].
The first pilot test included 100 units installed over 17 spans of a 21-mile 161 kV line
owned by the Tennessee Valley Authority. Installations averaged approximately 10
minutes per unit, including wire brushing the conductor, installation of protector rods,
and installation of an associated vibration damper [11].
2.4 DSR for Power Flow Controller
The concept of using a distributed series compensator to control the power flow has
been suggested earlier [12]. A distributed series compensator is capable of providing
the same control capability as that of conventional series FACTS devices but at high
module reliability and lower cost. However, the technology is based on a voltage
source inverter, implying a high dependency on power electronics and electrolytic
capacitors. The current power electronics devices are generally not suited for use in
the utility environment. The safe operating temperature range of the commercially
available power electronic and control devices is between 80oC to 125oC, while the
temperature extreme for power line conductors (100oC) can result in unsafe operating
temperatures. Moving parts such as fans are not desirable making thermal
management a major challenge as well. Further, the long-projected life (~30 years)
suggests that dependence on electrolytic capacitors must be reduced. It is thus required
to keep the power electronics at a minimal level to ensure a reliable system operation.
Further, to realize the full control range of a distributed series compensator, a

communication interface is required. In particular, a capacitive voltage injection can

only be induced on a line if local information about the Operating limits of other lines
is made available to the controller. Communication adds another layer of cost and
complexity and degrades the system reliability.
The distributed compensator was proposed with the objective of providing a

continuous control range, which translates into varying the impedance of the entire
line over a desired range. The proposed power flow controller is based on this idea and
is introduced as a subcategory of Distributed FACTS devices. The injection of series
VARS is made possible through injection of series impedance (inductor or a capacitor).
A Distributed Series Impedance (DSI) can control active power flow by realizing
variable line impedance. The transfer capacity and consequently the grid utilization
can be improved by routing the power flow from overloaded lines to underutilized
parts of the network. Capacitive compensation on under-utilized lines makes them
more receptive to the inflow of current, while inductive compensation on over-loaded
lines makes them less attractive to current flow. In both the cases, the throughput of
the system is increased by diverting additional power flow from the congested parts of
the network to the lines with available capacity.
However, as in the case of DSSC, bidirectional control capability requires a

communication interface to instruct the device to operate in the particular mode.
Communication adds another layer of to the complexity network and can further delay
the adoption of the technology. A desirable control objective would be to make the
modules switch in or out at a predetermined point, thus eliminating the need for
centralized control. This can be easily realized if the control is made unidirectional,
and the amount of injection can be related to locally measured quantities, namely
current and/or voltage. The particular case that exhibits this characteristic is that of
purely inductive injection. This implementation, where the injected impedance can
only increase the line impedance is referred to as the Distributed Series Reactance.

The control strategy is unidirectional and the devices can be made to operate
autonomously based on the measured line current
Using distributed Series Reactance (DSR), at a system level, as the current in a

particular line exceeds a predetermined value, increasing numbers of DSR modules
are switched in, gradually increasing line impedance and diverting current to under-
utilized lines. Pre-selected lines that are likely to see overload conditions at certain
times of the day or under defined contingency conditions can be modified with DSR
modules to automatically control the current flow.
Deployment of DSR modules on a power system can thus help to steer current from
one part of the network to the other. The utilization of all the lines in the network can
be gradually increased, bringing the system to its maximum power transfer capacity.
Reliability of the system is also enhanced with the ability to share the overload
between lines. A DSR system can not only restore a secure system operation under
contingency conditions by diverting the excess current to other lines but can also
improve the transmission capacity under such conditions. Thus, a self-healing network
with controllable values can be obtained.

CHAPTER 3
ETHIOPIAN GRID TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND
DISTRIBUTED SERIES REACTANCE PLACEMENT
3.1 Introduction
In this section, the Ethiopian Electric Power grid has been assessed for its system
overview for different voltage levels, installed equipment’s for enhancing system
performance, modeling of the transmission system in PSS/E for analysis of
contingency results and investigation partial blackout the peak load of 2017.The
placement of DSR on the transmission line identified through system load flow
simulation.
Ethiopian National Grid System
The country is divided into 8 regional operation departments for the electricity
network: Addis Ababa, Central region, Eastern region, Northern region, North-Eastern
region, North-Western region, Southern region and Western region.
The Ethiopian Electric Power is the sole power utility in Ethiopia responsible for
power generation, and transmission electrical energy all over the country. EEP
supports the endeavors of the Federal Government of Ethiopia in promoting social and
economic progress in all parts of the country.
The most salient policies promoted by EEP to meet its strategic goals are listed below:
 Fast development within the country of competitively priced and environmentally

sustainable electricity generation projects
 Exploitation of indigenous energy sources (estimated Ethiopian hydro power
potential ≥ 45 GW)
 Participation of the private sector in the above-mentioned developments

The cost allocation for generation, transmission, distribution and supply shown on Fig
3.1 for building these infrastructures is the following [1]:
Figure 3-1 cost allocation US$M in 2016 money
System Overview
The total circuit lengths of transmission and sub-transmission lines on the existing
system are shown in Table 3-1. EEP plans to phase out 45 kV in favor of 66 kV and
also to replace some 66 kV lines with 132 kV. A map of the existing system and the
planned transmission projects up to 2016 is shown in Figure 3-2 [28].
Table 3-1Transmission and sub transmission lines on the existing system [1]
Reactive compensation is installed at various locations across the network on the

system and includes shunt capacitors with a total capacity of approximately 200
MVAr and shunt reactors (both line and bus bar connected), with a total capacity of

approximately 700 MVAr. In 2017, the peak generation (including Ethiopia peak
demand, losses and exports) was 2078.9 MW.
Figure 3-2existing and planned generation and transmission system

400kV Network
The 400-kV network is currently limited to a few transmission lines and substations.
These include an interconnection between Gilgel Gibe II/ III power plants and
SebetaII to Gelan substation in the south of Addis Ababa and an interconnection
between Beles power plant, Bahir Dar, Sululta, Debremarkos and Geberguracha
substation to the north of Addis Ababa.
230kV Network
The 230-kV network includes;
 A complete ring around Addis Ababa, including; Sululta, Gefersa, Sebeta kality
and Cotobie II to Legetafo.
 Interconnections between Addis Ababa and power plants to the south east
including Koka and Melka Wakena.
 Interconnection between Koka and Dire Dawa in the east, with interconnected to
Djibouti.
 North-western corridor, including interconnection with Finchaa, Debre Markos,
Tis-Abay and Beles power plants and interconnected to Sudan via Metema.
 Northern corridor including Combolcha, Alamata, Mekele and Tekeze power plant.
 A 230-kV transmission line between Bahir Dar and Alamata interconnects the
north western and northern corridors
132kV, 66kV and 45 kV
The extent of the 132-kV network has been used extensively in the past for
transmission, however in many parts of the network, due to extension of the 230-kV
system, 132 kV is now effectively used more for sub-transmission along with 66 kV
and 45 kV.

3.2 Ethiopian Grid System Modeling Using PSS/E
The model was developed by the Ethiopian Electric Power most closely refined to
2017 peak load.
Professional software package PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) is

developed by Siemens PTI (Power Technologies International)
PSS/E is a comprehensive time-tested tool for performing power flow (including

optimal power flow), short circuit, and transient stability simulation (including long
term) of power system networks. The program, used by utility engineers and others
worldwide for well over three decades, employs the latest numerical algorithms to
efficiently solve networks with up to 150,000 buses with no loss of solution accuracy
or computer time
The PSS/E-33 program package has a modern, easy-to-use, Microsoft Foundation

Class (MFC), graphical user interface (GUI) for power flow as well as dynamic
simulation. The GUI contains commands for recording capability which can be used to
automate repetitive calculations.
User-switchable choice of five solution methods including Newton-Raphson (full,

decoupled, fast decoupled), Gauss-Seidel, and modified Gauss-Seidel.
PSS/E is comprised of the following calculation modules:
 PSS/E Power Flow

 PSS/E Optimal Power Flow (PSS/E OPF)
 PSS/E Balanced or Unbalanced Fault Analysis
 PSS/E Dynamic Simulation
Module is basic PSS/E program module and it is powerful and easy-to use for basic
power flow network analysis. Besides analysis tool this module is also used for Data
handling, updating, and manipulation

PSS/E is not set up to solve any specific problem; rather, it is set of computational
tools that are directed by the user in an interactive manner. By applying these tools in
the appropriate sequence, the engineer can handle a wide range of investigations for
the planning and operation of electric power systems.
Through the PSS/E interface the following functions and analyses are available:
 Power flow and related network functions

 Optimal power flow
 Open access
 Fault analysis
 Network equivalency
 Dynamic simulation
 One-line diagrams
Program automation
Additionally, one of the most basic premises of PSS/E is that the engineer can derive
the greatest benefit from computational tools by retaining intimate control over their
application. IPLAN program language and or Python programs can be used within
PSS/E for batch control and automation of the simulation processes
Overview of the PSS/E User Interface
The PSS/E interface supports a variety of interactive facilities including:
 Introduction, modification and deletion of network data using a spreadsheet.

 Creation of networks and one-line diagrams.
 Steady-state analyses (load flow, fault analysis, optimal power flow, etc.).
 Presentation of steady-state analysis results.
 Dynamic simulations (transient, dynamic and long-term stability analysis
 Presentation of Dynamic simulation results.

Once PSS/E opened, the key elements of the user interface are the Tree View,
Spreadsheet View, Diagram View and the Output Bar, as pointed out in Figure 2.8
Figure 2 -7Key Elements of the Interface Tree View, Main Menu, Toolbars,
Spreadsheet, View Output Bar Diagram, View Status Bar.
Spreadsheet View
All network data components (e.g., buses, lines, loads) are represented within
worksheet style tabs on the spreadsheet. The spreadsheet, or workbook, is
synchronized with the bus subsystem selector so that only a subset of the data may be

viewed at any time. New network elements may be entered or modified directly in the
appropriate worksheet, or existing ones deleted. In the Spreadsheet View, standard
Windows commands such as copy and paste actions are supported.
Sorting and filtering capabilities are provided to increase usability, especially with
large systems. At program startup the Spreadsheet View is not shown. It will appear
when a raw data or saved case file is opened. The Spreadsheet View is the default
view for the interface and remains open once it is populated. It can be minimized, but
if closed will remove the current network from PSS/EE.
In Figure 2.9, the Bus tab has been selected and the spreadsheet reflects the bus data
records within the working case. Other data items may be viewed by clicking on the
other tabs located at the bottom of the spreadsheet view.
Figure 2- 8 Overview of the Spreadsheet View

Tree View
The Tree View provides a hierarchical, expandable and collapsible list view of the
network, OPF, dynamics, model, and plot data in the system (as shown in Figure 2.10).
It is synchronized with the bus subsystem selector to enable the user to reduce the
amount of data presented at any one time. The Tree View is also synchronized with
the Spreadsheet and Diagram Views, reflecting their current content.
Figure 2 -9 Tree View (expandable form of network components)

Diagram View
The Diagram View is used to create, expand and display one-line diagrams of the
electrical system (as shown in Figure 2.11). As new elements are added to the diagram,
the Spreadsheet and Tree Views are automatically updated to reflect the addition
Additional diagram capabilities include the ability to view power flow, short-circuit
analysis, reliability and dynamic simulation results. The Diagram View is not
automatically opened. It is initiated by opening an existing one-line drawing file, or by
starting a new diagram window.
The Diagram View can directly import old PSS/E DRAW files, which can then be
saved to the new diagram Slider (SLD) format.
Figure 2- 10 Overview of Diagram View of a sample system

Given an existing PSS/E case, a one-line diagram may easily be built or expanded, bus
by bus. This is accomplished by activating a Diagram View, right-clicking on an
existing bus within the diagram or tree view and selecting Grow. All items connected
to the selected bus are automatically drawn on the diagram. Simple mouse operations
may then be used to rearrange elements on the diagram.
3.3 Model in PSS/E
EEP provided a PSS/E network model, which formed the basis of the analysis. The
model was refined to more closely represent the network in 2017 peak load and the
generation is 2078.9 MW (including the peak load, exports and the loss).The peak
2017 data’s are line R in (pu), line X in (pu), charging B in (pu), ratings of A, B, and C
phases in MVA and line lengths in km are listed in Appendix B.
Performance Evaluation of Existing Transmission System
Network analysis was conducted on the existing Ethiopian transmission system, to

identify constraints and to develop a model which would provide the basis for the
transmission expansion plan. In this section of the report we discuss the findings of the
studies on the existing system and identify reinforcements required to support peak
demand conditions across the network.
A summary of the assessment results is shown that 285 lines are monitored and during
contingency analysis 12 lines are tripped, and a number of loads sheds done for
corrective action are 12 lines with further details including summary of contingency
analysis study results provided in Appendix A.
Load Flow Studies
The load flow plots may be found in Appendix A. Under maximum load, intact

network conditions, a number of transmission line and transformer overloads, VAR

limits of the existing power generating stations, and peak load flow were found, and
are listed in Appendix C.
In order to maximize a peak load flow, it was necessary to significantly reduce the
overloaded lines and fully utilize the unused capacity of the 230kV and 400kV lines.
Numerous transformer overloads were found, mostly in the Addis Ababa region and
these are listed in Appendix C. These will be addressed through replacement of
existing transformers as required and through transfer of load to new substations in
certain cases. Voltages below and above the planning limits were found on the bus
bars listed in Appendix D.
Contingency Analysis
The transmission system currently carries very little redundancy and therefore is
generally unable to withstand line or transformer outages without loss of supply to part
of the network. Many of the substations are supplied over single radial 132 kV and
230kV circuits and will of course lose supply completely on loss of that circuit. Even
if two parallel lines exists on some parts of the area due to unbalanced transmission
lines exists in the network, some lines are overloaded first and have an additional
impact for cascade tripping. As the network is developed, it is assumed that supply to
these substations will be improved such that N-1 security is achieved. Investigation of
overloaded lines has to be carried due to sudden outages of units, lines and
transformers and a remedial action has to be taken like alleviating overloaded lines by
balancing the transmission lines and push more power from overloaded lines to those
lines that have unused capacity. The existing system contingency analysis has attached
on Appendix A.

3.4 Investigation of Partial Blackout of the System as of 2017
The partial system blackout occurred at around 06:11on 04 thNov 2017 (SCADA time).
Immediately prior to the incident the system conditions were as follows:
Table 3- 2 Generation Dispatch
No. Power Station Number Units on Total Generation

the System MW
Available
1 Beles HPP 1,3 and 4 330
2 Gilgele Gibe II HPP 2,3 and 4 325
3 Tekeze HPP 1 and 3 142
4 Fincha HPP All 120
5 Gigle Gibe I HPP All 140
6 Melkewakena HPP 1 55
7 Koka HPP 1 15
8 Awash II 2 25

9 Awash III 2 13
10 Adama Wind II All 5.66
11 Adama Wind I All 1.81
12 Gilegle Gibe III 1,4,5 and 6 613.55
13 Ashegoda wind All 0.1
Total Generation 1786.12
Table 3-3 Interconnection Transfer
Interconnection Transfer MW
Sudan 157
Djibouti 54.66
Preliminary Grid Disturbance Report:
 Type of Grid disturbance is type C (More than 80% of the grid affected)
 Affected Area: Except North West region all areas were affected

 Plant and/or Equipment directly involved: Except Beles power plant and North
West region all power Plants and Substations were involved.
Immediately prior to the grid affected the following circuit was out of service;
 Bahir Dar – Mota 230kV by Earth fault
The sequence of events provided by the Transmission System Operator
Table 3-4 Sequence of Events
Time Circuit /Generator Tripping Effect
Over current
06:13 Bahir dar - Alamata -230 kV line
06:14 Beles HPP Reverse Power
06:15 MelkaWakena HPP Over current/Overloaded
06:15 Koka HPP Over current
06:15 Awash III HPP Over Current
06:15 Awash II HPP Over current
06:17 All Tekeze Generation Over Frequency Trip
Thought to be the cause of the

06:17 W/sodoll – Gelan 400kv line
blackout

06:18 GG III Over Frequency Trip
06:18 Adama wind II Voltage loss
06:20 Adama Wind I Voltage loss
06:51 GGII HPP Over Frequency Trip
06:51 Gelan – Kaliti I 230kv linr I and line Unknown

ll
06:52 GGI HPP Over Frequency Trip
06:54 Ashegoda wind Loss of Voltage
06:56 Fincha HPP Over Frequency Trip
The existing system assessment showed that:
 Tripping of Bahir dar - Mota 230kv line also caused to trip Bahir dar – Alamata
230kv line with over current which isolate Beles from the grid at the same time
 The grid is weak does not fulfill the N-1 criteria during contingencies [1].
 There are overloaded lines and transformers during peak time certain times of a
day and during contingencies.
 Poor protection coordination systems.
 A review has to be carried out under frequency load shedding.

 The grid peak demand serves approximately 2079MW (60% in Addis Ababa)
[1]
 Mostly radial lines with limited interconnection.
 230 kV and 132 kV are the most extensively used in the network
 230 kV interconnectors to Djibouti and Sudan with limited capacity
Generally speaking, when line is overloaded EEP operators follow the traditional way
of shedding loads automatically and manually to save the system from contingencies
and blackout and partial blackout following cascade tripping of the system parameters.
EEP solving the overloaded lines problems by constructing new transmission lines
instead of using FACTS devise to alleviate overloads and delay investment costs.
On this study uses DSRs on overloaded lines due to peak load at certain time of the
day by identifying after load flow analysis. Distributed series reactors can be used to
increase the capacity of a transmission system by moving flow from heavily loaded
lines to lines that are in parallel and which have unused capacity.
3.5 DSRs Placement to Improve the Performance of Transmission System
The line overloads were all in shown one the Table 3.5 peak load flow of 2017 and it
shows loading above from its ratings.
Table 3-5loading above its ratings
X--------- FROM BUS ----------X X---------- TO BUS -----------X

RATING
LOADING SET A
BUS# X----NAME----X BASKV AREA BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV AREA CKT IN MVA (MVA)
112001 ADDIS CENTER 132 12 112005 KALITI1 132 12 1 85.6 82
112009 MEKANISA 132 12 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 95 82
113002 ALABA 132 13 113009 SHASHEMENE 132 13 1 106.5 89
113002 ALABA 132 13 113012 W SODO-II 132 13 1 112 89

113003 AWASA 132 13 113009 SHASHEMENE 132 13 1 88.1 82
Here have seen clearly on Figure 3.3 during peak time of 2017 the system with a
generation of 2079 MW (including peak loads, exports and loss) are shown here:
TRANSMISSION LOADING ABOVE ITS RATINGS DURING PEAK

LOAD OF 2017 (MVA)
Lines Loading (MVA)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 LOADING
ADDIS CENTER MEKANISA ALABA ALABA AWASA
132.00- KALITI1 132.00*- 132.00*- 132.00*-W 132.00*-
132.00 SEBATA -I SHASHEMENE SODO-II SHASHEMENE
132.00 132.00 132.00* 132.00*
Names of Overloaded Branches
Figure 3- 3 loading above its ratings
Following DSRs operating flow chart as showed in Fig 1.1 the maximum peak load
overloading lines more than its ratings are listed above. Addis Center – Kality 132kV
line is a radial line and omitted putting DSRs on it. Mekanisa- Sebta I 132kV line has
connected branch only Sebta I- Gefersa 230 kV line and not include the highest
voltage level of the system (400kV lines). Alaba –Shashemene and Awasa –
Shashemene have nodes of connecting branches of 132kV transmission lines and have
same impedance and overloading capability. The only line, Alaba –Wolyta SodoII
132kV, has the highest overloading among them. In addition to this, the node is
connected with the highest voltage level of the system 400kV Wolyta Sodo II-Gilgle
Gibe II and which is connected to the main load center of the capital city (which is
60% of the generation) [1]. For further reference please see the network diagram
attached on Appendix D.

The flow shown on the Wolyta Sodo II node bus connected branches in MW and
MVar, the bus voltage in KV and PU and the angle in degree. The node view shown in
Fig 3-4
Figure 3- 4 Node View of Wolyta Sodo II
The DSR technology is based on increasing the impedance of a line, thereby pushing
power flow from the line to other parallel paths. When a transmission line approaches
its thermal rating, DSR modules may be activated to increase line impedance. This
increases the power flow through parallel lines that may still have remaining capacity,
more fully utilizing the capacity of the transmission system. The algorithm used here
to place and operate DSRs is showed in Figure 1.1
The DSRs has placed on the overloaded 132kV Alaba –Wolyta Sodo II line, has a
thermal capacity of the line 809A.
For the 10KVA rated DSRs, the required impedance for the module will be:
𝑅 = 𝑆/𝐼 2 (3.1)

10,000
𝑅=
8092
R =0.01528Ω
The DSR modules used for this study have an inductance of one module 0.05
mH/module (0.01528 Ω). The DSR Modules on transmission line has been deployed
having its reactance value 20%, 30% and 50% of the Alaba- Wolyta Sodo II line. A
dummy bus (WS2-ALA-DUM) inserted between Wolyta Sodo II and Alaba 132KV
line. A dummy bus (WS2-ALA-DUM1) having its reactance value 20% of overloaded
line is inserted between Wolyta Sodo II and WS2-ALA-DUM.A dummy bus (WS2-
ALA-DUM2) having its reactance value 30% of overloaded line inserted between
Wolyta Sodo II and WS2-ALA-DUM and a dummy bus (WS2-ALA-DUM3) having
its reactance value 50% of overloaded line is inserted between Wolyta Sodo II and
WS2-ALA-DUM. The placement of DSRs on the line shown on Figure 3.5 here:
Figure 3-5Node View of Wolyta Sodo II for Placement of DSRS

Wolyta Sodo II-Alaba 132kV line parameters shown on the following Table 3.6
Table 3- 6 Line parameters

Length
Operating Loading of line
voltage(kV) Capacity(MVA) (km) R(ohm) X(ohm)
132 89 61.81 13.887224 26.137918
As the overall control objective is to keep the lines from thermal overload, the control
strategy is seen to be very simple. The control algorithm is given by the line a relation
between line current and injected inductance, as shown in Figure 3.6 [7] and explained
by equation (3.2). The same controller, but with different set points is located on each
module.
Figure 3- 6 Relation between injected inductance and line current
(I−IO )
Linj = Lf (I (3.2)
thermal −I0 )

Here Linj is the required injection; Lf is the final value of inductance with all the DSR
modules on the line active, I0 is the threshold value of current, I is the line current, and
I thermalis the thermal limit beyond which there is no injection.
The range for inductance injection (Lf) is 100% of the line reactance and it was
determined by system simulation to assess worst case requirements of thermal
overload.

CHAPTER 4
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM WITH DSRs AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter begins by describing the selection criteria for connected branches of
Wolyta Sodo II- Alaba 132kV transmission lines. The aim is pushing more power to
the high voltage level which is the 400kV and the 230 kV transmission lines
connected to the node of overloaded line. Based on the structure of the Ethiopian grid
network the effect of DSR could see on the nearby lines which is directly or indirectly
connected to the overloaded line. The loading of these lines has been taken during the
peak load of 2017.The following table 4.1 shows lines selected for analysis
Table 4- 1 Transmission lines selected for analysis

X-- NAME X-- NAME LOADING RATING PERCENT
BUS# --X BASKV AREA BUS# --X BASKV AREA CKT (MVA) (MVA) (MVA)
113012 W SODO-II 132 13 113028 W SODO-I 132 13 1 27.6 89 31
413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 415001 GI GIBE-2 400 15 1 409.4 1973 20.7
402002 GELAN 400 12 413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 1 527.5 1973 26.7
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 222.1 1973 11.3
212001 KALITI1 230 12 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 49.3 331 14.9
112005 KALITI1 132 12 112011 GELAN 132 12 1 110.4 115 96
211001 KOKA 230 11 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 118.5 331 35.8
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 222.1 1973 11.3
214001 SEBATA-1 230 14 214002 SEBETA-2 230 14 1 236.5 280 84.5
108003 GEFERSA 132 8 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 19.5 82 23.8
112009 MEKANISA 132 12 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 95 82 115.8
113002 ALABA 132 13 113008 HOSAINA 132 13 1 11.4 89 12.8
213005 HOSAINA 230 13 214003 WOLKITE 230 14 1 23.5 402 5.9
213004 ALABA 230 13 213005 HOSAINA 230 13 1 30.6 402 7.6
G.GIBE
113008 HOSAINA 132 13 115005 NEW 132 15 1 24 89 27

The load flow simulations of the existing transmission system 400kV, 230kV and
132KV voltage levels without DSRs and with DSR are conducted. Analysis of the
simulation result is also presented in item 4.4 on result analysis in regards to the
capacity improvements of the lines. The load flow analysis is carried out using PSS/E
software [13].
4.2 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System without DSR
The loads are considered the peak load of 2017, which is the generation of 2078.9
MW [28]. This operating point determines the maximum amount of power that can be
transferred over the transmission lines without DSRs. The loading and ratings of the
transmission lines capacity without DSRs connected to 132kV Wolyta Sodo II bus is
shown in table 4.2 and Figure 4.1. It can be seen that the 132-kV line is about to reach
its maximum capacity, while there is capacity still available on 230kv lines. On the
other hand, shows that all the lines of the 400-kV line have available transmission
capacity.
Table 4-2Branches loading, Ratings and percentage without DSR

BRANCHES WIHOUT DSR
PERCENTAGE
NAMES LOADING(MVA RATING(MVA) (%)
W SODO-II 132kV-W SODO-I 132kV 27.6 89 31
WOLAYTA 400kV-GI GIBE-2 400kV 409.4 1973 20.7
GELAN 400kV-WOLAYTA 400kV 527.5 1973 26.7
GELAN 400kV-SEBETA-2 400kV 222.1 1973 11.3
KALITI1 230kV-GELAN 230kV 49.3 331 14.9
KALITI1 132kV-GELAN 132kV 110.4 115 96
KOKA 230kV-GELAN 230kV 118.5 331 35.8
GELAN 400kV-SEBETA-2 400kV 222.1 1973 11.3
SEBETA 1-230kV-SEBETA 2-230kV 236.5 280 84.5
GEFERSA 132kV-SEBETA 1-132kV 19.5 82 23.8
MEKANISA 132kV-SEBETA1-132kV 95 82 115.8
ALABA 132kV-HOSAINA 132kV 11.4 89 12.8
HOSAINA 230kV-WOLKITE 230kV 23.5 402 5.9
ALABA 230kV-HOSAINA230kV 30.6 402 7.6
HOSAINA 132kV-G.GIBE NEW 132kV 24 89 27

BRANCHES LOADING,RATINGS (MVA) AND PERCENTAGE

NAMES OF BRANCHES
Loading (MVA).Ratings(MVA),and Percentages(%) LOADING IN MVA RATING IN MvA PERCENTAGE %
2500
2000 1973 1973 1973 1973
1500
1000
500 527.5
409.4 402 402
331 331
222.1 222.1 280
236.5
89 115
110.4
96 118.5 84.5 82 115.8
95
82 89 89
0 31
27.6 20.7 26.7 11.3 49.3
14.9 35.8 11.3 23.8
19.5 12.8
11.4 23.5 30.6
5.9 7.6 27
24
Names of Branches
Figure 4- 1 Line graphs for branches loading, ratings and percentage
The nearby branches connected to the overloaded line, Figure 4-1 shows the 400KV
lines have average 82.5% unused capacity without DSRs. The 230KV lines have
average 70.3% unused capacity without DSRs and the 132KV lines have an average
unused capacity is 49% without DSRs.

POWER FLOWS WITHOUT DSRs
600
527.5
500
409.4
400
Branch Flows in MVA
Names of
Branches
300
236.5
222.1 222.1
Loading in
200 MVA
110.4 118.5
95
100
49.3
27.6 19.5 23.5 30.6 24
11.4
0
Names of Branches Connected to the Overloaded Line
Figure 4-2 Power flows on Branches without using DSRs
4.3 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System with DSRs
Placement of DSRs having its reactance value 20%, 30% and 50% of 132kV Alaba to
Wolyta Sodo II line are operated on the three phases of the 132-kV line. As can be
seen from Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5, by increasing the reactance of the overloaded line
by 20% (adding 342 DSRs rated at 10kVA, 0.01528Ω), by 30% (adding 513DSRs

rated at 10kVA, 0.01528Ω) and by 50% (adding 856DSRs rated at 10kVA, 0.01528Ω)
across the three phases, the overload on the 132-kV Alaba - Wolyta Sodo II line can
be removed and power flow is transferred to the parallel branches of 400kV and 230
kV line.
Table 4-3 Placement of DSR Having its Reactance Value 20% of 132kVAlaba –
Wolyta Sodo II line

LOADING RATING(
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV AREA BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV AREA CKT (MVA) MVA) PERCENT(%)
113012 W SODO-II 132 13 113028 W SODO-I 132 13 1 27.6 89 31
413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 415001 GI GIBE-2 400 15 1 484.9 1973 24.6
402002 GELAN 400 12 413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 1 566.3 1973 28.7
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
212001 KALITI1 230 12 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 44.7 331 13.5
112005 KALITI1 132 12 112011 GELAN 132 12 1 115 115 100
211001 KOKA 230 11 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 130.2 331 39.3
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
214001 SEBATA-1 230 14 214002 SEBETA-2 230 14 1 251.2 280 89.7
108003 GEFERSA 132 8 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 18.9 82 23
112009 MEKANISA 132 12 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 96.7 82 117.9
113002 ALABA 132 13 113008 HOSAINA 132 13 1 37.3 89 42
213005 HOSAINA 230 13 214003 WOLKITE 230 14 1 68.2 402 17
213004 ALABA 230 13 213005 HOSAINA 230 13 1 69.7 402 17.3
113008 HOSAINA 132 13 115005 G.GIBE NEW 132 15 1 48.1 89 54

Table 4- 4 Placement of DSR having its Reactance Value 30% of 132kVAlaba –

Wolyta Sodo II line
LOADING RATING(
113012 W SODO-II 132 13 113028 W SODO-I 132 13 1 27.6 89 31
413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 415001 GI GIBE-2 400 15 1 485.5 1973 24.6
402002 GELAN 400 12 413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 1 565.7 1973 28.7
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
212001 KALITI1 230 12 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 45.3 331 13.7
112005 KALITI1 132 12 112011 GELAN 132 12 1 115.2 115 100.2
211001 KOKA 230 11 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 130.1 331 39.3
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
214001 SEBATA-1 230 14 214002 SEBETA-2 230 14 1 250.6 280 89.5
108003 GEFERSA 132 8 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 23.2 82 28.3
112009 MEKANISA 132 12 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 98 82 119.5
113002 ALABA 132 13 113008 HOSAINA 132 13 1 37.3 89 41.9
213005 HOSAINA 230 13 214003 WOLKITE 230 14 1 68.1 402 16.9
213004 ALABA 230 13 213005 HOSAINA 230 13 1 69.6 402 17.3
113008 HOSAINA 132 13 115005 G.GIBE NEW 132 15 1 48 89 53.9
Table 4- 5 Placement of DSR having its Reactance Value 50% of 132kVAlaba –

Wolyta Sodo II line
LOADING RATING(
113012 W SODO-II 132 13 113028 W SODO-I 132 13 1 27.6 89 31
413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 415001 GI GIBE-2 400 15 1 486.1 1973 24.6
402002 GELAN 400 12 413001 WOLAYTA 400 13 1 565.1 1973 28.6
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
212001 KALITI1 230 12 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 45.9 331 13.9
112005 KALITI1 132 12 112011 GELAN 132 12 1 115.4 115 100.4
211001 KOKA 230 11 212005 GELAN 230 12 1 130.1 331 39.3
402002 GELAN 400 12 414001 SEBETA-2 400 14 1 248.4 1973 12.6
214001 SEBATA-1 230 14 214002 SEBETA-2 230 14 1 250.1 280 89.3
108003 GEFERSA 132 8 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 31.9 82 38.9
112009 MEKANISA 132 12 114002 SEBATA -I 132 14 1 99.3 82 121.1
113002 ALABA 132 13 113008 HOSAINA 132 13 1 37.2 89 41.7
213005 HOSAINA 230 13 214003 WOLKITE 230 14 1 68.1 402 16.9
213004 ALABA 230 13 213005 HOSAINA 230 13 1 69.6 402 17.3
113008 HOSAINA 132 13 115005 G.GIBE NEW 132 15 1 47.9 89 53.8

Placement of DSRs having its reactance value 30% and 50% of the overloaded Alaba
to Wolyta Sodo II line, the alternative passes which don’t require DSRs previously for
Kality 1 –Gelan 132kV and Mekanisa -Sebta 1 132kV lines getting a significant
overload and requires additional placement of DSR to remove the overload and
transfer the excess power to the 400kV and 230 kV line. Placement of DSRs having its
reactance value 20 % (342 DSRs rated at 10kVA, 0.01528Ω) of the overloaded Alaba
to Wolyta Sodo II line for alleviating the existing transmission line is enhanced the
capacity for parallel branches for 400kV, 230kV and 132kV lines and moreover the
overloading conditions is improved. The capacity improvement having its reactance
value 20% of the overloaded line Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II is shown in the following
Figure 4.3
POWER FLOWS WITH DSRs

600 566.3
484.9
Branch Flows (MVA)
500
400 Names of
Branches
300 248.4 248.4251.2
200 Branch Flows

115 130.2 (MVA) With
96.7
68.2 69.7
100
44.7 37.3 48.1 DSRs
27.6 18.9
0
Names of Branches Connected to the Overloaded line
Figure 4-3Power Flow on Branches using DSRs

Calculations for number of DSRs modules to change line reactance by 1%

LINE VOLTAGE 132KV
THERMAL CAPACITY 106.8MVA
CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY 700A
# OF CONDUCTOR /DIAMETER (CM) 2.54/2.54
REACTANCE IN OHMS / KM 0.42OHMS
REACTIVE VOLTAGE DROP /KM 294V
1% COMPENSATION/ KM 2.94V
DSR KVA/KM-1% COMPENSATION 2.38KVA
TOTAL 10KVA DSRs MODULE
/KM/1%COMPENSATION 0.238
Taking the 132 kV Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II overloaded line, it has seen that the
reactive voltage drop is 294V/km at rated current corresponding to 0.42 ohms/km).A
1% change in the impedance thus requires an injection of 2.94 V/km, corresponding to
a combined DSR rating of 2.38 kVA/km based on three phase injection. A variation of
20% in line impedance would thus need 47.6 kVA or 4.76 (~5) of the 10 kVA DSR
modules/km or approximately 2 modules per conductor per km.
4.4 Analysis of Simulation Results
Power Flow
Figs. 4.4and 4.5shows the comparison of power flows without and with DSRs of
having its reactance value 20% of Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II transmission line. Power
flows over the 132kV, 230 kV and 400kV branches connected to the overloaded line
are shown here.

CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINES (MVA)

Capacity Enhancemetn (MVA)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TRANSMISSION LINES LINES WITHOUT DSRs LINES AFTER ADDING DSRs

Names of Branches
Figure 4-4Comparisons of Power Flows
CAPACITY IMPROVMENT OF TRANSMISSON LINES IN MVA

1200
Capacity Improvement (MVA)
1000
800
600
400
200
TRANSMISSION LINES LINES BEFORE ADDING DSRs LINES AFTER ADDING DSRs
Name of Branches
Figure 4- 5 Comparisons of Power Flows

From the figure 3.3 it can be seen that when without DSRs placement to Alaba to
Wolyta Sodo II transmission line, Kality to Gelan ,Gefersa to Sebta 1 and Alaba to
Hosina 132-kV lines are going to be overloaded while there is still a huge transmission
capacity available on Wolyta to Gibe 2 ,Gelan to Wolyta ,Gelan to Sebta I and Gelan
to Sebta II 400 kV lines. By adding DSRs to Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II 132-kV line the
power flow is shifted to the 400-kV lines. However, this method shifts power flow
from all lines which are connected to 132-kV line. As a result, excess power is
transferred from Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II 132kV transmission line to its connected
branches of the 400kV and 230 kV transmission lines. The capacity enhancement due
to placement of DSRs are presented on the following Figure 4.6
CHANGE IN POWER FLOW (MVA) USING DSRs

80 75.5
Transmission Lines Change in Power Flow
70
Change in Flow (MVA)
60
50 44.7
38.8 39.1
40
26.3 26.3 25.9 24.1
30
20 11.7 14.7
10 4.6 1.7
0
0
-10 -0.6
-4.6
Names of Tranmission Lines Connecterd to the Overloaded Line
Figure 4-6Changes in Power Flows by Adding DSRs
Voltage profile before and after DSRs Operation
This thesis is done keeping the voltage profile within the range of acceptable standard

limits. The following figure 4-7 shows the voltage profile before and after DSRs
operation.
VOLTAGE PROFILE
1.1
Voltages (Pu)
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
VOLTAGE (PU) BEFORE DSRs OPERATION

VOLTAGE (PU) AFTER DSRs OPERATION
Names of Buses Connected to the Overloaded Line
Figure 4-7 voltage profile after and before DSRs operation for branches connected to
the overloaded lines
4.5 Cost Benefit Analysis of Using DSRs
In this section the economics approaches to DSR implementation is evaluated in terms

of the cost of new transmission line construction. Based on the cost of construction of
132 kV line for 61.81km to enhance the power transfer capacity of the transmission
system by 84.8% with the same power transfer capacity of the transmission system for
the dollar worth of DSRs implementation is calculated [31]. DSRs are commercially
sold with an estimated cost used in the work here of $10,000 per module [29]. The
cost of new transmission line construction for 132kV line pre-km is 181,924.46
USD/Km [30].
MVA flow increase over the 400-kV line for DSR operation is calculated as follows:

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑆𝑅𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
=
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
× (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚)
(75.5+38.8+26.3+26.3)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (400𝑘𝑉) = 61.81𝑘𝑚 ×
1975
0.2𝑀$/𝑘𝑚` (4.1)
= 1.04M$
MVA flow increase over the 230-kV line for DSR operation is calculated as follows:
(11.7+14.7+44.7+39.1)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (230𝑘𝑉) = (61.81𝑘𝑚 ×
402
0.2𝑀$/𝑘𝑚) (4.2)
=3.39M$
MVA flow increase over the132 kV line for DSR operation is calculated as follows:
(4.6+1.7+25.9+24.1)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (132𝑘𝑉) = (61.81𝑘𝑚 ×
89
0.2𝑀$/𝑘𝑚)` (4.3)
=7.82M$
Where 1975MVA, 402MVAand 89MVA are the loading capacity of 400,230 and
132kV lines.
The total cost of increase MVA flow is the sum of equation (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3)
=12.25M$ (4.4)

To calculate the investment cost per DSR the cost of the MVA increase is divided by
the number of DSRs giving
12.25𝑀$
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑆𝑅 = ` (4.5)
333
=36,787$/DSR
So, the cost for the 333 DSRs deployed for the overloaded line will be
333 × $10,000 = 3.33M$ (4.6)
Comparing this total cost of DSRs in (4.6) with that of building new lines in (4.4) it
appears that the DSRs implementation reduced the cost by 27.18 % relative to the
traditional approach of building new lines.
As per the Ethiopian Electric Utility the current price of electricity or electric tariff is
at 0.27Cents (ETB) per kilowatt hour (kwh) [1]. The annual rate of return has been
calculated using the future and present value:
𝐹𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝐹) = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑃)(1 + 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛)t (4.7)
Where’t ‘is the time in years.
The investment cost of the DSRs to increase the MVA flow on a transmission line
which is considered as the present value 3.33M$ for the year 2018 and the future value
after 2 years which is the year 2020 is 5. 6M$.The rate of return from equation (4.7)
is:
1
F t
Rate of Retrun = (P) −1 (4.8)
The rate of return is 30% and which is returned the investment cost within 3.4years.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the results obtained through simulation studies of the existing Wolyta Sodo
II – Alaba 132kV transmission line and the system using DSRs at appropriate
locations, the following conclusions and recommendation are made in this chapter.
Furthermore, suggestions for further investigations of this research are also presented
at the end of the chapter.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
Today’s grid meets today’s requirements, but new and different demands are driving
the expansion and adaptation of the transmission grid and the evolution of its
supporting institutions. Meanwhile, transmission infrastructure projects are facing
several challenges. Some of these challenges include delayed construction due to
sitting and permitting issues, congestion, and under-utilization of already existing
transmission facilities.
One of the existing solutions and opportunities to improve transmission capacity is the
deployment DSRs and its techniques that better utilize the existing network facilities
and improves the capacity of the grid.
This work presents a conclusion on 132kV, 230kV and 400kV transmission system
connected to the overloaded Wolyta Sodo II – Alaba 132kV line. The placement of
DSRs having its reactance value 20% of overloaded line reactance enhances the
capacity utilization of the transmission system by 84.8%.
A cost benefit analysis of DSRs for improving an overloaded Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II
transmission line with construction of new line was presented. In the cost benefit

analysis, the study of the system with 61.81km the cost of new line construction for
enhancing the power flow by 84.8% is 12.25M$. The cost of implementation of DSRs
enhancing the same capacity is 3. 33M$.Therefore, the savings become 8.92M$.
DSRs implementation can reduce the cost by 27.18 % in managing capacity

enhancement and can delay making investments in new line construction until
capacity enhancement is proven to be true. Thus, a major value of DSRs is handling
overloads and makes enhanced system operating conditions and is delaying larger
investments.
5.3 RECOMNDATIONS
Based on the result analysis of this thesis work, it is strongly recommended that EEP
has to implement DSRs on Alaba to Wolyta Sodo II transmission line to enhance the
capacity of the transmission system on the existing grid, and EEP transmission
planners have to incorporate such kind of studies rather only engaging construction of
new transmission lines, as a result the company minimizes cost for budgeting a billion
dollars for each year for new line construction.
The power company, EEP has to develop a data base and incorporate to their system
for such kinds of research results for future reference during transmission planning
which helps the company as well the country for efficiently use un utilized
400kV,230kV and 132kV transmission lines.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS OF FUTURE WORK
Gibe III starts generate power in full capacity, most of the transmission lines and
transformers in the system getting overloaded. The loss of any transmission line
results in overloading and partial blackout. For effective utilization of all the
transmission system DSRs are given the promise for reliable and inexpensive power

flow control. Effective implementation of DSRs in our grid needs further studies on
EEP transmission system.
1. In this thesis, basically have two modes of operation of DSRs have been
considered for simulation studies. Further studies may be carried out to
investigate the behavior of transient faults on EEP transmission system.
2. For implementation of DSRs during transient faults, the existing protection
coordination scheme of EEP transmission system may be studied.

REFERNCES
[1] EEP document, Review for Ethiopian Power System, volume 1for power
system simulator study provided to consultant’s page 4.
[2] Onen A, Cheng D, Arghandeh R, et al. Smart model ‐ based coordinated

control based on feeder losses, energy consumption, and voltage violations.
ElectrPower Compo Syst. 2013;41(16):1686–1696.
[3] Alam M, Razzak M, Hasan M, Chowd hury A. Transmission capacity

enhancement of east ‐ west interconnectors using series ‐ shunt
compensation.2012 7th International Conference on Electrical & Computer
Engineering(ICECE)20‐22 Dec. 2012;579–582.
[4] Ren Y, Piao Z. Theoretical research and simulation of series compensation

technology of distribution line. Electronic and Mechanical Engineering and
Information Technology (EMEIT), 2011 International Conference, 12 August
2011, Volume 42094–2097.
[5] Divan D, Johal H. Distributed FACTS—a new concept for realizing gridpower
flow control. IEEE Trans Power Electr. 2007; 22(6):2253–2260.
[6] The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the utility arm of North
American utilities (Hingorani and Gyugyi 2000).
[7] H. Johal, "Distributed Series Reactance: A New Approach to Realize Grid

Power Flow Control," School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Dec. 2008.

[8] S. Omran, R. Broadwater, J. Hambrick and. M. Dilek, "DSR Design

Fundamentals: Power Flow Control," in 2014 IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, July2014.
[9] H.M. Merrill and F.C. Schweppe, “Bad Data Suppression in Power System Static
State Estimation,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol.90, issue6, Sept.1973, pp.2718-2715.
[10] http://www.smartwires.com.Usedunder fair use, 2015
[11] I. Grant, F. Kreikebaum, J. Shultz, S. Omran and R. Broadwater, "Initial Field

Trials of Distributed Series Reactors and Implications for Future Application,"
in CIGRE US National Committee 2014 Grid of the Future Symposium, 2014.
[12] D. Divan, W. Brumsickle, R. Schneider, B. Kranz, R. Gascoigne, D. Bradshaw,

M.Ingram and I. Grant, "A Distributed Static Series Compensator System for
Realizing Active Power Flow Control on Existing Power Lines," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 642,649, Jan. 2007.
[13] H. Shaalan, J. Thompson, R. Broadwater and M. Ellis, "Distribution

engineering tool features a flexible framework," Computer Applications in
Power, IEEE, vol. 8, pp. 21-24,1995.
[14] L. R. Feinauer, K. J. Russell and R. P. Broadwater, "Graph trace analysis and

generic algorithms for interdependent reconfigurable system design and
control," Naval Engineers Journal, vol. 120, pp. 29-40, 2008.
[15] D. Cheng, D. Zhu, R. P. Broadwater and S. Lee, "A graph trace-based reliability
analysis of electric power systems with time-varying loads and dependent
failures," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, pp. 1321-1328, 2009

[16] D. Cheng, Y. Liang, D. Zhu and R. P. Broadwater, "Real-Time Power Electric

System Modeling, Assessment and Reliability Prediction," Power Systems
Conference and Exposition, 2009. PSCE'09. IEEE/PES, pp. 1-6, 2009
[17] J. Hambrick and R. Broadwater, "Advantages of Integrated System Model-

Based Control for Electrical Distribution System Automation," World Congress,
pp. 6117-6120, 2011
[18] K. Russell and R. Broadwater, "Model-based automated reconfiguration for

fault isolation and restoration," in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT),
2012 IEEE PES, 201
[19] W.F. Tinney and C.E. Hart, “Power Flow Solution by Newton's Method,” in
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 86, issue 11, Nov.
1976, pp.1449- 1460.
[20] B. Stott and O. Alsac, “Fast Decoupled Load Flow”, in IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 93, issue 3, May 1974, pp. 859- 869.
[21] O.J.M. Smith, “Power System State Estimation,” in IEEE Transactions on

Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 89, issue 3, March 1970, pp. 363- 379.
[22] H.M. Merrill and F.C. Schweppe, “Bad Data Suppression in Power System
Static State Estimation,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. 90, issue 6, Sept. 1973, pp. 2718- 2715.
[23] L. Gyugyi, "Power electronics in electric utilities: static VAR compensators,

“Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 483-494, Apr 1988.
[24] L. Gyugyi, "Dynamic compensation of AC transmission lines by solid-state

synchronous voltage sources," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no.
2, pp. 904-911, April1994.

[25] Initial Field Trials of Distributed Series Reactors and Implications for Future
Applications presented by BRUCE ROGERS, Director, Technology Innovation,
TVA, CIGRE US National Committee2014 Grid of the Future Symposium.
[26] Shaimaa Omrana, *, Robert Broadwaterb, Joshua Hambrickc, Murat Dilekc,

Chifong Thomasd, Frank Kreikebaumd“Load growth and power flow control
with DSRs: Balanced vs unbalanced transmission networks “Electrical power
system research 145(2017)207-213
[27] Ahmet Onen,Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah

Gul University, Kayseri,Turkey.Investigation of distributed series reactors in
power system applications and its economic implementation. Research Article
DOI DOI10 .1002 /etep /etep.2259 in 20162016
[28] Ethiopian power system expansion master plan interim report overview volume
4; transmission planning page 2-2
[29] AEP, “American Electric Power Transmission Facts. [Online]. Available:

http://www.aep.com/about/transmission/docs/transmission-facts.pdf. Retrieved:
Dec.2016.
[30] EEP Transmission Projects contract No.Co/33.20/077/00 dated Jan 31, 2017,
for construction of HV Transmission Network Rehabilitation and Upgrading
project, contract 3, volume 1, bill of quantities, page 1, and item 1.8
[31] Feasibility of DSR applications in transmission grid operation—Control of power

flow and imbalanced voltage by Mohammad Nawaf Nazira, *, Shaimaa Omrana,
Robert Broadwaterb, Electric Power System Resarch131 (2016)187-194

APPENDIX A: Summary of Contingency Analysis
Table A-1 Summary of N-1 Contingency
Number of Monitored Branches = 285
Number of Monitored Interfaces = 0
Number of Contingencies Base Case = 303
Number of Voltage Monitored Buses = 282
Number of Voltage Monitored Records = 1
Number of Voltage Monitored Bus Records = 282
Number of Buses in the case = 930
Number of Loads shed due to post contingency = 12
Number of Loads shed due to tripping = 12
Number of Loads shed due to corrective actions = 12
Table A-2Monitored lines
Monitored Lines
RATE RATE RATE

MON# BRANCHES A B C
101001 ADD EAST-II 132.00 101003 COTEBEI-I

1 132.00 1 91 91 91
101001 ADD EAST-II 132.00 101012 ADDIS-NORTH

2 132.00 1 91 91 91
101002 B.WGN-TP 132.00 101003 COTEBEI-I

3 132.00 1 82 82 82
101002 B.WGN-TP 132.00 101005 WERGENU

4 132.00 1 82 82 82

101002 B.WGN-TP 132.00 101017 KALITI1

5 132.00 1 82 82 82
101003 COTEBEI-I 132.00 101007 ADDIS-E1

6 132.00 1 91 91 91
101003 COTEBEI-I 132.00 101007 ADDIS-E1

7 132.00 2 91 91 91
101003 COTEBEI-I 132.00 101009 AYAT

8 132.00 1 82 82 82
101003 COTEBEI-I 132.00 101010 BOLE-LEMI

9 TP132.00 1 82 82 82
101004 SULULTA-132 132.00 102036 DANGOTE CEM

10 132.00 1 115 115 115
101004 SULULTA-132 132.00 601001 SULULTA

11 66.000 1 25 25 25
101006 LEGETAFO 132.00 101009 AYAT

12 132.00 1 82 82 82
101006 LEGETAFO 132.00 102001 DEBRE

13 BERHAN132.00 1 82 82 82
101010 BOLE-LEMI TP132.00 101011 BOLE-LEMI

14 MB132.00 1 82 82 82
101010 BOLE-LEMI TP132.00 101020 KLT.N-TP

15 132.00 1 82 82 82
101012 ADDIS-NORTH 132.00 101014 MINILIK TS

16 132.00 1 82 82 82
101013 GEFERSA 132.00 101014 MINILIK TS

17 132.00 1 82 82 82
101013 GEFERSA 132.00 101017 KALITI1

18 132.00 1 82 82 82
101013 GEFERSA 132.00 101028 SEBATA -I

19 132.00 1 82 82 82
101013 GEFERSA 132.00 102009 HABESHA TP

20 132.00 1 91 91 91
101015 ADDIS CENTER132.00 101017 KALITI1

21 132.00 1 82 82 82

101016 GOFA 132.00 101021 MEKANISA

22 132.00 1 91 91 91
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101019 KALITI TWO

23 132.00 1 82 82 82
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101020 KLT.N-TP

24 132.00 1 82 82 82
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101021 MEKANISA

25 132.00 1 82 82 82
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101022 YESU

26 132.00 1 115 115 115
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101023 GELAN

27 132.00 1 115 115 402
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101024 INDODE TS

28 132.00 1 115 115 115
101017 KALITI1 132.00 101027 KALITI GIS

29 132.00 1 82 82 82
101018 KALTI-NORTH 132.00 101020 KLT.N-TP

30 132.00 1 82 82 82
101019 KALITI TWO 132.00 101025 NEFASILK

31 132.00 1 91 91 91
101019 KALITI TWO 132.00 101027 KALITI GIS

32 132.00 1 91 91 91
101021 MEKANISA 132.00 101028 SEBATA -I

33 132.00 1 82 82 82
101022 YESU 132.00 101023 GELAN

34 132.00 1 115 115 115
101023 GELAN 132.00 101024 INDODE TS

35 132.00 1 115 115 115
101023 GELAN 132.00 102017 ELALA-TP

36 132.00 1 115 115 115
101023 GELAN 132.00 102035 DBZT2-TP

37 132.00 1 115 115 115
101023 GELAN 132.00 102037 KNORIA TEX

38 132.00 1 115 115 115

101028 SEBATA -I 132.00 101030 ADDIS WEST

39 2132.00 2 91 91 91
102001 DEBRE BERHAN132.00 106004 SHOWA-ROBIT

40 132.00 1 82 82 82
102003 DERBA-CEMENT132.00 102006 DERBA-TAP

41 132.00 1 91 91 91
102004 HORMAT 132.00 104005 GHEDO

42 132.00 1 89 89 89
102005 MUGER 132.00 102038 DANGOTE TP

43 132.00 2 91 91 91
102006 DERBA-TAP 132.00 102009 HABESHA TP

44 132.00 1 91 91 91
102006 DERBA-TAP 132.00 102038 DANGOTE TP

45 132.00 1 91 91 91
102008 HABESHA CEM 132.00 102009 HABESHA TP

46 132.00 1 91 91 91
102010 AWASH-7KL 132.00 102020 METAHARA

47 132.00 1 82 82 82
102010 AWASH-7KL 132.00 103001 ASEBETEFIR

48 132.00 1 115 115 115
102010 AWASH-7KL 132.00 103022 SIRBA

49 OUNKUR132.00 1 115 115 115
102010 AWASH-7KL 132.00 103023 AWASH TS

50 132.00 1 115 115 115
102012 ADAMI TULU 132.00 102013 ASSELA

51 132.00 1 82 82 82
102012 ADAMI TULU 132.00 102040 BUTAJIRA

52 132.00 1 91 91 91
102012 ADAMI TULU 132.00 105009 SHASHEMENE

53 132.00 1 82 82 82
102013 ASSELA 132.00 102032 WON SUG TP

54 132.00 1 82 82 82
102014 AWASH2 132.00 102015 AWASH-3

55 132.00 1 82 82 82

102014 AWASH2 132.00 102018 KOKA

56 132.00 1 82 82 82
102014 AWASH2 132.00 102022 WONJI-TP

57 132.00 1 82 82 82
102014 AWASH2 132.00 102032 WON SUG TP

58 132.00 1 82 82 82
102014 AWASH2 132.00 102042 WULENCHTI

59 TS132.00 1 82 82 82
102016 ELALA-GEDA 132.00 102017 ELALA-TP

60 132.00 1 82 82 82
102017 ELALA-TP 132.00 102018 KOKA

61 132.00 1 82 82 82
102018 KOKA 132.00 102021 NAZRETH2

62 132.00 1 82 82 82
102018 KOKA 132.00 102022 WONJI-TP

63 132.00 1 82 82 82
102018 KOKA 132.00 102031 MOJO II MOB

64 132.00 1 115 115 115
102018 KOKA 132.00 102035 DBZT2-TP

65 132.00 1 82 82 82
102020 METAHARA 132.00 102021 NAZRETH2

66 132.00 1 82 82 82
102020 METAHARA 132.00 102029 MELKAJILO

67 TS132.00 1 82 82 82
102021 NAZRETH2 132.00 102030 ADAM-I WIND

68 132.00 1 82 82 82
102022 WONJI-TP 132.00 102024 WONJIPULP

69 132.00 1 82 82 82
102023 M WAK-YUGO 132.00 105009 SHASHEMENE

70 132.00 1 89 89 89
102023 M WAK-YUGO 132.00 105013 YADOT

71 132.00 1 91 91 91
102025 METEHARA-TS 132.00 102029 MELKAJILO

72 TS132.00 1 115 115 115

102025 METEHARA-TS 132.00 103023 AWASH TS

73 132.00 1 115 115 115
102026 MODJO TS 132.00 102042 WULENCHTI

74 TS132.00 1 82 82 82
102031 MOJO II MOB 132.00 102037 KNORIA TEX

75 132.00 1 115 115 115
102032 WON SUG TP 132.00 102033 WON SUG

76 132.00 1 82 82 82
102034 DB-ZEIT2 132.00 102035 DBZT2-TP

77 132.00 1 82 82 82
103001 ASEBETEFIR 132.00 103014 AFDEM TS

78 132.00 1 115 115 115
103001 ASEBETEFIR 132.00 103025 MIESSO TS

79 132.00 1 402 402 402
103002 DIRE DAWA 1 132.00 103003 DIRE DAWA 3

80 132.00 1 82 82 82
103002 DIRE DAWA 1 132.00 103016 NATIONAL

81 CEM132.00 1 82 82 82
103003 DIRE DAWA 3 132.00 103008 D.DAWA-2

82 132.00 1 82 82 82
103003 DIRE DAWA 3 132.00 103009 D.DAW-DS

83 132.00 1 115 115 115
103005 FIK 132.00 103006 HARAR-3

84 132.00 1 91 91 91
103006 HARAR-3 132.00 103008 D.DAWA-2

85 132.00 1 115 115 115
103006 HARAR-3 132.00 103018 JIJIGA I

86 132.00 1 115 115 115
103007 HURSO 132.00 103015 GOTA

87 132.00 1 115 115 115
103014 AFDEM TS 132.00 103015 GOTA

88 132.00 1 115 115 115
103022 SIRBA OUNKUR132.00 103025 MIESSO TS

89 132.00 1 115 115 115

104001 ASSOSA 132.00 104003 MENDI

90 132.00 1 63 63 63
104002 GHIMBI 132.00 104003 MENDI

91 132.00 1 91 91 91
104002 GHIMBI 132.00 104008 NEKEMPTE

92 132.00 1 89 89 89
104005 GHEDO 132.00 104008 NEKEMPTE

93 132.00 1 89 89 89
104007 GIDA-AYANA 132.00 104008 NEKEMPTE

94 132.00 1 91 91 91
104008 NEKEMPTE 132.00 108003 B.BEDELE

95 132.00 1 91 91 91
105002 ARBA MINCH 132.00 105024 W SODO-I

96 132.00 1 89 89 89
105003 ALABA 132.00 105008 HOSAINA

97 132.00 1 89 89 89
105003 ALABA 132.00 105009 SHASHEMENE

98 132.00 1 89 89 89
105003 ALABA 132.00 105025 AWASA

99 MOBILE132.00 1 82 82 82
105004 AWASA 132.00 105009 SHASHEMENE

100 132.00 1 82 82 82
105004 AWASA 132.00 105014 YIRGALEM

101 132.00 1 82 82 82
105005 BOCULUGUMA 132.00 105007 HAGER

102 MARIAM132.00 1 115 115 115
105006 DILLA 132.00 105007 HAGER

103 MARIAM132.00 1 91 91 91
105006 DILLA 132.00 105014 YIRGALEM

104 132.00 1 91 91 91
105008 HOSAINA 132.00 108005 G.GIBE NEW

105 132.00 1 89 89 89
105010 SAWLA 132.00 105017 KEY AFER

106 132.00 1 115 115 115

105010 SAWLA 132.00 105024 W SODO-I

107 132.00 1 91 91 91
105011 SHAKISO 132.00 105014 YIRGALEM

108 132.00 1 82 82 82
105012 W SODO-II 132.00 105024 W SODO-I

109 132.00 1 89 89 89
105024 W SODO-I 132.00 605005 WOLAYTA

110 SODO66.000 1 25 25 25
106001 ALEM KETEMA 132.00 106002 AKISTA

111 132.00 1 91 91 91
106002 AKISTA 132.00 106003 COMBOLCHA-I

112 132.00 1 91 91 91
106003 COMBOLCHA-I 132.00 106005 COMBOLCHA-

113 II132.00 1 91 91 91
106004 SHOWA-ROBIT 132.00 106006 KEMISSIE

114 132.00 1 115 115 115
106005 COMBOLCHA-II132.00 106006 KEMISSIE

115 132.00 1 115 115 115
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107002 T-ABAY2

116 132.00 1 91 91 91
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107002 T-ABAY2

117 132.00 2 91 91 91
108001 ABA 132.00 108007 JIMMA NEW

118 132.00 1 91 91 91
108002 AGARO 132.00 108003 B.BEDELE

119 132.00 1 89 89 89
108003 B.BEDELE 132.00 208004 BEDELLE

120 230.00 1 40 40 40
108004 BONGA 132.00 108008 MIZAN

121 132.00 1 91 91 91
108004 BONGA 132.00 108009 JIMMA OLD

122 132.00 1 91 91 91
108005 G.GIBE NEW 132.00 108006 GI GIBE-1

123 132.00 1 89 89 89

108007 JIMMA NEW 132.00 108009 JIMMA OLD

124 132.00 1 91 91 91
109001 ADIGRAT 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP

125 132.00 1 89 89 89
109002 ADWA 132.00 109012 ABIADI MB

126 TP132.00 1 89 89 89
109004 MEKELE 132.00 109005 MESOBO

127 132.00 1 89 89 89
109004 MEKELE 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP

128 132.00 1 89 89 89
109004 MEKELE 132.00 109012 ABIADI MB

129 TP132.00 1 89 89 89
109004 MEKELE 132.00 209004 MEKELE

130 230.00 1 63 63 63
109007 WUKRO 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP

131 132.00 1 89 89 89
109012 ABIADI MB TP132.00 109013 ABIADI MB

132 132.00 1 89 89 89
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 201002 SULULTA

133 230.00 1 402 402 402
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 201002 SULULTA

134 230.00 2 402 402 402
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 201004 COTOBEI-I

135 230.00 1 402 402 402
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 201004 COTOBEI-I

136 230.00 2 402 402 402
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 201005 BOLEARABSTP

137 230.00 1 402 402 402
201001 LEGETAFO 230.00 206001 COMBOL-II

138 230.00 1 318 318 318
201002 SULULTA 230.00 201007 GEFERSA

139 230.00 1 318 318 318
201002 SULULTA 230.00 201007 GEFERSA

140 230.00 2 318 318 318

201002 SULULTA 230.00 202001 CHANCHO230

141 230.00 2 402 402 402
201005 BOLEARABSTP 230.00 201006 BOLE ARABSE

142 230.00 1 402 402 402
201005 BOLEARABSTP 230.00 201009 KALITI1

143 230.00 1 402 402 402
201007 GEFERSA 230.00 201008 TORHAYILOCH

144 230.00 1 402 402 402
201007 GEFERSA 230.00 204003 GHEDO

145 230.00 1 280 280 280
201007 GEFERSA 230.00 204003 GHEDO

146 230.00 3 402 402 402
201008 TORHAYILOCH 230.00 201011 SEBATA-1

147 230.00 1 402 402 402
201009 KALITI1 230.00 201010 GELAN

148 230.00 1 331 331 331
201009 KALITI1 230.00 201010 GELAN

149 230.00 2 331 331 331
201009 KALITI1 230.00 201011 SEBATA-1

150 230.00 1 274 274 274
201010 GELAN 230.00 201017 EIZ TAP 1

151 230.00 1 331 331 331
201010 GELAN 230.00 202011 KOKA

152 230.00 1 331 331 331
201010 GELAN 230.00 3WNDTR GELAN3WT-1

153 WND 2 1 500 0 0

154 WND 2 2 500 0 0

155 WND 2 3 500 0 0
201011 SEBATA-1 230.00 201012 SEBETA-2

156 230.00 1 280 280 280
201011 SEBATA-1 230.00 201012 SEBETA-2

157 230.00 2 280 280 280

201011 SEBATA-1 230.00 202020 WOLKITE

158 230.00 1 402 402 402
201012 SEBETA-2 230.00 201016 SEBETA TS

159 230.00 1 280 280 280
201012 SEBETA-2 230.00 201016 SEBETA TS

160 230.00 2 280 280 280
201017 EIZ TAP 1 230.00 202011 KOKA

161 230.00 1 274 274 274
202003 GEBRE-GURCHA230.00 402001 GEBRE-

162 GURCHA400.00 1 125 125 125
202003 GEBRE-GURCHA230.00 402001 GEBRE-

163 GURCHA400.00 2 125 125 125
202008 AWSH-7KL 230.00 202011 KOKA

164 230.00 1 353 353 353
202008 AWSH-7KL 230.00 203002 DIRE DAWA3

165 230.00 1 353 353 353
202011 KOKA 230.00 202012 MELKA-WAKNA

166 230.00 1 257 257 257
202011 KOKA 230.00 202012 MELKA-WAKNA

167 230.00 2 257 257 257
202011 KOKA 230.00 202015 ADAMA II

168 WF230.00 1 402 402 402
202011 KOKA 230.00 203003 HURSO

169 230.00 1 402 402 402
202011 KOKA 230.00 203003 HURSO

170 230.00 2 402 402 402
202012 MELKA-WAKNA 230.00 202017 M WAK-YUGO

171 230.00 1 257 257 257
202012 MELKA-WAKNA 230.00 205001 RAMO

172 230.00 1 402 402 402
202020 WOLKITE 230.00 205003 HOSAINA

173 230.00 1 402 402 402
202020 WOLKITE 230.00 208006 G.GIBE NEW

174 230.00 1 280 280 280

203001 ADIGALA 230.00 203003 HURSO

175 230.00 1 402 402 402
203001 ADIGALA 230.00 203009 ADIGALA-TS

176 230.00 1 402 402 402
203001 ADIGALA 230.00 203014 MILO TS

177 230.00 1 402 402 402
203002 DIRE DAWA3 230.00 203003 HURSO

178 230.00 1 255 255 255
203002 DIRE DAWA3 230.00 203003 HURSO

179 230.00 2 255 255 255
203003 HURSO 230.00 203013 HURSO TS

180 230.00 1 402 402 402
203008 LONNIS TS 230.00 203013 HURSO TS

181 230.00 1 402 402 402
203008 LONNIS TS 230.00 203014 MILO TS

182 230.00 1 402 402 402
203009 ADIGALA-TS 230.00 203011 AYISHA TS

183 230.00 1 402 402 402
203011 AYISHA TS 230.00 203012 DAWALE TS

184 230.00 1 402 402 402
203015 GODE 230.00 205001 RAMO

185 230.00 1 402 402 402
204001 FINCHA 230.00 204002 FINCHA-II

186 230.00 1 318 318 318
204001 FINCHA 230.00 204003 GHEDO

187 230.00 1 284 284 284
204001 FINCHA 230.00 207002 DEBRE-

188 MARKOS230.00 1 280 280 280
204002 FINCHA-II 230.00 204003 GHEDO

189 230.00 1 318 318 318
204002 FINCHA-II 230.00 204004 NESHE

190 230.00 1 318 318 318
204003 GHEDO 230.00 208006 G.GIBE NEW

191 230.00 1 274 274 274

205002 ALABA 230.00 205003 HOSAINA

192 230.00 1 402 402 402
206001 COMBOL-II 230.00 206008 WOLDIYA MOB

193 230.00 1 318 318 318
206001 COMBOL-II 230.00 206011 SEMERA

194 230.00 1 318 318 318
206008 WOLDIYA MOB 230.00 209001 ALAMATA

195 230.00 1 318 318 318
206009 GASHENA 230.00 207003 GASHENA-TAP

196 230.00 1 318 318 318
206010 DITCHETO 230.00 206011 SEMERA

197 230.00 1 318 318 318
207001 BAHIR DAR2 230.00 207004 GONDAR 2

198 230.00 1 402 402 402
207001 BAHIR DAR2 230.00 207004 GONDAR 2

199 230.00 2 402 402 402
207001 BAHIR DAR2 230.00 207006 MOTA

200 230.00 1 280 280 280
207001 BAHIR DAR2 230.00 207007 NIFAS MEW

201 TP230.00 1 318 318 318
207002 DEBRE-MARKOS230.00 207006 MOTA

202 230.00 1 280 280 280
207003 GASHENA-TAP 230.00 207007 NIFAS MEW

203 TP230.00 1 318 318 318
207003 GASHENA-TAP 230.00 209001 ALAMATA

204 230.00 1 318 318 318
207004 GONDAR 2 230.00 207005 METEMA

205 230.00 1 318 318 318
207004 GONDAR 2 230.00 207005 METEMA

206 230.00 2 402 402 402
207007 NIFAS MEW TP230.00 207008 N.MEWCHA

207 230.00 1 318 318 318
208001 GAMBELA2 230.00 208002 METU

208 230.00 1 402 402 402

208002 METU 230.00 208004 BEDELLE

209 230.00 1 318 318 318
208004 BEDELLE 230.00 208008 AGARO

210 230.00 1 402 402 402
208005 GI GIBE-1 230.00 208006 G.GIBE NEW

211 230.00 1 274 274 274
208005 GI GIBE-1 230.00 208006 G.GIBE NEW

212 230.00 2 274 274 274
208006 G.GIBE NEW 230.00 208007 JIMMA NEW

213 230.00 1 402 402 402
208007 JIMMA NEW 230.00 208008 AGARO

214 230.00 1 402 402 402
209001 ALAMATA 230.00 209007 MEHONI

215 230.00 1 318 0 0
209001 ALAMATA 230.00 209013 ASHEGODA WF

216 230.00 1 402 402 402
209002 ENDASILASIE 230.00 209003 HUMERA

217 230.00 1 318 318 318
209002 ENDASILASIE 230.00 209006 TEKEZE

218 230.00 1 318 318 318
209004 MEKELE 230.00 209006 TEKEZE

219 230.00 1 318 318 318
209004 MEKELE 230.00 209006 TEKEZE

220 230.00 2 318 318 318
209004 MEKELE 230.00 209007 MEHONI

221 230.00 1 402 402 402
209004 MEKELE 230.00 209013 ASHEGODA WF

222 230.00 1 402 402 402
401001 SULULTA 400.00 402001 GEBRE-

223 GURCHA400.00 1 1341 1341 1341
401001 SULULTA 400.00 407003 DEBRE

224 MARKOS400.00 1 1341 1341 1341
401002 GELAN 400.00 401003 SEBETA-2

225 400.00 1 1973 1973 1973

401002 GELAN 400.00 405001 WOLAYTA 400

226 400.00 1 1973 1973 1973

227 WND 1 1 500 0 0

228 WND 1 2 500 0 0

229 WND 1 3 500 0 0
401003 SEBETA-2 400.00 402004 HOLETA-400

230 400.00 1 1205 1205 1205
401003 SEBETA-2 400.00 402004 HOLETA-400

231 400.00 2 1205 1205 1205
401003 SEBETA-2 400.00 408001 GI GIBE-2

232 400.00 1 1341 1341 1341
404001 GRAN RENAIS 400.00 407002 BELES

233 400.00 1 543 533 543
405001 WOLAYTA 400 400.00 405004 G-GIBE3

234 400.00 1 1973 1973 1973
405001 WOLAYTA 400 400.00 405004 G-GIBE3

235 400.00 2 1973 1973 1973
405001 WOLAYTA 400 400.00 408001 GI GIBE-2

236 400.00 1 1973 19793 1973
407001 BAHIRDAR-II 400.00 407002 BELES

237 400.00 1 1341 1341 1341
407001 BAHIRDAR-II 400.00 407003 DEBRE

238 MARKOS400.00 1 1341 1341 1341
408001 GI GIBE-2 400.00 408002 G.GIBE NEW

239 400.00 1 1341 1341 1341

APPENDIX B: Peak Load 2017 Data’s
Table B-1 Load Data’s
Bus Pload Qload

Number Bus Name Area Name Zone Name (MW) (Mvar)
BENSHANGUL-
101001 ASSOSA 132.00 ASOSA G 2.465 1.194
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 ASOSA OROMIA 0 0
101004 TULUCAPIGOLD132.00 ASOSA OROMIA 1.9571 0.9479
EASTERN
102004 D.BERHAN 132.00 A.A. AMHARA 1.825 0.8839
EASTERN
102005 SULULTA-132 132.00 A.A. OROMIA 13.1781 6.3824
EASTERN
102007 COTOBI-II 132.00 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 4.8748 2.361
EASTERN
102007 COTOBI-II 132.00 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 26.7472 12.9543
EASTERN
102009 CHANCHO 132.00 A.A. OROMIA 10.3222 4.9993
EASTERN
102013 SHOAXING-LI 132.00 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 11.1226 2.8956
EASTERN
102014 MSP-STEEL 132.00 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 15.5119 7.5146
103001 ASEBETEFIR 132.00 EASTERN OROMIA 0.0467 0.0226
103002 D.DAWA-1 132.00 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 0.0205 0.0099
103007 HURSO 132.00 EASTERN OROMIA 0 0
103009 D.DAW-DS 132.00 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 0.0766 0.0371

103010 D.DAWA-TS 132.00 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 4.1365 2.0034
103013 KEBRIDHER 132.00 EASTERN SOMALE 0.5 0.242
103016 AFDEM 132.00 EASTERN AMHARA 4.1365 2.0034
103017 BIKE 132.00 EASTERN AMHARA 4.1365 2.0034
103019 MEGALA 132.00 EASTERN AMHARA 4.1365 2.0034
103020 MIESO 132.00 EASTERN AMHARA 4.1365 2.0034
105022 BERKOT 132.00 JIJIGA SOMALE 7.1782 3.4766
105024 FAFEM 132.00 JIJIGA SOMALE 7.1782 3.4766
NORTH
106002 AKSTA 132.00 EASTER AMHARA 2.5094 1.2154
NORTH
106005 COMBOL-II 132.00 EASTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
106006 KEMISSIE 132.00 EASTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
106007 ZEMERO 132.00 EASTER AMHARA 9.4908 4.5966
NORTH
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 WESTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTHERN
108004 GHEDO 132.00 A.A OROMIA 0 0
NORTHERN
108005 GUDER 132.00 A.A OROMIA 0 0
NORTHERN
108006 MUGER 132.00 A.A OROMIA 0.0766 0.0371
109002 ADWA 132.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
109003 ALAMATA 132.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 2.19 1.0607
109004 MEKELE 132.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 11.8599 5.744
110001 AWSH-7KL 132.00 SEMERA OROMIA 10.9597 5.308
110003 DK290 TS 132.00 SEMERA AFAR 4.1365 2.0034

SOUTH
111001 A.TULU 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
SOUTH
111002 ASSELA 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
SOUTH
111003 AWASH2 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 0.9498 0.46
SOUTH
111007 KOKA 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 3.1313 1.5166
SOUTH
111010 METEHARATAP 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 4.1365 2.0034
SOUTH
111016 METEHARA-TS 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 4.1365 2.0034
SOUTH
111018 ABYSSINIAN 132.00 EASTER OROMIA 9.63 4.66
SOUTHERN
112001 A.CENTER 132.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 30.5063 14.7749
SOUTHERN
112005 KALITI1 132.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 4.8748 2.361
SOUTHERN
112009 MEKANISA 132.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 14.0079 6.7843
SOUTHERN
112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 4.8927 2.3697
SOUTHERN
112013 INDODE 132.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 4.1365 2.0034
113001 A.MINCH 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 6.2216 3.0132
113002 ALABA 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0.2262 0.1096
113003 AWASA 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 1.6969 0.8218
113004 BOCU LUGUMA 132.00 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
113005 DILLA 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0.1131 0.0548
113008 HOSAINA 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0.1131 0.0548
113009 S.SHEMEN 132.00 SOUTHERN OROMIA 4.697 2.2749

113010 SAWLA 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0.3394 0.1644
113011 SHAKISO 132.00 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
113012 W.SODO 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 1.9468 0.9429
113014 YIRGALEM 132.00 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0.5657 0.274
113016 YABELO 132.00 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
WESTERN
114002 SEBATA 132.00 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 14.9052 7.2189
115002 AGARO 132.00 WESTERN OROMIA 10 5
115003 B.BEDELE 132.00 WESTERN OROMIA 0 0
115004 BONGA 132.00 WESTERN S.N.N.P 0.1131 0.0548
115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 WESTERN OROMIA 0 0
BENSHANGUL-
115011 GIDAMI 132.00 ASOSA G 1.056 0.512
115013 ATANGO 132.00 WESTERN OROMIA 0 0
115014 TUM 132.00 WESTERN S.N.N.P 0.6787 0.3287
NORTHERN
202003 CHANCHO230 230.00 A.A OROMIA 34.2509 16.5885
NORTHERN
202003 CHANCHO230 230.00 A.A OROMIA 3.257 1.5774
EASTERN
202005 FITCHE 2 230.00 A.A. OROMIA 3.1705 1.5355
EASTERN
202008 GEBRE-GURCHA230.00 A.A. OROMIA 11.0959 5.374
203001 ADIGALA 230.00 EASTERN EXPORT 0 0
203003 DJIB-PK12 230.00 ASOSA EXPORT 74.6869 37.3434
203006 DIRE-IND-230230.00 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 0 0
203007 LASARAT 230.00 EASTERN SOMALE 4.1365 2.0034
203008 LONNIS 230.00 EASTERN SOMALE 4.1365 2.0034

203010 MIESO 230.00 EASTERN AMHARA 4.1365 2.0034
203011 SHI-KUL-230 230.00 EASTERN SOMALE 4.1365 2.0034
203012 SUBURBAN 230.00 EASTERN OROMIA 4.1365 2.0034
203013 ADIGALA-TS 230.00 EASTERN EXPORT 4.1365 2.0034
NORTH
206002 TOSAMETAL 230.00 EASTER OROMIA 19.5709 9.4786
NORTH
206004 WOLDIA 230.00 EASTER AMHARA 3.6501 1.7678
NORTH
206004 WOLDIA 230.00 EASTER AMHARA 5.5111 2.6692
206005 SUN-HI-GUL 230.00 SEMERA AFAR 24.3223 11.7798
206006 TERU 230.00 SEMERA AFAR 8.1074 3.9266
NORTH
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 2.19 1.0607
NORTH
207003 GASHENA 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
207005 GONDAR2 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 7.6651 3.7124
NORTH
207006 METEMA 230.00 WESTER EXPORT 180 90
NORTH
207008 N.MEW TP 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
207009 N.MEWCHA 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 0.6844 0.3315
NORTH
207010 DEJEN 230.00 WESTER AMHARA 0.6844 0.3315
NORTH
207013 SUDAN-GADARE230.00 WESTER EXPORT 200.0001 97.1771
NORTH
207013 SUDAN-GADARE230.00 WESTER EXPORT 180 87.177
207013 SUDAN-GADARE230.00 NORTH EXPORT 20 9.6863

WESTER
NORTHERN
208007 GINCHI 230.00 A.A OROMIA 3.2618 1.5798
209002 ENDASILA 230.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 1.5728 0.7617
209004 MEKELE 230.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
209008 DALOL 230.00 NORTHERN AFAR 5.4798 2.654
209009 MEKELEPVC 230.00 NORTHERN TIGRAY 7.3065 3.5387
210002 DITCHETO 230.00 SEMERA AFAR 0 0
210003 SEMERA 230.00 SEMERA AFAR 0 0
SOUTH
211003 MODJO3230 230.00 EASTER OROMIA 16.1247 7.8096
SOUTH
211005 NAZERET-ADAM230.00 EASTER OROMIA 13.1777 6.3823
SOUTHERN
212002 DUKEM230 230.00 A.A OROMIA 46.6439 22.5907
SOUTHERN
212003 DB-ZEIT3230 230.00 A.A OROMIA 83.7242 40.5495
SOUTHERN
212003 DB-ZEIT3230 230.00 A.A OROMIA 41.0055 19.8599
SOUTHERN
212005 AKAKI2-230 230.00 A.A ADDIS ABABA 100.0001 50
213002 RAMO 230.00 EASTERN OROMIA 1.0406 0.5037
213006 GINIR 230.00 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
215005 JIMMA 230.00 WESTERN OROMIA 50 26
WESTERN
414001 SEBETA-2 400.00 A.A. OROMIA 200 100
NORTH BENSHANGUL-
507001 GRAN RENAIS 500.00 WESTER G 70 35
NORTHERN
507003 HOLETA-500 500.00 A.A OROMIA 23.6416 11.4502

NORTHERN
507003 HOLETA-500 500.00 A.A OROMIA 4.7384 2.2949
NORTH
507006 SUDAN-RABAK 500.00 WESTER EXPORT 70 33.902
EASTERN
602002 FITCHE 2 66.000 A.A. OROMIA 13.9593 6.7609
EASTERN
602002 FITCHE 2 66.000 A.A. OROMIA 17.868 8.6539
603003 BEDDESA 66.000 EASTERN OROMIA 0.0167 0.008
603006 HARAR1 66.000 EASTERN HARARI 0 0
604002 GAMBELA1 66.000 GAMBELA GAMBELA 0.9525 0.4613
NORTH
606003 DESIE 66.000 EASTER AMHARA 1.46 0.7071
NORTH
606004 LALIBELA 66.000 EASTER AMHARA 1.5728 0.7617
NORTH
606005 SEKOTA 66.000 EASTER AMHARA 1.5728 0.7617
NORTH
607001 B.DAR1 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 13.0338 6.3125
NORTH
607004 DABAT 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 1.3688 0.6629
NORTH
607005 DANGLA 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
607007 FNOT-SLM 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 0.6844 0.3315
NORTH
607008 GONDAR2 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 0 0
NORTH
607011 WORETA 66.000 WESTER AMHARA 2.5164 1.2188
608004 GEFERSA 66.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
609002 ADWA 66.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0

609005 SHIRE 66.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
SOUTH
611001 BALEROBE 66.000 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
613001 NEG-BORE 66.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
613003 SHAKISO 66.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0.274 0.1327
WESTERN
614003 WOLKITE 66.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 2.0377 0.9869
615002 TEPI 66.000 WESTERN S.N.N.P 1.6057 0.7777
SOUTHERN
712002 AKAKI 45.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 1.3652 0.6612
SOUTHERN
WESTERN
714002 ADDIS-W2 45.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 16.6264 8.0426
BENSHANGUL-
801001 ASSOSA 33.000 ASOSA G 1.1672 0.5653
801002 GHIMBI 15.000 ASOSA OROMIA 3.3683 1.6313
801003 MENDI 33.000 ASOSA OROMIA 2.8615 1.3858
BENSHANGUL-
801004 ASSOSA 15.000 ASOSA G 2.7234 1.3191
EASTERN
802001 ADDIS-E1 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 12 5.882
EASTERN
802002 B.WRGENU 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 61.4667 29.7697
EASTERN
802005 D.BERHAN 15.000 A.A. AMHARA 8.2854 4.0129
EASTERN
EASTERN
802009 ADDIS-E2 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 58.0066 28.094
802010 COTOBIE-15B215.000 EASTERN ADDIS ABABA 41.9436 20.3142

A.A.
EASTERN
EASTERN
802016 BOLE-LEMI 33.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 9.7907 4.7418
EASTERN
802016 BOLE-LEMI 33.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 33.5044 16.2269
EASTERN
802018 FITCHE 2 15.000 A.A. OROMIA 7.0727 3.4255
NORTHERN
802019 SHEGOLE 15.000 A.A OROMIA 13.1919 6.3891
802020 DASHEN_BEER 33.000 ASOSA TIGRAY 10 4.84
803001 A.TEFERI 15.000 EASTERN OROMIA 4.6685 2.2611
803002 ADIGALA 33.000 EASTERN EXPORT 0.2888 0.1398
803003 ALEMAYA 15.000 EASTERN OROMIA 5.5829 2.7039
803004 ALEMAYA-33 33.000 EASTERN OROMIA 2.9043 1.4066
803005 ASEBE-33 33.000 EASTERN OROMIA 0.0373 0.018
803006 BABILE 15.000 EASTERN OROMIA 1.7972 0.8704
803007 BEDESSA 15.000 EASTERN OROMIA 4.3025 2.0839
803008 CHELENKO 15.000 EASTERN OROMIA 3.8033 1.842
803009 D.DAWA1- 15.000 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 0 0
803011 D.DAWA3 15.000 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 3.3472 1.6212
803012 FIK 33.000 EASTERN OROMIA 0 0
803013 HARAR 15.000 EASTERN HARARI 5.3939 2.6124
803014 HARAR3 33.000 EASTERN HARARI 7.3401 3.5549
803017 D.DAWA1- 15.000 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 15.7109 7.6091
803018 HARAR3 15.000 EASTERN HARARI 4.805 2.3272

803020 SHI-KULEN IR33.000 EASTERN SOMALE 24.6294 11.9286
803022 DIRE-IND 33.000 EASTERN DIRE DAWA 102.9624 49.867
804001 DEMBI DO 15.000 GAMBELA OROMIA 3.0639 1.484
804002 GAMBELA1 15.000 GAMBELA GAMBELA 2.4726 1.1975
804004 METU 33.000 GAMBELA OROMIA 0.8411 0.4073
804005 SOR 15.000 GAMBELA OROMIA 0 0
804006 METU 15.000 GAMBELA OROMIA 1.9036 0.922
805001 JIJIGA 15.000 JIJIGA SOMALE 0 0
805002 JIJIGA2 33.000 JIJIGA SOMALE 6.9642 3.3729
805003 JIJIGA2 15.000 JIJIGA SOMALE 10.1109 4.8969
NORTH
806001 A-KETEMA 33.000 EASTER AMHARA 3.6823 1.7834
NORTH
806002 AKSTA 33.000 EASTER AMHARA 9.6142 4.6564
NORTH
806003 COMBOL-1 15.000 EASTER AMHARA 19.2133 9.3054
NORTH
806004 DESIE 15.000 EASTER AMHARA 12.2432 5.9297
NORTH
806005 LALIBELA 15.000 EASTER AMHARA 1.8376 0.89
NORTH
806006 SEKOTA 15.000 EASTER AMHARA 1.5408 0.7463
NORTH
806007 SHWA-RBT 15.000 EASTER AMHARA 3.7577 1.8199
NORTH
806012 COMBOLIND 33.000 EASTER AMHARA 110.016 53.2832
NORTH
807002 B.DAR2-1 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 15.0504 7.2893
NORTH
807003 BITCHENA 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 4.7812 2.3156

NORTH
807004 DABAT 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 3.8016 1.8412
NORTH
807005 DANGLA 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 10.3343 5.0052
NORTH
807006 DB-MRKOS 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 4.7068 2.2797
NORTH
807007 FNOT-SLM 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 9.1334 4.4235
NORTH
807008 GASHENA 33.000 WESTER AMHARA 6.1606 2.9837
NORTH
807010 GONDER1 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 1.568 0.7594
NORTH
807011 METEMA 33.000 WESTER EXPORT 3.7227 1.8031
NORTH
807012 MOTA 33.000 WESTER AMHARA 3.1319 1.5168
NORTH
807014 N-MEWCHA 33.000 WESTER AMHARA 4.1071 1.9891
NORTH BENSHANGUL-
807015 PAWIE 15.000 WESTER G 4.3268 2.0956
NORTH
807017 B.DAR2-2 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 6.5461 3.1705
NORTH
807019 GONDAR2 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 23.2578 11.2643
NORTH
807021 WORETA 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 7.5267 3.6454
NORTH
807022 GONDER 15.000 WESTER AMHARA 1.5544 0.7528
NORTHERN
808002 ADDIS-N 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 60.8985 29.4945
NORTHERN
808004 FINCHAA 15.000 A.A OROMIA 4.0938 1.9826
808005 FNCH-SG1 15.000 NORTHERN OROMIA 5.1809 2.5092

A.A
NORTHERN
808006 FNCH-SG2 15.000 A.A OROMIA 4.0132 1.9437
NORTHERN
808008 GEFERSA 15.000 A.A OROMIA 18.2972 8.8618
NORTHERN
808009 GHEDO 15.000 A.A OROMIA 3.4287 1.6606
NORTHERN
808010 GINCHI 15 15.000 A.A OROMIA 4.6364 2.2455
NORTHERN
808011 GUDER 15.000 A.A OROMIA 9.0285 4.3727
NORTHERN
808012 MUGER 15.000 A.A OROMIA 17.0056 8.2362
NORTHERN
808016 MUGER2 15.000 A.A OROMIA 21.4868 10.4065
809001 ADIGRAT 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 6.1998 3.0028
809002 ADWA 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 12.1704 5.8944
809003 ALAMATA1 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
809004 HUMERA 33.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 4.2407 2.0539
809005 MAYCHEW 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 2.4981 1.2099
809006 MEKELE 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 22.4273 10.862
809007 MESOBO 6.3000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 39.4996 19.1305
809008 SHIRE ENDASI15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 2.8796 1.3946
809011 WUKRO 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 4.2031 2.0356
809012 ALAMATA2 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 2.3468 1.1366
809013 SHIRE ENDASI33.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 4.0855 1.9787
809014 SHIRE-33-2 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
809014 SHIRE-33-2 15.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 0 0
809015 MEHONI33 33.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 5.6333 2.7284

809016 DANSHA 33.000 NORTHERN TIGRAY 5.6333 2.7284
810001 AMIBARA 15.000 SEMERA OROMIA 4.2434 2.0552
810003 AWSH-7KL 15.000 SEMERA OROMIA 4.54 2.1989
810004 DITCHETO 33.000 SEMERA AFAR 0 0
810005 SEMERA 33.000 SEMERA AFAR 6.8075 3.297
SOUTH
811001 A.TULU 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 9.5004 4.6012
SOUTH
811004 ASSELA 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 13.9584 6.7603
SOUTH
811005 AWASH II 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 4.2508 2.0587
SOUTH
811006 AWASH-2 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 3.8387 1.8591
SOUTH
811007 AWASH-3 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
SOUTH
811008 BALEROBE 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 8.0376 3.8928
SOUTH
811009 ELALA-GD 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 9.7978 4.7453
SOUTH
811010 GOBESSA 33.000 EASTER OROMIA 2.4531 1.1881
SOUTH
811011 KOKA 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 4.1279 1.9992
SOUTH
811012 KOKA2 15 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
SOUTH
811013 M.WK-YUG 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 6.8437 3.3145
SOUTH
811014 METAHARA 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 10.2032 4.9416
SOUTH
811015 MODJO 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 3.9349 1.9058

SOUTH
811016 NAZ-II 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 35.173 17.035
SOUTH
811017 NAZRET1 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 0 0
SOUTH
811018 NURAERA 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 3 1.23
SOUTH
811019 WONJIPUL 15.000 EASTER OROMIA 17.0492 8.2573
SOUTHERN
812001 A.CENTER 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 60.8985 29.4945
SOUTHERN
812003 ADS-II 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 56.3494 27.2913
SOUTHERN
812004 AKAKI 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 7.2205 3.4971
SOUTHERN
812005 AKAKI-SP 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 8.887 4.3041
SOUTHERN
812008 DB-ZEIT2 15.000 A.A OROMIA 46.5388 22.2337
SOUTHERN
812009 DUKEM 15.000 A.A OROMIA 1.3098 0.6344
SOUTHERN
SOUTHERN
812011 KALITI2- 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 23.0585 11.1678
SOUTHERN
812012 KALTI-N 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 14.6238 7.0826
SOUTHERN
812013 MEKANISA 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 45 22
SOUTHERN
812014 NEFASILK 15.000 A.A ADDIS ABABA 23.6198 11.4396
SOUTHERN
812015 YESU 15.000 A.A OROMIA 6.405 3.1021
812018 KILINTO15 15.000 SOUTHERN TIGRAY 23.8058 11.5297

A.A
SOUTHERN
812019 DB-ZEIT3 15.000 A.A OROMIA 2.653 1.2849
SOUTHERN
812020 EAST INDUSTR33.000 A.A OROMIA 20 9.69
813001 ALABA 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 5.3829 2.607
813002 A.MINCH 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 12.841 6.2192
813003 AWASA 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 19.4072 9.3994
813004 BOCU LUGUMA 33.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 6.1134 2.9608
813005 DILLA 33.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 3.5122 1.701
813006 DILLA-1 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0 0
813007 H-MARIAM 33.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 4.4963 2.1776
813008 HOSAINA 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 8.0614 3.9043
813009 NEG-BORE 33.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 1.6353 0.792
813010 S.SHME-1 15.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 29.8521 14.458
813011 SAWLA 33.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 2.3877 1.1564
813012 SHAKISO 15.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 11.2166 5.4325
813013 W.SODO 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 10.9331 5.2952
813014 YADOT 33.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 0 0
813015 YIRGALEM 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 0 0
813016 DILLA-2 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 12.171 5.8947
813017 NEG-BORE 15.000 SOUTHERN OROMIA 2.8583 1.3843
813021 GODE33 33.000 SOUTHERN SOMALE 4.6827 2.2675
813032 AWASA15-2 15.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 5.4695 2.649

813035 YIRGALEM-IND33.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 91.966 44.541
813036 AWASA INDUST33.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 81.7326 39.5848
813036 AWASA INDUST33.000 SOUTHERN S.N.N.P 91.9658 44.5409
WESTERN
814001 ADDIS-W1 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 16.6264 8.0426
WESTERN
814003 BUTAJIRA 15.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 6.0378 2.9243
WESTERN
814004 GEDJA 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 5 2.3
WESTERN
814005 SABATA-B 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 22.2775 10.7895
WESTERN
814005 SABATA-B 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 28.3916 13.7507
WESTERN
814007 WOLISO 15.000 A.A. OROMIA 13.6221 6.5975
WESTERN
814008 WOLKITE 33.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 2.9257 1.417
WESTERN
814009 BUTAJIRA33 33.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 3.565 1.7265
WESTERN
814011 WOLISO-33 33.000 A.A. OROMIA 1.946 0.9425
WESTERN
814012 WOLKITE 15.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 4.4948 2.177
WESTERN
814013 BLACK-LION 15.000 A.A. ADDIS ABABA 21.0672 10.2033
WESTERN
814020 BUE33 33.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 3 1.4529
WESTERN
814021 BUE15 15.000 A.A. S.N.N.P 2 0.9686
815001 ABA 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 4.1747 2.0218
815002 AGARO 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 6.0808 2.9451

815003 B.BEDELE 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 8.3926 4.0647
815005 G.GIBE 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 3.1712 1.5359
815007 GIDA-AYANA 33.000 WESTERN OROMIA 8.7546 4.24
815008 JIMMA 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 11.6933 5.6633
815009 MIZAN 33.000 WESTERN S.N.N.P 1.6639 0.8059
815010 NEKEMPTE 15.000 WESTERN OROMIA 7.1112 3.4441
815011 TEPI 15.000 WESTERN S.N.N.P 2.886 1.3978
Table B-2 Branches Data’s
Rate
A ,Band
From Bus To Bus Charging B C
Number From Bus Name Number To Bus Name Line R (pu) Line X (pu) (pu) phases Length
ASSOSA
101001 132.00 101003 MENDI 132.00 0.097877 0.195833 0.03766 91 80
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 101003 MENDI 132.00 0.15905 0.318229 0.06119 91 130
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 101004 TULUCAPIGOLD132.00 0.0909 0.1714 0.03295 115 70
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 107008 DEDSSA 132.00 0.0659 0.1242 0.02389 115 50.75
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.108689 0.204569 0.03963 89 84.29
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.1097 0.2052 0.04019 115 84.29
101002 GHIMBI 132.00 115015 KAMASHI 132.00 0.2277 0.4261 0.08341 115 175
101003 MENDI 132.00 115011 GIDAMI 132.00 0.194883 0.367188 0.070606 115 150
102001 ADE-II 132.00 102003 COTOBI-I 132.00 0.006679 0.013363 0.00257 91 5.46
102001 ADE-II 132.00 108001 ADDIS-N 132.00 0.012156 0.024323 0.00468 91 9.94
B.WGN-TP
102002 132.00 102003 COTOBI-I 132.00 0.003664 0.005967 0.00114 82 2.45
B.WGN-TP
102002 132.00 102006 B.WRGENU 132.00 0.00673 0.010959 0.0021 82 4.5

B.WGN-TP
102002 132.00 112005 KALITI1 132.00 0.0129 0.0197 0.00378 103 8.1
COTOBI-I
102003 132.00 102004 D.BERHAN 132.00 0.160706 0.261701 0.05018 82 107.46
COTOBI-I
102003 132.00 102010 ADDIS-E1 132.00 0.00114 0.00713 0.05777 100 6
COTOBI-I
102003 132.00 102010 ADDIS-E1 132.00 0.00114 0.00713 0.05777 100 6
COTOBI-I
102003 132.00 102012 AYAT TS 132.00 0.010469 0.017047 0.003272 82 7
COTOBI-I
102003 132.00 112016 KILINTO 132.00 0.011024 0.016804 0.003222 103 6.9
D.BERHAN
102004 132.00 102014 MSP-STEEL 132.00 0.087038 0.141737 0.027179 82 58.2
D.BERHAN
102004 132.00 102015 DEBRE-BIREHA132.00 0.00095 0.00594 0.04814 100 5
D.BERHAN
102004 132.00 106004 SHWA-RBT 132.00 0.085976 0.140007 0.02685 82 57.49
SULULTA-132
102005 132.00 112015 DANGOTECEM 132.00 0.0806 0.1518 0.02918 115 62
COTOBI-II
102007 132.00 102012 AYAT TS 132.00 0.001496 0.002435 0.000467 82 1
COTOBI-II
102007 132.00 102013 SHOAXING-LI 132.00 0.05982 0.097414 0.01868 82 40
COTOBI-II
102007 132.00 102015 DEBRE-BIREHA132.00 0.14955 0.243534 0.0467 82 100
SHOAXING-LI
102013 132.00 102014 MSP-STEEL 132.00 0.002692 0.004384 0.000841 82 1.8
ASEBETEFIR
103001 132.00 103020 MIESO 132.00 0.035332 0.066571 0.012801 115 27.2
D.DAWA-1
103002 132.00 103003 D.DAWA-3 132.00 0.005491 0.008943 0.00171 82 3.67
D.DAWA-3
103003 132.00 103004 DD.DS-TP 132.00 0.005384 0.008767 0.00168 82 3.6
D.DAWA-3
103003 132.00 103008 D.DAWA-2 132.00 0.018588 0.030269 0.0058 82 12.43
D.DAWA-3
103003 132.00 103009 D.DAW-DS 132.00 0.004677 0.008812 0.001695 115 3.6
DD.DS-TP
103004 132.00 103009 D.DAW-DS 132.00 0.002835 0.004617 0.00089 82 1.9
DD.DS-TP
103004 132.00 110001 AWSH-7KL 132.00 0.306578 0.499244 0.09572 82 205
103005 FIK 132.00 103006 HARAR-3 132.00 0.188288 0.376729 0.07244 91 153.9
103006 HARAR-3 103011 ALEMAYA 132.00 0.030934 0.058285 0.011207 115 23.81

132.00
HARAR-3
103006 132.00 103012 BABILE 132.00 0.03248 0.061198 0.011768 115 25
HARAR-3
103006 132.00 103015 HARAR-4 132.00 0.0052 0.0098 0.00188 115 4
103007 HURSO 132.00 103010 D.DAWA-TS 132.00 0.020398 0.038432 0.00739 115 15.7
103007 HURSO 132.00 103019 MEGALA 132.00 0.025919 0.048836 0.009391 115 19.95
D.DAWA-2
103008 132.00 103011 ALEMAYA 132.00 0.035079 0.066094 0.012709 115 27
D.DAW-DS
103009 132.00 103010 D.DAWA-TS 132.00 0.008185 0.015422 0.002965 115 6.3
103012 BABILE 132.00 105001 JIJIGA2 132.00 0.090945 0.171354 0.032949 115 70
KEBRIDHER
103013 132.00 113006 GODE 132.00 0.2274 0.4284 0.08237 115 175
AFDEM
103016 132.00 103017 BIKE 132.00 0.034689 0.065359 0.012568 115 26.7
AFDEM
103016 132.00 103020 MIESO 132.00 0.055217 0.104037 0.020005 115 42.5
103017 BIKE 132.00 103019 MEGALA 132.00 0.059114 0.11138 0.021417 115 45.5
103020 MIESO 132.00 110003 DK290 TS 132.00 0.05866 0.110523 0.021252 115 45.15
105001 JIJIGA2 132.00 105024 FAFEM 132.00 0.1169 0.2203 0.043236 115 90
BERKOT
105022 132.00 108014 DEGEHABUR 132.00 0.0922 0.1738 0.03342 115 71
105024 FAFEM 132.00 108014 DEGEHABUR 132.00 0.1169 0.2203 0.04236 115 90
A-KETEMA
106001 132.00 106002 AKSTA 132.00 0.183755 0.36766 0.0707 91 150.19
106002 AKSTA 132.00 106003 COMBOL-I 132.00 0.129687 0.259479 0.04989 91 106
106002 AKSTA 132.00 106003 COMBOL-I 132.00 0.1379 0.2581 0.05054 115 106
COMBOL-I
106003 132.00 106005 COMBOL-II 132.00 0.008564 0.017135 0.00329 91 7
COMBOL-I
106003 132.00 106005 COMBOL-II 132.00 0.0091 0.017 0.00334 115 7
COMBOL-I
106003 132.00 106005 COMBOL-II 132.00 0.0091 0.017 0.00334 115 7
COMBOL-I
106003 132.00 106006 KEMISSIE 132.00 0.049436 0.092514 0.018119 115 38
COMBOL-I
106003 132.00 106008 DESSIE 132.00 0.0165 0.0311 0.00598 115 12.7
SHWA-RBT
106004 132.00 106006 KEMISSIE 132.00 0.104076 0.194766 0.038145 115 80
106004 SHWA-RBT 106007 ZEMERO 132.00 0.1951 0.3652 0.07152 115 150

132.00
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107002 T-ABAY2 132.00 0.035482 0.070505 0.01381 91 28.96
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107002 T-ABAY2 132.00 0.035482 0.070505 0.01381 91 28.96
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107006 DANGLA-132 132.00 0.0898 0.168 0.0329 115 69
107001 B.DAR2 132.00 107006 DANGLA-132 132.00 0.0898 0.168 0.0329 115 69
107003 PAWIE 132.00 107004 BELESSUGRFAC132.00 0.084562 0.158248 0.030993 115 65
107003 PAWIE 132.00 107004 BELESSUGRFAC132.00 0.084562 0.158248 0.030993 115 65
107003 PAWIE 132.00 107006 DANGLA-132 132.00 0.1416 0.2668 0.05131 115 109
107003 PAWIE 132.00 107006 DANGLA-132 132.00 0.1416 0.2668 0.05131 115 109
DANGLA-132
107006 132.00 107007 SHAWERA 132.00 0.1756 0.3287 0.06437 115 135
DEDSSA
107008 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.0848 0.1597 0.03071 115 65.25
ADDIS-N
108001 132.00 108015 MINILIK TS 132.00 0.002492 0.004058 0.000778 82 1.667
DERBA-
108002 CEMENT132.00 108007 DERBA-TAP 132.00 0.0605 0.12105 0.02328 91 49.45
DERBA-
108002 CEMENT132.00 108011 DERBA-TAP2 132.00 0.0605 0.12105 0.02328 91 49.45
GEFERSA
108003 132.00 108007 DERBA-TAP 132.00 0.075855 0.151771 0.02918 91 62
GEFERSA
108003 132.00 108011 DERBA-TAP2 132.00 0.075855 0.151771 0.02918 91 62
GEFERSA
108003 132.00 108015 MINILIK TS 132.00 0.014123 0.022998 0.004411 82 9.444
GEFERSA
108003 132.00 112005 KALITI1 132.00 0.037014 0.060275 0.01156 82 24.75
GEFERSA
108003 132.00 114003 SEBTA-TP 132.00 0.016122 0.026253 0.00503 82 10.78
GHEDO
108004 132.00 108005 GUDER 132.00 0.043829 0.082493 0.01598 89 33.99
GHEDO
108004 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.149436 0.281261 0.05449 89 115.89
MUGER
108006 132.00 108007 DERBA-TAP 132.00 0.022022 0.044062 0.00847 91 18
MUGER
108006 132.00 108011 DERBA-TAP2 132.00 0.022022 0.044062 0.00847 91 18
FINCHA-II
108009 132.00 115012 JARDEJARTE 132.00 0.1431 0.2678 0.05245 115 110
ADIGRAT
109001 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP 132.00 0.072919 0.137245 0.02659 89 56.55

109002 ADWA 132.00 109004 MEKELE 132.00 0.150532 0.283324 0.05489 89 116.74
MEKELE
109004 132.00 109005 MESOBO 132.00 0.006525 0.012281 0.00238 89 5.06
MEKELE
109004 132.00 109005 MESOBO 132.00 0.0066 0.0123 0.00241 115 5.06
MEKELE
109004 132.00 109006 WIND-P 132.00 0.0195 0.0367 0.00706 115 15
MEKELE
109004 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP 132.00 0.040025 0.075333 0.0146 89 31.04
WUKRO
109007 132.00 109008 WUKRO-TP 132.00 0.001506 0.002835 0.00055 89 1.17
MEKELEII
109010 132.00 109011 ABIADI 132.00 0.1236 0.2313 0.0453 115 95
AWSH-7KL
110001 132.00 110002 AMIBARA 132.00 0.0553 0.1043 0.02005 115 42.6
AWSH-7KL
110001 132.00 110003 DK290 TS 132.00 0.037677 0.07099 0.01365 115 29
AWSH-7KL
110001 132.00 111016 METEHARA-TS 132.00 0.040795 0.076865 0.01478 115 31.4
111001 A.TULU 132.00 111002 ASSELA 132.00 0.076217 0.124114 0.0238 82 50.96
111001 A.TULU 132.00 111019 ALUTO-II 132.00 0.039 0.0734 0.01412 115 30
111001 A.TULU 132.00 113009 S.SHEMEN 132.00 0.114899 0.187107 0.03588 82 76.83
111001 A.TULU 132.00 114001 BUTAJIRA 132.00 0.057234 0.114514 0.02202 91 46.78
ASSELA
111002 132.00 111003 AWASH2 132.00 0.07657 0.124689 0.02391 82 51.2
AWASH2
111003 132.00 111004 AWASH-3 132.00 0.002171 0.003512 0.00069 82 1.45
AWASH2
111003 132.00 111004 AWASH-3 132.00 0.002171 0.003512 0.00069 82 1.45
AWASH2
111003 132.00 111007 KOKA 132.00 0.037911 0.061736 0.01184 82 25.35
AWASH2
111003 132.00 111014 WONJPULP 132.00 0.026904 0.043812 0.0084 82 17.99
ELALA-GD
111005 132.00 111006 ELALA-TP 132.00 0.007328 0.011933 0.00229 82 4.9
ELALA-TP
111006 132.00 111007 KOKA 132.00 0.035578 0.057937 0.01111 82 23.79
ELALA-TP
111006 132.00 112013 INDODE 132.00 0.052 0.0979 0.01883 115 40
111007 KOKA 132.00 111011 NAZRETH2 132.00 0.017176 0.02797 0.00536 82 11.48
111007 KOKA 132.00 111014 WONJPULP 132.00 0.011007 0.017924 0.00344 82 7.36

111007 KOKA 132.00 111018 ABYSSINIAN 132.00 0.0193 0.0364 0.007 115 14.868
111007 KOKA 132.00 112004 DBZT2-TP 132.00 0.057652 0.093882 0.018 82 38.55
M.WAKNA
111008 132.00 111013 M.WK-YUG 132.00 0.006447 0.012135 0.00235 89 5
M.WAKNA
111008 132.00 111013 M.WK-YUG 132.00 0.006447 0.012135 0.00235 89 5
M.WAKNA
111008 132.00 113013 YADOT 132.00 0.122346 0.244792 0.04707 91 100
METAHARA
111009 132.00 111010 METEHARATAP 132.00 0 0.0001 0 82 0
METEHARATAP
111010 132.00 111011 NAZRETH2 132.00 0.13196 0.214889 0.0412 82 88.24
METEHARATAP
111010 132.00 111016 METEHARA-TS 132.00 0.001299 0.002448 0.000471 115 1
WONJI-TP
111012 132.00 111014 WONJPULP 132.00 0.000852 0.001388 0.00027 82 0.57
M.WK-YUG
111013 132.00 111020 GOBESA 132.00 0.0964 0.1816 0.03493 115 74.2
M.WK-YUG
111013 132.00 113009 S.SHEMEN 132.00 0.153691 0.28927 0.05604 89 119.19
ABYSSINIAN
111018 132.00 112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 0.0629 0.1184 0.02277 115 48.381
GOBESA
111020 132.00 111021 BALEROBE 132.00 0.0416 0.0783 0.01506 115 32
A.CENTER
112001 132.00 112005 KALITI1 132.00 0.02146 0.034947 0.0067 82 14.35
112002 ADS-II 132.00 112009 MEKANISA 132.00 0.002447 0.004896 0.00094 91 2
112002 ADS-II 132.00 112009 MEKANISA 132.00 0.0026 0.0049 0.00095 115 2
DB-ZEIT2
112003 132.00 112004 DBZT2-TP 132.00 0.000075 0.000122 0.00002 82 0.05
DBZT2-TP
112004 132.00 112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 0.0351 0.0661 0.01271 115 27
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112006 KALTI-N 132.00 0.012941 0.019726 0.003782 103 8.1
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112008 KLT.N-TP 132.00 0.002243 0.003653 0.0007 82 1.5
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112009 MEKANISA 132.00 0.024167 0.039355 0.00755 82 16.16
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112010 YESU 132.00 0.0104 0.0196 0.00377 115 8
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 0.0105 0.0161 0.00308 115 1
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 0.0105 0.0161 0.00308 115 1
112005 KALITI1 132.00 112017 KALITI TS 132.00 0.001104 0.006906 0.055942 100 5.81
112006 KALTI-N 112008 KLT.N-TP 132.00 0.000658 0.001072 0.00021 82 0.44

132.00
KALTWO
112007 132.00 112014 NEFASILK 132.00 0.00057 0.00356 0.02889 100 3
KALTWO
112007 132.00 112014 NEFASILK 132.00 0.00057 0.00356 0.02889 100 3
KALTWO
112007 132.00 112017 KALITI TS 132.00 0.00057 0.00356 0.02889 100 3
KLT.N-TP
112008 132.00 112016 KILINTO 132.00 0.0105 0.0161 0.00308 103 6.6
MEKANISA
112009 132.00 114003 SEBTA-TP 132.00 0.01168 0.01902 0.00365 82 7.81
MEKANISA
112009 132.00 114007 ADDIS-EFW 132.00 0.0091 0.0171 0.00329 115 7
112010 YESU 132.00 112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 0.0013 0.0024 0.00047 115 1
112011 AKAKI 2 132.00 112013 INDODE 132.00 0.0052 0.0098 0.00188 115 4
A.MINCH
113001 132.00 113012 W.SODO 132.00 0.140719 0.264855 0.05131 89 109.13
113002 ALABA 132.00 113008 HOSAINA 132.00 0.051063 0.096108 0.01862 89 39.6
113002 ALABA 132.00 113009 S.SHEMEN 132.00 0.081533 0.153457 0.02973 89 63.23
113002 ALABA 132.00 113012 W.SODO 132.00 0.079702 0.150011 0.02906 89 61.81
AWASA
113003 132.00 113009 S.SHEMEN 132.00 0.032303 0.052603 0.01009 82 21.6
AWASA
113003 132.00 113014 YIRGALEM 132.00 0.052477 0.085456 0.01639 82 35.09
AWASA
113003 132.00 113027 AWASA II 132.00 0.004487 0.007306 0.001401 82 3
BOCU LUGUMA
113004 132.00 113016 YABELO 132.00 0.13252 0.249688 0.048012 115 102
113005 DILLA 132.00 113007 HAGER MARIAY132.00 0.110112 0.220313 0.04236 91 90
113005 DILLA 132.00 113014 YIRGALEM 132.00 0.048939 0.097917 0.01883 91 40
113005 DILLA 132.00 113026 YIRGALEM II 132.00 0.04369 0.087415 0.01681 91 35.71
HAGER
113007 MARIAY132.00 113016 YABELO 132.00 0.126024 0.237448 0.045658 115 97
HOSAINA
113008 132.00 115005 G.G OLD 132.00 0.091062 0.171393 0.03321 89 70.62
S.SHEMEN
113009 132.00 113027 AWASA II 132.00 0.028415 0.046271 0.008875 82 19
SAWLA
113010 132.00 113012 W.SODO 132.00 0.151709 0.303542 0.05837 91 124
SAWLA
113010 132.00 113017 KEY AFER 132.00 0.144213 0.271719 0.052248 115 111

SHAKISO
113011 132.00 113014 YIRGALEM 132.00 0.199216 0.324411 0.0622 82 133.21
SHAKISO
113011 132.00 113014 YIRGALEM 132.00 0.199216 0.324411 0.0622 82 133.21
YIRGALEM
113014 132.00 113026 YIRGALEM II 132.00 0.008564 0.017135 0.003295 91 7
OMA-KURAZF1
113018 132.00 113019 OMA-KURAZF2 132.00 0.0755 0.1412 0.02766 115 58
OMA-KURAZF1
113018 132.00 113019 OMA-KURAZF2 132.00 0.0755 0.1412 0.02766 115 58
OMA-KURAZF2
113019 132.00 113020 OMA-KURAZF3 132.00 0.026 0.0487 0.00954 115 20
OMA-KURAZF2
113019 132.00 113020 OMA-KURAZF3 132.00 0.026 0.0487 0.00954 115 20
OMA-KURAZF3
113020 132.00 113021 OMA-KURAZF4 132.00 0.0364 0.0682 0.01335 115 28
OMA-KURAZF3
113020 132.00 113021 OMA-KURAZF4 132.00 0.0364 0.0682 0.01335 115 28
OMA-KURAZF4
113021 132.00 113022 OMA-KURAZF5 132.00 0.0195 0.0367 0.00706 115 15
OMA-KURAZF5
113022 132.00 113023 OMA-KURAZF6 132.00 0.0221 0.0416 0.008 115 17
113024 BUEE 132.00 114001 BUTAJIRA 132.00 0.038977 0.073438 0.014121 115 30
SEBATA
114002 132.00 114003 SEBTA-TP 132.00 0.001496 0.002435 0.00047 82 1
SEBATA
114002 132.00 114004 ADDIS WEST 132.00 0.00133 0.00832 0.0674 100 7
SEBTA-TP
114003 132.00 114007 ADDIS-EFW 132.00 0.0088 0.0166 0.0032 115 6.8
ADDIS WEST
114004 132.00 114006 BLACK-LION 132.00 0.00095 0.00594 0.04814 100 5
ADDIS WEST
114004 132.00 114006 BLACK-LION 132.00 0.00114 0.00713 0.05777 100 6
115001 ABA 132.00 115008 JIMMA 132.00 0.057503 0.115052 0.02212 91 47
AGARO
115002 132.00 115003 B.BEDELE 132.00 0.104962 0.197555 0.03827 89 81.4
AGARO
115002 132.00 115008 JIMMA 132.00 0.044899 0.084507 0.01637 89 34.82
B.BEDELE
115003 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.141922 0.283958 0.0546 91 116
BONGA
115004 132.00 115008 JIMMA 132.00 0.125301 0.248984 0.04876 91 102.27
BONGA
115004 132.00 115008 JIMMA 132.00 0.125337 0.249057 0.04878 91 102.3

BONGA
115004 132.00 115009 MIZAN 132.00 0.108032 0.216151 0.04156 91 88.3
G.G OLD
115005 132.00 115006 G-GIBE-1 132.00 0.003353 0.00631 0.00122 89 2.6
G.G OLD
115005 132.00 115008 JIMMA 132.00 0.091964 0.173091 0.03353 89 71.32
GIDA-AYANA
115007 132.00 115010 NEKEMPTE 132.00 0.114503 0.229098 0.04405 91 93.59
115008 JIMMA 132.00 115013 ATANGO 132.00 0.1366 0.2556 0.05007 115 105
115009 MIZAN 132.00 115014 TUM 132.00 0.1951 0.3652 0.07152 115 150
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202002 SULULTA 230.00 0.0045 0.0126 0.04046 402 21
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202002 SULULTA 230.00 0.0045 0.0126 0.04046 402 21
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202004 BOLE-LEMI 230.00 0.001824 0.0051 0.016378 402 8.5
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202020 D.BEHRAN230 230.00 0.020245 0.061892 0.187103 318 100.412
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202021 COTOBI-I 230.00 0.0017 0.0048 0.01542 402 8
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 202021 COTOBI-I 230.00 0.0017 0.0048 0.01542 402 8
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 206001 COMBOL-II 230.00 0.057843 0.176833 0.53458 318 286.89
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 212001 KALITI1 230.00 0.007058 0.020947 0.06727 318 34.91
COTOBI-II
202001 230.00 212001 KALITI1 230.00 0.007058 0.020947 0.06727 318 34.91
SULULTA
202002 230.00 202003 CHANCHO230 230.00 0.0032 0.009 0.0289 402 15
SULULTA
202002 230.00 202003 CHANCHO230 230.00 0.0032 0.009 0.0289 402 15
SULULTA
202002 230.00 202006 SHEGOLE 230.00 0.0017 0.0049 0.01491 402 8
SULULTA
202002 230.00 202006 SHEGOLE 230.00 0.0017 0.0049 0.01491 402 8
SULULTA
202002 230.00 208003 GEFERSA 230.00 0.003382 0.010038 0.03224 318 16.73
SULULTA
202002 230.00 208003 GEFERSA 230.00 0.003382 0.010038 0.03224 318 16.73
BOLE-LEMI
202004 230.00 212001 KALITI1 230.00 0.006525 0.018239 0.058577 402 30.4
FITCHE 2
202005 230.00 202008 GEBRE-GURCHA230.00 0.009849 0.028353 0.085714 402 46

FITCHE 2
202005 230.00 202008 GEBRE-GURCHA230.00 0.009849 0.028353 0.085714 402 46
SHEGOLE
202006 230.00 208003 GEFERSA 230.00 0.0019 0.0054 0.01627 402 8.73
SHEGOLE
202006 230.00 208003 GEFERSA 230.00 0.0019 0.0054 0.01627 402 8.73
D.BEHRAN230
202020 230.00 206001 COMBOL-II 230.00 0.037598 0.114941 0.347477 318 186.479
ADIGALA
203001 230.00 203004 HURSO 230.00 0.028047 0.080746 0.2441 402 131
ADIGALA
203001 230.00 203007 LASARAT 230.00 0.007708 0.02219 0.067081 402 36
ADIGALA
203001 230.00 203013 ADIGALA-TS 230.00 0.0018 0.0052 0.01657 402 8.6
ADIGALA
203001 230.00 203013 ADIGALA-TS 230.00 0.0018 0.0052 0.01657 402 8.6
D.DAWA3
203002 230.00 203004 HURSO 230.00 0.006117 0.017099 0.054916 402 28.5
D.DAWA3
203002 230.00 203004 HURSO 230.00 0.006117 0.017099 0.054916 402 28.5
D.DAWA3
203002 230.00 210001 AWSH-7KL 230.00 0.035593 0.158565 0.304992 353 205
D.DAWA3
203002 230.00 211001 KOKA 230.00 0.054881 0.260666 0.50138 274 337
D.DAWA3
203002 230.00 211007 NURAERA 230.00 0.0107 0.0308 0.09317 402 50
DJIB-PK12
203003 230.00 203007 LASARAT 230.00 0.025692 0.073965 0.223603 402 120
DJIB-PK12
203003 230.00 203012 SUBURBAN 230.00 0.0186 0.0536 0.16198 402 86.93
203004 HURSO 230.00 203005 HARAR IV 230.00 0.0105 0.0302 0.0913 402 49
203004 HURSO 230.00 203005 HARAR IV 230.00 0.0105 0.0302 0.0913 402 49
203004 HURSO 230.00 203006 DIRE-IND-230230.00 0.0047 0.0132 0.04239 402 22
203004 HURSO 230.00 203006 DIRE-IND-230230.00 0.0047 0.0132 0.04239 402 22
203004 HURSO 230.00 203010 MIESO 230.00 0.042071 0.117594 0.377668 402 196
203004 HURSO 230.00 203012 SUBURBAN 230.00 0.0458 0.1319 0.39863 402 213.93
203004 HURSO 230.00 211001 KOKA 230.00 0.075556 0.211189 0.678261 402 352
203004 HURSO 230.00 211005 NAZERET-ADAM230.00 0.062945 0.181215 0.547828 402 294
DIRE-IND-
203006 230230.00 203008 LONNIS 230.00 0.003434 0.009599 0.03083 402 16
203006 DIRE-IND- 203011 SHI-KUL-230 230.00 0.0118 0.033 0.10598 402 55

230230.00
LASARAT
203007 230.00 203014 AYISHAWIND 230.00 0.0021 0.006 0.01927 402 10
LASARAT
203007 230.00 203014 AYISHAWIND 230.00 0.0021 0.006 0.01927 402 10
203008 LONNIS 230.00 203011 SHI-KUL-230 230.00 0.009015 0.025199 0.080929 402 42
203010 MIESO 230.00 211001 KOKA 230.00 0.025114 0.070196 0.225445 402 117
GAMBELA2
204001 230.00 204002 METU 230.00 0.029974 0.086293 0.26087 402 140
204002 METU 230.00 215001 BEDELLE 230.00 0.018245 0.055777 0.16862 318 90.49
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206002 TOSAMETAL 230.00 0.0021 0.006 0.01927 402 10
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206002 TOSAMETAL 230.00 0.0021 0.006 0.01927 402 10
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206003 COMBOLIND 230.00 0.003 0.0084 0.02698 402 14
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206003 COMBOLIND 230.00 0.003 0.0084 0.02698 402 14
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206004 WOLDIA 230.00 0.0193 0.054 0.17342 402 90
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206004 WOLDIA 230.00 0.0193 0.054 0.17342 402 90
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206007 DESSIE 230.00 0.0047 0.0132 0.04239 402 22
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 206007 DESSIE 230.00 0.0047 0.0132 0.04239 402 22
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 209001 ALAMATA 230.00 0.034126 0.101275 0.32526 318 168.8
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 209001 ALAMATA 230.00 0.034126 0.101275 0.32526 318 168.8
COMBOL-II
206001 230.00 210003 SEMERA 230.00 0.034276 0.104784 0.31677 318 170
WOLDIA
206004 230.00 206005 SUN-HI-GUL 230.00 0.0155 0.0432 0.13874 1973 72
WOLDIA
206004 230.00 206005 SUN-HI-GUL 230.00 0.0155 0.0432 0.13874 1973 72
WOLDIA
206004 230.00 206007 DESSIE 230.00 0.0189 0.0528 0.16957 402 88
WOLDIA
206004 230.00 206007 DESSIE 230.00 0.0189 0.0528 0.16957 402 88
WOLDIA
206004 230.00 209001 ALAMATA 230.00 0.0144 0.0402 0.1291 402 67
206004 WOLDIA 209001 ALAMATA 230.00 0.0144 0.0402 0.1291 402 67

230.00
SUN-HI-GUL
206005 230.00 206006 TERU 230.00 0.0107 0.03 0.09634 1973 50
SUN-HI-GUL
206005 230.00 206006 TERU 230.00 0.0107 0.03 0.09634 1973 50
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 207005 GONDAR2 230.00 0.029325 0.084425 0.255224 402 136.97
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 207005 GONDAR2 230.00 0.029325 0.084425 0.255224 402 136.97
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 207007 MOTA 230.00 0.012781 0.066429 0.12006 280 83
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 207008 N.MEW TP 230.00 0.027501 0.084074 0.25416 318 136.4
207001 B.DAR2 230.00 207011 WORETA 230.00 0.01199 0.034517 0.104348 402 56
DB-MRKOS
207002 230.00 207007 MOTA 230.00 0.017209 0.089447 0.16166 280 111.76
DB-MRKOS
207002 230.00 207010 DEJEN 230.00 0.009206 0.026504 0.080124 402 43
DB-MRKOS
207002 230.00 208001 FINCHA 230.00 0.014652 0.076154 0.13763 280 95.15
GASHENA
207003 230.00 207004 GASHE-TA 230.00 0.000202 0.000616 0.00186 318 1
GASHE-TA
207004 230.00 207008 N.MEW TP 230.00 0.020626 0.063056 0.19062 318 102.3
GASHE-TA
207004 230.00 209001 ALAMATA 230.00 0.020626 0.063056 0.19062 318 102.3
GONDAR2
207005 230.00 207006 METEMA 230.00 0.033358 0.098995 0.31793 318 165
GONDAR2
207005 230.00 207006 METEMA 230.00 0.035326 0.101702 0.307454 402 165
GONDAR2
207005 230.00 209011 DANSHA 230.00 0.0246 0.0709 0.21429 402 115
METEMA
207006 230.00 207013 SUDAN-GADARE230.00 0.0343 0.096 0.3083 402 160
METEMA
207006 230.00 207013 SUDAN-GADARE230.00 0.0343 0.096 0.3083 402 160
N.MEW TP
207008 230.00 207009 N.MEWCHA 230.00 0.000202 0.000616 0.00186 318 1
N.MEW TP
207008 230.00 207011 WORETA 230.00 0.017826 0.05132 0.155143 402 83.26
SUDAN-
207013 GADARE230.00 207014 SUDAN-RABAK 230.00 0.050586 0.228355 0.43378 402 400
SUDAN-
207013 GADARE230.00 207014 SUDAN-RABAK 230.00 0.050586 0.228355 0.43378 402 400
208001 FINCHA 230.00 208002 FINCHA-II 230.00 0.001673 0.005116 0.01547 318 8.3
208001 FINCHA 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.010041 0.053852 0.09704 284 67.19

FINCHA-II
208002 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.014058 0.042977 0.12992 318 69.72
FINCHA-II
208002 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.014923 0.042962 0.129876 402 69.7
FINCHA-II
208002 230.00 208005 NESHE 230.00 0.005897 0.018027 0.0545 318 29.25
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.020486 0.106479 0.19244 280 133.04
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.028548 0.079796 0.256275 402 133
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208004 GHEDO 230.00 0.028548 0.079796 0.256275 402 133
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208006 A.ALEM 230.00 0.007371 0.035277 0.066746 363 45
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208007 GINCHI 230.00 0.013523 0.037798 0.121393 402 63
GEFERSA
208003 230.00 208009 TORHAYILOCH 230.00 0.006886 0.012974 0.002495 115 5.3
GHEDO
208004 230.00 208006 A.ALEM 230.00 0.01425 0.068203 0.129042 363 87
GHEDO
208004 230.00 208007 GINCHI 230.00 0.015455 0.043198 0.138735 402 72
GHEDO
208004 230.00 215004 G-GIBE-OLD 230.00 0.021099 0.102687 0.1886 274 130
A.ALEM
208006 230.00 208008 MUGERII 230.00 0.015 0.042 0.13488 402 70
TORHAYILOCH
208009 230.00 214001 SEBATA-1 230.00 0.006886 0.012974 0.002495 115 5.3
ALAMATA
209001 230.00 209004 MEKELE 230.00 0.028534 0.084677 0.27195 318 141.14
ALAMATA
209001 230.00 209007 MEHONI 230.00 0.0077 0.0222 0.06708 402 36
ALAMATA
209001 230.00 209013 ASHEGODA WF 230.00 0.0265 0.0762 0.23048 402 123.69
ENDASILA
209002 230.00 209003 HUMERA 230.00 0.046434 0.137799 0.44256 318 229.68
ENDASILA
209002 230.00 209006 TEKEZE 230.00 0.032245 0.09569 0.30732 318 159.49
ENDASILA
209002 230.00 209006 TEKEZE 230.00 0.032245 0.09569 0.30732 318 159.49
ENDASILA
209002 230.00 209010 WELKAYT 230.00 0.034343 0.095995 0.308301 402 160
HUMERA
209003 230.00 209010 WELKAYT 230.00 0.034129 0.095395 0.306374 402 159

HUMERA
209003 230.00 209011 DANSHA 230.00 0.0219 0.0631 0.19062 402 102.3
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209006 TEKEZE 230.00 0.021228 0.062997 0.20232 318 105
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209006 TEKEZE 230.00 0.021228 0.062997 0.20232 318 105
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209007 MEHONI 230.00 0.020982 0.060405 0.182609 402 98
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209008 DALOL 230.00 0.0343 0.096 0.3083 402 160
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209008 DALOL 230.00 0.0343 0.096 0.3083 402 160
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209009 MEKELEPVC 230.00 0.0009 0.0024 0.00771 402 4
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209009 MEKELEPVC 230.00 0.0009 0.0024 0.00771 402 4
MEKELE
209004 230.00 209013 ASHEGODA WF 230.00 0.0041 0.0117 0.0354 402 19
AWSH-7KL
210001 230.00 210006 MELKASEDI 230.00 0.005995 0.017259 0.052174 402 28
AWSH-7KL
210001 230.00 210006 MELKASEDI 230.00 0.005995 0.017259 0.052174 402 28
AWSH-7KL
210001 230.00 211001 KOKA 230.00 0.022453 0.100028 0.192398 353 129.32
AWSH-7KL
210001 230.00 211007 NURAERA 230.00 0.031 0.0894 0.27019 402 145
DITCHETO
210002 230.00 210003 SEMERA 230.00 0.011089 0.033901 0.10248 318 55
SEMERA
210003 230.00 210004 TENDAHO 230.00 0.0043 0.0123 0.03727 402 20
211001 KOKA 230.00 211002 M-WAKNA 230.00 0.029689 0.127801 0.24166 257 163.86
211001 KOKA 230.00 211002 M-WAKNA 230.00 0.029689 0.127801 0.24166 257 163.86
211001 KOKA 230.00 211005 NAZERET-ADAM230.00 0.004496 0.012944 0.039131 402 21
211001 KOKA 230.00 211022 ADAM-IIWIND 230.00 0.0022 0.0065 0.01957 402 10.5
211001 KOKA 230.00 213001 DUKEM TAP 2 230.00 0.005374 0.025525 0.0491 274 33
211001 KOKA 230.00 215002 DUKEM TAP 1 230.00 0.005374 0.025525 0.0491 274 33
M-WAKNA
211002 230.00 213002 RAMO 230.00 0.047736 0.133429 0.428524 402 222.39
M-WAKNA
211002 230.00 213006 GINIR 230.00 0.034042 0.098004 0.296274 402 159
M-WAKNA
211002 230.00 213010 AWASA-230 230.00 0.0225 0.063 0.20238 402 105

M-WAKNA
211002 230.00 213010 AWASA-230 230.00 0.0225 0.063 0.20238 402 105
MODJO3230
211003 230.00 212003 DB-ZEIT3230 230.00 0.0017 0.0048 0.01542 402 8
212001 KALITI1 230.00 212005 AKAKI2-230 230.00 0.000773 0.00312 0.005899 331 4
212001 KALITI1 230.00 212005 AKAKI2-230 230.00 0.000773 0.00312 0.005899 331 4
212001 KALITI1 230.00 214001 SEBATA-1 230.00 0.002314 0.011264 0.02069 274 14.26
212001 KALITI1 230.00 214008 H.TANNERY 230.00 0.0024 0.0068 0.0205 402 11
DUKEM230
212002 230.00 212003 DB-ZEIT3230 230.00 0.0017 0.0048 0.01542 402 8
DUKEM230
212002 230.00 212003 DB-ZEIT3230 230.00 0.0017 0.0048 0.01542 402 8
AKAKI2-230
212005 230.00 213001 DUKEM TAP 2 230.00 0.01237 0.049916 0.094387 331 64
AKAKI2-230
212005 230.00 215002 DUKEM TAP 1 230.00 0.01237 0.049916 0.094387 331 64
213002 RAMO 230.00 213003 GODE 230.00 0.063526 0.177565 0.570273 402 295.96
213002 RAMO 230.00 213003 GODE 230.00 0.063526 0.177565 0.570273 402 295.96
213002 RAMO 230.00 213006 GINIR 230.00 0.016271 0.046845 0.141615 402 76
213004 ALABA 230.00 213005 HOSAINA 230.00 0.008435 0.024285 0.073416 402 39.4
HOSAINA
213005 230.00 214003 WOLKITE 230.00 0.019119 0.055043 0.166398 402 89.3
OMA-KURAZF1
213008 230.00 213009 W.SODO230 230.00 0.0526 0.147 0.47209 402 245
OMA-KURAZF1
213008 230.00 213009 W.SODO230 230.00 0.0526 0.147 0.47209 402 245
AWASA-230
213010 230.00 213011 YIRGALEM-II 230.00 0.008571 0.024 0.077074 318 40
AWASA-230
213010 230.00 213011 YIRGALEM-II 230.00 0.008571 0.024 0.077074 318 40
AWASA-230
213010 230.00 213012 YIRGALEMI 230.00 0.0075 0.021 0.06744 402 35
YIRGALEM-II
213011 230.00 213012 YIRGALEMI 230.00 0.0026 0.0072 0.02312 402 12
YIRGALEM-II
213011 230.00 213012 YIRGALEMI 230.00 0.0026 0.0072 0.02312 402 12
SEBATA-1
214001 230.00 214002 SEBETA-2 230.00 0.002321 0.011775 0.02228 280 15.02
SEBATA-1
214001 230.00 214002 SEBETA-2 230.00 0.002321 0.011775 0.02228 280 15.02
214001 SEBATA-1 214004 WOLISO 230.00 0.02141 0.061638 0.186336 402 100

230.00
SEBATA-1
214001 230.00 214006 ADDIS-EFW 230.00 0.0011 0.003 0.00963 402 5
SEBATA-1
214001 230.00 214006 ADDIS-EFW 230.00 0.0011 0.003 0.00963 402 5
SEBATA-1
214001 230.00 214008 H.TANNERY 230.00 0.0016 0.0045 0.01353 402 7.26
WOLKITE
214003 230.00 214004 WOLISO 230.00 0.009035 0.026011 0.078634 402 42.2
WOLKITE
214003 230.00 215004 G-GIBE-OLD 230.00 0.010779 0.056025 0.10125 280 70
BEDELLE
215001 230.00 215006 AGARO 230.00 0.017494 0.048897 0.157041 402 81.5
BEDELLE
215001 230.00 215006 AGARO 230.00 0.017494 0.048897 0.157041 402 81.5
DUKEM TAP 1
215002 230.00 215007 EAST INDUSTR230.00 0 0.0001 0 0 0
215003 G-GIBE-1 230.00 215004 G-GIBE-OLD 230.00 0.000814 0.003867 0.00744 274 5
215003 G-GIBE-1 230.00 215004 G-GIBE-OLD 230.00 0.000814 0.003867 0.00744 274 5
215003 G-GIBE-1 230.00 215005 JIMMA 230.00 0.014081 0.039358 0.126403 402 65.6
215003 G-GIBE-1 230.00 215005 JIMMA 230.00 0.014081 0.039358 0.126403 402 65.6
215005 JIMMA 230.00 215006 AGARO 230.00 0.008307 0.023219 0.07457 402 38.7
215005 JIMMA 230.00 215006 AGARO 230.00 0.008307 0.023219 0.07457 402 38.7
SULULTA
402001 400.00 402003 GEBRE-GURCHA400.00 0.002 0.0271 0.7483 1341 131.5
SULULTA
402001 400.00 402003 GEBRE-GURCHA400.00 0.0027 0.0213 0.9377 1973 131.5
SULULTA
402001 400.00 407003 D-MARKOS 400.00 0.003335 0.04436 1.22684 1341 215.6
SULULTA
402001 400.00 407003 D-MARKOS 400.00 0.0045 0.035 1.54022 1973 216
SULULTA
402001 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.0006 0.005 0.22105 1973 31
SULULTA
402001 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.0006 0.005 0.22105 1973 31
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 412001 DB-ZEIT2400 400.00 0.0006 0.0049 0.21392 1973 30
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 412001 DB-ZEIT2400 400.00 0.0006 0.0049 0.21392 1973 30
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 413001 W.SODO400 400.00 0.0055 0.0432 1.90389 1342 267
402002 AKAKI2400 413001 W.SODO400 400.00 0.0055 0.0432 1.90389 1342 267

400.00
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 414001 SEBETA-2 400.00 0.0007 0.0057 0.22078 1973 33
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.001 0.0079 0.349 1973 49
AKAKI2400
402002 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.001 0.0079 0.349 1973 49
GEBRE-
402003 GURCHA400.00 407003 D-MARKOS 400.00 0.0014 0.018 0.4979 1341 87.5
GEBRE-
402003 GURCHA400.00 407003 D-MARKOS 400.00 0.0018 0.0142 0.6239 1973 87.5
HURSO400
403001 400.00 411001 AWASH7-400 400.00 0.0039 0.0302 1.32987 1973 186.5
HURSO400
403001 400.00 411001 AWASH7-400 400.00 0.0039 0.0302 1.32987 1973 186.5
WOLDIA
406001 400.00 407001 BAHIRDAR-II 400.00 0.0056 0.0435 1.91815 1973 269
WOLDIA
406001 400.00 407001 BAHIRDAR-II 400.00 0.0056 0.0435 1.91815 1973 269
BAHIRDAR-II
407001 400.00 407002 BELES 400.00 0.000958 0.012159 0.37713 1341 62.84
BAHIRDAR-II
407001 400.00 407002 BELES 400.00 0.000958 0.012159 0.37713 1341 62.84
BAHIRDAR-II
407001 400.00 407003 D-MARKOS 400.00 0.002997 0.03986 1.10239 1341 193.73
BAHIRDAR-II
407001 400.00 407004 GRAN RENAIS 400.00 0.005033 0.041797 1.605239 1973 240
407002 BELES 400.00 407004 GRAN RENAIS 400.00 0.0044 0.0366 1.40458 1973 210
AWASH7-400
411001 400.00 412001 DB-ZEIT2400 400.00 0.0035 0.027 1.18726 1973 166.5
AWASH7-400
411001 400.00 412001 DB-ZEIT2400 400.00 0.0035 0.027 1.18726 1973 166.5
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 413002 YIRGALEMII 400.00 0.00179 0.014697 0.56384 1973 84.3
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 413002 YIRGALEMII 400.00 0.00179 0.014697 0.56384 1973 84.3
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415001 G-GIBE-2 400.00 0.0025 0.0207 0.79593 1341 119
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415003 GIBE-III 400.00 0.001 0.0081 0.35653 1973 50
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415003 GIBE-III 400.00 0.001 0.0081 0.35653 1973 50
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415004 G-GIBE3 400.00 0.001 0.0081 0.35653 1342 50

W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415004 G-GIBE3 400.00 0.001 0.0081 0.35653 1342 50
W.SODO400
413001 400.00 415004 G-GIBE3 400.00 0.0011 0.0083 0.36366 1342 51
YIRGALEMII
413002 400.00 413003 GENDAWAIII 400.00 0.005638 0.043914 1.932408 1973 271
YIRGALEMII
413002 400.00 413003 GENDAWAIII 400.00 0.005638 0.043914 1.932408 1973 271
SEBETA-2
414001 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.0004 0.0029 0.12835 1973 18
SEBETA-2
414001 400.00 414002 HOLETA-400 400.00 0.0004 0.0029 0.12385 1973 18
SEBETA-2
414001 400.00 415001 G-GIBE-2 400.00 0.002839 0.037756 1.04419 1341 183.5
415001 G-GIBE-2 400.00 415002 GIGIBE-OLD 400.00 0.000431 0.005737 0.15868 1341 27.89
APPENDIX C: Load Flow Analysis
Table C-1 Peak load flow
TO GNE TO
X-- AREA -- GENE- FROM IND TO IND TO BUS BUS LINE FROM TO TO TIE TO TIES
X RATION GENERATION MOTORS LOAD SHUNT DEVICES SHUNT CHARGING LOSSES LINES LOADS
1 0 0 0 12.2 0 0 0.1 0 0.2 -12.6 -120.6
ASOSA 0 0 0 1.6 7.8 0 0 14 0.9 3.5 -34.2
2 0 0 0 256.2 0 0 0.8 0 8 -265 -218.7
EASTERN
A.A. 0 0 0 82.1 0 0 2.3 345.2 62.3 198.5 202.6
3 0 0 0 145.3 0.2 0 0.6 0 9.6 -155.8 -86.4

EASTERN 0 0 0 66.5 55 0 51.5 322.6 36 113.7 150.5
4 0 0 0 16 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.9 -17.1 -17
GAMBELA 0 0 0 7.7 50.5 0 0.1 44.1 3.2 -17.4 -17.4
5 0 0 0 12.4 0 0 0 0 0.3 -12.8 -12.8
JIJIGA 0 0 0 6.8 0 0 0 3.9 1.9 -4.8 -4.8
6 0 0 0 71.3 0.1 0 0.2 0 3.4 -75 -75
NORTH
EASTER 0 0 0 27.1 14.8 0 0.5 42.4 13.5 -13.4 -13.4
7 3434 0 0 3279.1 0.7 0 1.1 0 33.7 119.4 104.4
NORTH
WESTER 1477 0 0 1568.8 271 0 62.8 589.3 170.7 -7.1 -14.4
8 189.9 0 0 205.6 0 0 0.9 0 12 -28.6 -29.8
NORTHERN
A.A 23.5 0 0 82.6 0 0 2.4 112.8 72.1 -20.7 -21.7
9 183.3 0 0 203.8 0.2 0 0.8 0 7.7 -29.2 -29.2
NORTHERN 43.8 0 0 96.4 65.9 0 14.3 183.9 64.8 -13.7 -13.7
10 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 0.2 0 1.8 -15.9 -15.9
SEMERA 0 0 0 6.7 0 0 15.5 74.1 7.7 44.1 44.1
11 181.8 0 0 153.5 0.1 0 1 0 8.3 18.9 18.8
SOUTH
EASTER 89.5 0 0 79.6 17.9 0 4.8 90.1 49.7 27.6 27.6
12 3.3 0 0 449 0.2 0 0.8 0 27 -473.7 -458.5
SOUTHERN 0.4 0 0 188.6 87.7 0 3.2 211.2 269.7 -337.6 -330.2

A.A
13 0 0 0 158.8 0.5 0 0.6 0 34.5 -194.4 -209
SOUTHERN 0 0 0 72.2 173 0 1.3 233.7 113.5 -126.2 -133.3
14 0 0 0 218.9 0 0 1 0 15.1 -235 -220
WESTERN
A.A. 0 0 0 84.3 -256.2 0 3.5 209.6 164.3 213.8 221
15 1478.6 0 0 84 0.1 0 1.1 0 16.5 1376.9 1376.5
WESTERN 444.8 0 0 40.3 45.4 0 3.4 215.3 631.5 -60.3 -60.5
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.3
COLUMN 5470.9 0 0 5280.3 2.2 0 9.4 0 179 0 0
TOTALS 2078.9 0 0 2411.3 532.8 0 165.5 2692.4 1661.7 0 0
Table C-2 Generator VAR limits
BAS V BAS MVA AREA

X-- NAME --X KV MW MVAR QMAX QMIN VSCHED ACTUAL X-- NAME --X KV BASE SWING
ABA
ABA SAMUEL 6.3 3.3 0.4 0.4 -0.2 1 0.9815 SAMUEL 45 5.4 1
AWASH2-1 10.5 6.4 12.9 12.9 -16 1 0.9475 AWASH2 132 20 2
AWASH3-1 10.5 6.4 12.9 12.9 -16 1 0.9483 AWASH-3 132 20 2
KOKA1 10.5 6.1 13.1 13.1 -12 1 0.9547 KOKA 132 18 2
AWASH2-2 10.5 6.4 12.9 12.9 -16 1 0.9475 AWASH2 132 20 2
AWASH3-2 10.5 6.4 12.9 12.9 -16 1 0.9483 AWASH-3 132 20 2

KOKA2 10.5 6.1 13.1 13.1 -12 1 0.9547 KOKA 132 18 2
ADAM-I
ADAMA WF-I 33 26.7 17 17 -17 1 0.9594 WIND 132 53.7 2
ADAMA II
ADAMA WF-II 33 87.5 0 49.7 0 1 1.0039 WF 230 161.2 2
NESHE-1 13.8 44.6 -13.7 18.1 -13.7 1 1.0271 NESHE 230 53 4
NESHE-2 13.8 44.6 -13.7 18.1 -13.7 1 1.0271 NESHE 230 53 4
G-GIBE1-1 13.8 57.1 18.7 18.7 -18.7 1.02 1.0094 GI GIBE-1 230 73 8
G-GIBE1-2 13.8 14.3 38.4 38.4 -50.9 1.02 1.0094 GI GIBE-1 230 73 8
G-GIBE1-3 13.8 57.1 18.7 18.7 -18.7 1.02 1.0094 GI GIBE-1 230 73 8
ASHEGODA
ASHEGODA-WF 33 8.3 58.4 58.4 0 1 0.998 WF 230 188.5 9

Figure C-1 PSS/E single line model peak load of 2017 Ethiopian Transmission Grid

APPENDIX D: General Network Diagram of EEP

Table D-1 Buses with voltage less than their normal low limit
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV V(PU) VLIMIT BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV V(PU) VLIMIT
102001 ADD EAST-II 132 0.944 0.95 102002 B.WGN-TP 132 0.9468 0.95
102003 COTEBEI-I 132 0.9497 0.95 102004 DEBRE BERHAN 132 0.9413 0.95
102006 WERGENU 132 0.9391 0.95 102010 ADDIS-E1 132 0.9492 0.95
105001 JIJIGA I 132 0.9198 0.95 106004 SHOWA-ROBIT 132 0.9449 0.95
DERBA-
108001 ADDIS-NORTH 132 0.9407 0.95 108002 CEMENT 132 0.6832 0.95
108006 MUGER 132 0.789 0.95 108007 DERBA-TAP 132 0.7944 0.95
108015 MINILIK TS 132 0.9451 0.95 108016 HABESHA CEM 132 0.886 0.95
108017 HABESHA TP 132 0.886 0.9 109001 ADIGRAT 132 0.9133 0.95
109002 ADWA 132 0.8713 0.95 109005 MESOBO 132 0.9494 0.95
109007 WUKRO 132 0.9371 0.95 109008 WUKRO-TP 132 0.9373 0.95
109020 ABIADI MB TP 132 0.8948 0.95 109021 ABIADI MB 132 0.8932 0.95
111001 ADAMI TULU 132 0.9024 0.95 111002 ASSELA 132 0.9266 0.95
111027 WON SUG TP 132 0.9474 0.95 111028 WON SUG 132 0.9473 0.95
ADDIS
112001 CENTER 132 0.9253 0.95 112002 GOFA 132 0.9456 0.95
112007 KALITI TWO 132 0.9493 0.95 112009 MEKANISA 132 0.9472 0.95
112014 NEFASILK 132 0.9487 0.95 112019 DANGOTE TP 132 0.791 0.95
113003 AWASA 132 0.8537 0.95 113004 BOCULUGUMA 132 0.7851 0.95
HAGER
113005 DILLA 132 0.8036 0.95 113007 MARIAM 132 0.7929 0.95
113009 SHASHEMENE 132 0.8962 0.95 113011 SHAKISO 132 0.7711 0.95
113014 YIRGALEM 132 0.819 0.95 113029 AWASA MOBILE 132 0.9353 0.95

Figure D-1 General Network Diagram


Abiy Atakure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abiy Atakure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abiy Atakure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Studies on Applications of FACTS Devices to Improve Overloading and Unbalanced 2019

Power System Operating Conditions

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

STUDIES ON APPLICATIONS OF FACTS DEVICES TO IMPROVE

BY: ABIY ATAKURE TEKELEHIMANOT

ADVISOR: PROF.N.P. SINGH

A Thesis Submitted to Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, School of

Graduate Studies Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science in Electrical

Engineering (Electrical Power Engineering)

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

BY: ABIY ATAKURE TEKELEHIMANOT

Chairman, Department of Electrical Signature

And Computer Engineering

Prof. N.P. Singh Signature

Internal Examiner Signature

External Examiner Signature

Prof.N.P. Singh signature:

II M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

III M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... III

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... IV

List of Figures ............................................................................................................. VII

List of Tables .............................................................................................................. VIII

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the Thesis ..................................................................................... 4

1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 6

1.6 Organization of the Thesis................................................................................ 11

FUNDAMENTALS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS ..................................................... 13

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13

IV M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

2.2 Types of FACTS Controllers ............................................................................. 14

2.3 Distributed Series Reactance.............................................................................. 18

2.4 DSR for Power Flow Controller ........................................................................ 23

ETHIOPIAN GRID TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTED SERIES

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 26

3.2 Ethiopian Grid System Modeling Using PSS/E ................................................ 30

3.3 Model in PSS/E .................................................................................................. 36

3.4 Investigation of Partial Blackout of the System as of 2017 ............................... 38

3.5 DSRs Placement to Improve the Performance of Transmission System ........... 42

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH

4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 48

4.2 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System without DSR ........................ 49

4.3 Simulation Studies of the Transmission System with DSRs ........................... 51

4.4 Analysis of Simulation Results ........................................................................ 55

4.5 Cost Benefit Analysis of Using DSRs .............................................................. 58

V M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)

CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK ........................ 61

5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 61

5.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 61

5.3 RECOMNDATIONS ......................................................................................... 62

5.4 SUGGESTIONS OF FUTURE WORK ............................................................ 62

APPENDIX A: Summary of Contingency Analysis .................................................... 68

APPENDIX B: Peak Load 2017 Data’s ........................................................................ 83

APPENDIX C: Load Flow Analysis ........................................................................... 116

APPENDIX D: General Network Diagram of EEP .................................................... 121

VI M.S.c Thesis, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAU)