Grammar

I
Bob Safran
Electronic Grammar Usage Mechanics Proficiency Program

Module I GRAMMAR

ii

Copyright 2010 Safran Publishing Company 1605 Clugston Road York, PA 17404

All Rights Reserved The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-9840948-1-3

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IntRoduCtIon
ABout EGuMPP EGUMPP (Electronic Grammar Usage Mechanics Proficiency Program) is an interactive learning system that includes four modules. Each module is designed for you to complete at your own pace. For Module I - GRAMMAR the learning objectives are to develop an understanding of 70 grammar terms and to become proficient in identifying the function of all words, phrases, and clauses in sentences reviewed. Module I includes 20 lessons and a mastery test. For Module II - uSAGE the learning objectives are to become proficient in identifying sentences with usage errors and to become proficient in applying the rules of usage to sentences. The rules pertain to personal pronoun usage, subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, who-whom usage, apostrophe usage, verb usage, and number usage. Module II includes 7 lessons and a mastery test. For Module III - PunCtuAtIon And CAPItALIZAtIon the learning objectives are to become proficient in punctuating the various types of elements in sentences that require punctuation, capitalizing words in sentences that require capitalization, and recognizing punctuation and capitalization errors in sentences. Module III includes 7 lessons and a mastery test. For Module IV - WRItInG MECHAnICS the learning objectives are to become proficient in identifying run-on sentences and sentence fragments and to become proficient in identifying sentences with misplaced modifiers, unparallel structure, word mistakes, ineffective and inappropriate words, unnecessary words, wordy elements, and unclear elements. Module IV includes 8 lessons and a mastery test. EGuMPP Certification is awarded to individuals who qualify. Final grades in all four modules determine the level of EGUMPP certification. Basic Certification is awarded for a 75-80 percent final grade in all four modules, Advanced Certification is awarded for an 81-90 percent final grade in all four modules, and Mastery Certification is awarded for a 91-100 percent final grade in all four modules. An individual's level of certification is displayed in the EGUMPP student portal.

Introduction

COURSEWARE INTRODUCTION
ABOUT MODULE I COURSEWARE Module I Grammar is the foundation module of the EGUMPP learning system. The purpose of this module is to provide an understanding of how the various parts of speech function in a sentence. Once you understand the concepts and the terminology presented in this module, you will have the knowledge necessary to interpret and apply the rules pertaining to usage, punctuation, and writing mechanics explained in Modules II, III, and IV. Module I consists of 20 Lessons and a Mastery Test. Each lesson includes two practice exercises and one graded exercise. All three exercises must be completed before you can begin the next lesson. You may return to any previous lesson as often as you wish. You will want to return to a lesson for review purposes and/or to improve a lesson grade. The graded exercise in each lesson is called the Practice to Mastery (PTM). A PTM test may be attempted as many times as necessary until you achieve your desired lesson grade. After you complete all 20 lessons, you may attempt the Mastery Test; however, once you start the Mastery Test, you can no longer improve lesson grades. The time required to complete Module I ranges from 20 to 35 hours. The amount of time depends on your current knowledge of English grammar and your ability to grasp new concepts. The most successful individuals are the ones who take advantage of the audio messages (Explanations, Examples, and Reminders) in each Tutorial Exercise and the FAQs available at the bottom of the screen.

Introduction

tABLE oF ContEntS
ModuLE I
LESSon 1: LESSon 2: LESSon 3: LESSon 4: LESSon 5: LESSon 6: LESSon 7: LESSon 8: LESSon 9:

LESSon ContEntS
NOUN SUBJECTS ........................................... 9-16 PRONOUN SUBJECTS .................................... 17-24 MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS ................ 25-34 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS ......... 35-44 ADJECTIVES ................................................ 45-52 ADVERBS .................................................... 53-60 PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES .............................61-70 LINKING VERBS ............................................71-80 INDIRECT OBJECTS .......................................81-88

LESSon 10: APPOSITIVES AND APPOSITIVE PHRASES ........89-96 LESSon 11: PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES ......97-106 LESSon 12: GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES .............. 107-116 LESSon 13: INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES....... 117-126 LESSon 14: REVIEW OF VERBALS ................................ 127-130 LESSon 15: COORDINATING AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS ........................................ 131-138 LESSon 16: ADVERB CLAUSES ..................................... 139-146 LESSon 17: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ................................. 147-156 LESSon 18: NOUN CLAUSES ........................................ 157-168 LESSon 19: REVIEW OF CLAUSES ................................ 169-174 LESSon 20: SENTENCE TYPES ..................................... 175-184 REVIEW: MODULE I TERMS TO LEARN ........................... 185-191

Introduction

noun SuBjECtS

LESSon 1

10

LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying noun subjects. overview: the learning objective for Module I is to acquire an in-depth understanding of sentence structure. this means being able to identify how all words function in sentences. the first word(s) to identify is the subject. The subject is the part of the sentence about which something is being said. The subject best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? In most sentences, the subject comes before the verb. The subject of the sentence may be a noun. A noun names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question. A noun may be concrete, abstract, or collective. A concrete noun such as boy, town, or book names an object that can be perceived by the senses. An abstract noun such as honesty, decision, or concept names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. A collective noun such as team, choir, or flock names a group. Nouns are common or proper. A common noun such as woman, city, or automobile does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized. A proper noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet names a particular person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. When two or more nouns are combined to form a single noun, this word is called a compound-word noun. Compound-word nouns include such words as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones. terms to Learn: subject, noun, concrete noun, abstract noun, collective noun, common noun, proper noun, compound-word noun. Word-function Code: nS

Lesson 1 Noun Subjects

11

LESSon 1: tERMS to LEARn

1. Subject: The part of a sentence about which something is being said and best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? noun: A word that names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question. Concrete noun: A noun such as boy, town, or book that names an object that can be perceived by the senses. Abstract noun: A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. Collective noun: A noun such as team, choir, or flock that names a group. Common noun: A noun such as woman, city, or automobile that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized. Proper noun: A noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet that names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. Compound-word noun: Two or more nouns such as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones that are combined to form a single noun.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

Lesson 1 Terms to Learn

4
PoIntS to REMEMBER

14

LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS

POINT 1 A sentence must always include a subject. The subject is the part of a sentence about which something is being said and is commonly referred to as the doer of the sentence. The subject best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? Always ask these questions to determine the subject of a simple sentence.
Examples:
subject

My computer is not working. (What are we talking about?) Mary is singing softly. (Whom are we talking about?) or (Who is doing something?) POINT 2 A subject may be a one-word noun or a compound-word noun. (A noun names a person, place, or thing.) When two or more nouns are combined to form a single noun, this word is called a compound-word noun. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word noun subject and a compound-word noun subject is nS.
Examples:
nS subject

The committee is voting now. (Who is doing something?)

nS

Kesha lives in Florida. (Whom are we talking about?) The Empire State Building was completed in 1931. (What are we talking about?)
nS nS nS

Lesson 1 Noun Subjects

15

LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS

POINT 3 A one-word noun subject or a compound-word noun subject may be concrete, abstract, or collective. A concrete (or tangible) noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses. The words desk, book, and floor are examples of concrete nouns. An abstract (or intangible) noun names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. The words beauty, strength, love, and courage are examples of abstract nouns. A collective noun names a group. The words crowd, flock, and team are examples of collective nouns.
Examples:
(concrete thing )

Most dogs are friendly. (What are we talking about?)

(abstract thing)

nS

Your creativity is needed. (What are we talking about?)

(collective thing)

nS

The team arrived this morning. (Whom are we talking about?)

nS

Lesson 1 Noun Subjects

16

LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS

POINT 4 A one-word noun subject or a compound-word noun subject may be common or proper. A common noun names a person, place, or thing in general capitalization is not used unless the noun appears as the first word of the sentence. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. A proper noun is always capitalized.
Examples:
(common, abstract, thing)

Your idea is excellent. (What are we talking about?)

(proper, concrete, place) nS

nS

Paris is my favorite city. (What are we talking about?)

(proper, concrete, person) nS

George Washington was our first president. (Whom are we talking about?)

nS

Lesson 1 Noun Subjects

PRonoun SuBjECtS

LESSon 2

18

LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying pronoun subjects. overview: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. types of pronouns include personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Personal pronouns such as I, you, he, she, it, we, and they refer to one or more persons; indefinite pronouns such as all, anybody, everybody, and few do not refer to a definite person or thing; demonstrative pronouns such as this, that, these, and those point out a specific person or thing; and interrogative pronouns such as who, which, and what ask a question. A pronoun may function as the subject of a sentence. A pronoun subject answers the same questions as a noun subject. These questions are Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? When the pronoun you, I, or we is functioning as a subject, the pronoun may be implied rather than written. When this occurs, the subject is called a pronoun understood subject. As an example, the pronoun you is understood as the subject in this sentence: Come here immediately! terms to Learn: pronoun, personal pronoun, pronoun understood, indefinite pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, interrogative pronoun. Word-function Codes: PnS, Pnu

Lesson 2 Pronoun Subjects

19

LESSon 2: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun. Personal pronoun: A pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, them, or us that refers to one or more persons. Pronoun understood: The pronoun you, I, or we implied rather than written as the subject. Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun such as all, anything, everyone, neither, several, another, both, few, nobody, some, any, each, many, none, somebody, anybody, either, more, one, someone, anyone, everybody, most, others, or something that does not refer to a definite person or thing. demonstrative pronoun: The use of the word this, that, these, or those to point out a specific person or thing. Interrogative pronoun: A pronoun such as who, which, or what that begins a sentence and asks a question.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Lesson 2 Terms to Learn

6
PoIntS to REMEMBER

22

LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS

POINT 1 POINT 1 Pronouns are words that take the place of one or more nouns and may function as subjects. Pronoun subjects, like noun subjects, are identified by asking Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? The EGUMPP word-function code for a pronoun subject is PnS.
Examples:
nS PnS

Gene won the race. He won the race. (Whom are we talking about?) (the pronoun he takes the place of the noun subject Gene.) The milk is sour. this is sour. (What are we talking about?) (the pronoun this takes the place of the noun subject milk.) POINT 2 A personal pronoun is a pronoun that refers to one or more persons. Personal pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of a sentence include the following: I you he she it we they
nS PnS

notE: The personal pronouns me, him, her, them, and us do not function as a subject.

Lesson 2 Pronoun Subjects

23

LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS

POINT 3 A pronoun subject may be a personal pronoun understood. The personal pronouns you, I, and we are often not written but understood as the subject of a sentence. The EGUMPP word-function code for a pronoun subject understood is Pnu.
Examples:
Pnu

[You] Go to the store. (the subject is the pronoun you understood.)

Pnu

[I] Thank you for giving me such an opportunity. (the subject is the pronoun I understood.)
Pnu

[I or We] Thank you for your subscription. (the subject is either the pronoun I or the pronoun we understood.) POINT 4 An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a definite person, place, or thing. Indefinite pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: all another any anybody anyone anything both each either everybody everyone everything few many more most neither nobody none one others several some somebody someone something

Pnu

Lesson 2 Pronoun Subjects

24

LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS

POINT 5 POINT 1 A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points out a specific person, place, or thing. Demonstrative pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: this that these those

POINT 6 An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a question. Interrogative pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: Who...? Which...? What...?

Lesson 2 Pronoun Subjects

MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

LESSon 3

26

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying main verbs and helping verbs. overview: After the subject of a sentence is identified, the next word to identify is the verb. the verb is the word in a sentence that is needed along with the subject to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command. To identify the verb, look for the word that helps to make a statement. Words that function as verbs express an action, a state of being, or a condition; have several forms; and can easily be identified because one of its forms always begins with the word to. For example, the word write is a verb because it expresses an action; has the verb form to write; and has these other verb forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, and written. A verb may be one word or more than one word. A main verb is a one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase. A verb phrase is a main verb and all of its helping verbs. A helping verb (also referred to as an auxiliary verb) usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. For example, the verb forms writing and written must always be preceded by one or more helping verbs when used as the main verb. The 23 words that can function as helping verbs are am, are, be, been, being, can, could, did, do, does, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, shall, should, was, were, will, and would. When a main verb does not express an action, it expresses a state of being or a condition. While there are many verbs that can express an action and function as a main verb, the only verb to express a state of being and function as a main verb is the verb to be. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. Some verbs are unique because they can express either an action or a condition. They include all forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn. terms to Learn: verb, main verb, helping verb, verb phrase Word-function Codes: MV, HV
Lesson 3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

27

LESSon 3: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. 3. Verb: A word(s) needed along with the subject to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command. Main verb: A one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase that expresses an action, a state of being, or a condition. Helping verb: A verb that usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. be being been 4. am is are was were do does did have has had may can might could would should must shall will

Verb phrase: A main verb and all of its helping verbs.

Lesson 3 Terms to Learn

6
PoIntS to REMEMBER

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LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

POINT 1 POINT 1 A sentence must always include a verb. The verb helps to make a statement by expressing an action, a state of being, or a condition.
Examples of words that express an action and can function as a main verb include all forms of the verbs to believe, to fly, to jump, to know, to remember, to run, to sit, to smile, to swim, and to think. Examples of words that express a state of being and function as a main verb or as a helping verb are the eight forms of the verb to be. These words are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. Examples of words that express an action or a condition and function as a main verb include all forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn.

POINT 2 The verb of a sentence may be one word or two or more words that comprise a verb phrase. A one-word verb or the last verb of a verb phrase is the main verb. All other verbs that precede a main verb are helping verbs. The EGUMPP word-function code for a main verb is MV, and the word-function code for a helping verb is HV.
Examples:
nS MV

The fire destroyed the forest. (one-word verb)

nS

Phillip is going to the library. (two-word verb phrase)

HV MV

Lesson 3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

31

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

POINT 3 Helping verbs (also referred to as auxiliary verbs) are verbs that usually precede a main verb and must be used with certain verb forms. For example, verb forms ending in ing cannot function properly without a helping verb.
Examples:
nS MV

Incorrect:

My brother buying the business. (Main verb needs helping verb) My brother is buying the business.
nS nS HV MV

Correct: Incorrect:

Linda singing quite well. (Main verb needs helping verb)

MV

Correct: Incorrect:

Linda is singing quite well.

nS

nS

HV MV

Bill written a poem. (Main verb needs helping verb)

HV MV

MV

Correct:

Bill has written a poem.

nS

POINT 4 There are 23 words frequently used as helping verbs. An easy way to remember these verbs is to memorize them in this order by column. be being been am is are was were do does did have has had may can might could must would shall should will

Lesson 3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

32

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

POINT 5 Identifying the main verb in a sentence first requires identifying the subject. The subject is the word(s) in the sentence that best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? Once the subject is identified, ask questions about the subject to determine the main verb.
Example:
nS MV

The accident caused a traffic jam. Accident is a noun subject. It answers the question What are we talking about? Caused is the main verb. It answers a question relating to the subject such as What did the accident do?

Lesson 3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

33

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

POINT 6 While the subject of a sentence usually precedes the main verb and any helping verbs, in some sentences the subject follows the verb.
Example:
MV HV nS

Enclosed are the recipes. Recipes is a noun subject. It answers the question What are we talking about? notE: The subject always follows the verb when a sentence starts with the word here or the word there.
Examples:
MV nS

Here is the problem. Problem is a noun subject. It answers the question What are we talking about? There were several. Several is a pronoun subject. It answers the question Who or what are we talking about?
MV PnS

Lesson 3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

LESSon 4

36

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. overview: Main verbs may be either transitive or intransitive. A main verb that is transitive usually expresses an action and is always followed by a verb complement. A verb complement completes the meaning begun by the subject and the verb. A direct object is one type of verb complement. A direct object is a noun or a pronoun that follows a transitive verb and is the receiver of the action expressed by the verb. A direct object answers the question What? or Whom? State the subject and the verb and ask the questions What? or Whom? to determine if the main verb is transitive and has a direct object. When the direct object is a pronoun, it may be a personal pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, or them), an indefinite pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun, or a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix self to the personal pronoun my, your, him, her, or it or by adding the suffix selves to the personal pronoun your, our, or them. A main verb that is intransitive never has a verb complement. When you state the subject and the main verb and ask the question What? or Whom?, there will not be a noun or a pronoun functioning as a direct object and providing an answer to one of these questions. terms to Learn: transitive verb, verb complement, direct object, reflexive pronoun, intransitive verb Word-function Codes: MVt, MVI, do

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

37

LESSon 4: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. 3. 4. transitive verb: A main verb that usually expresses an action and always has a direct object. Verb complement: Another name for a direct object or an indirect object. direct object: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb and answers the question What? or Whom? Reflexive pronoun: A pronoun formed by adding the suffix self or the suffix selves to the personal pronouns my, your, him, her, it, our, or them. Intransitive verb: A main verb that never has a complement.

5.

Lesson 4 Terms to Learn

8
PoIntS to REMEMBER

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LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

POINT 1 The main verb of a sentence may be a transitive verb. A transitive verb is usually an action verb that always has a receiver of the action. This receiver of the action will be a noun or a pronoun called a direct object. Identify the subject and the verb, and then ask the question What? or Whom? to determine whether there is a direct object. If there is a direct object, then the main verb is transitive. The EGUMPP word-function code for a main verb that is transitive is MVt.
Example:
doer nS MVt receiver direct object

Kristen solved the problem. Kristen is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Kristen answers the question Who did something? Solved is an action verb. It expresses the action of Kristen and answers the question What about Kristen? or What did Kristen do? Problem is a noun that functions as the direct object of the verb. It is the receiver of the expressed action and answers the question Kristen solved what?

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

41

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

POINT 2 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a one-word noun. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word noun direct object is do. Always ask What? or Whom? after identifying a subject and a verb to determine whether there is a direct object.
Example:
nS MVt do

The company manufactures toys. Company is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Company answers the question Who or what does something? Manufactures is an action verb. It expresses the action of the company and answers the question What about the company? or What does the company do? toys is a noun that functions as the direct object of the sentence. It is the receiver of the expressed action and answers the question Company manufactures what?

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

42

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

POINT 3 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a compound-word noun. Compound-word nouns are two or more words that may be joined as one word, written as two or more separate words, or hyphenated. The EGUMPP word-function code for a compound-word noun direct object is also do.
Examples:
nS MVt do do

John hired a systems analyst. (john hired what? or whom?)

PnS

Everyone applauded Captain john Smith. (Everyone applauded whom?) POINT 4 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a personal pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pronoun direct objects is do. The personal pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: me you
Examples:
nS MVt do

MVt

do

do

do

him her it

us them

Ira startled me. (Ira startled whom?)

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

43

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

POINT 5 The direct object of a transitive verb may be an indefinite pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pronoun direct objects is do. The indefinite pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: all another any anybody anyone anything
Example:
PnS MVt do

both each either everybody everyone everything

few many more most neither nobody

none someone one something others several some somebody

She invited everyone. (She invited whom?) POINT 6 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a demonstrative pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pronoun direct objects is do. The demonstrative pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: this
Example:
nS MVt do

that

these

those

Warren wants this. (Warren wants what?)

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

44

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

POINT 7 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding self or selves to a personal pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pronoun direct objects is do. The reflexive pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Example:
nS MVt do

ourselves yourselves themselves

Sarah hurt herself. (Sarah hurt whom?) POINT 8 The main verb of a sentence may be an intransitive verb. An intransitive verb is a verb that never has a direct object. This means that after you identify the subject and the verb and ask the question What? or Whom?, there will not be a noun or a pronoun that follows the verb and functions as the receiver of its action. The EGUMPP word-function code for a main verb that is intransitive is MVI.
Examples:
nS MVI

Phyllis fell down. The cat purred loudly.

nS MVI

Lesson 4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

AdjECtIVES

LESSon 5

46

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES
IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying adjectives. overview: A modifier is a word(s) that describes or expands the meaning of another word(s) in a sentence. An adjective is one type of modifier. Adjectives modify or describe nouns and pronouns. Words that function as adjectives answer the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose? The most frequently used adjectives are the words a, an, and the. These words are also called articles or noun markers because a noun will always follow. Many words that function as nouns become adjectives when an apostrophe plus s is added to the word. The apostrophe plus s causes the word to change from naming a person, place, or thing to showing possession and providing an answer to the question Whose? Certain personal pronouns function as adjectives. These personal pronouns are called possessive pronouns. They are the words my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. A sentence may contain compound-word adjectives. A compoundword adjective consists of two or more words that function as a single unit and modify the same noun. Some compound-word adjectives require a hyphen. terms to Learn: modifier, adjective, article or noun marker, possessive pronoun, compound-word adjective, Word-function Code: Aj

Lesson 5 Adjectives

47

LESSon 5: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Modifier: A word(s) that describes or expands the meaning of another word(s) in a sentence. Adjective: A word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun and answers the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose? Article or noun marker: Other names for the adjectives a, an, and the. Possessive pronoun: The personal pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, and their) that function as adjectives. Compound-word adjective: Two or more words that function as a single unit and modify a noun.

3. 4. 5.

Lesson 5 Terms to Learn

5
PoIntS to REMEMBER

50

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES
POINT 1 An adjective modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun. (The word modifies means to limit or to make more definite.) An adjective answers the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose? The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word adjective is Aj.
Examples:
Aj

Housewares are on this floor. (Which floor?)

Aj

Soft wood burns fast. (What kind of wood?)

Aj

Several students went home. (How many students?)

Aj

Susans watch stopped working. (Whose watch?) POINT 2 The three most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the. They are also called articles or noun markers because a noun will closely follow.
Example:
Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj

a computer

an electronic computer

the large box

Lesson 5 Adjectives

51

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES
POINT 3 Words that indicate possession and provide an answer to the question Whose? are always adjectives. These include words that change from nouns to adjectives by adding an apostrophe plus s to the noun such as the word Freds and the possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
Examples:
Aj Aj

Freds friend borrowed my car. (Whose friend? Whose car?) Barbs speech amused our class. (Whose speech? Whose class?) our supervisors submitted their reports. (Whose supervisors? Whose reports?)
Aj Aj Aj Aj

POINT 4 The words this, that, these, and those are adjectives when they answer the question Which one?
Examples:
Aj

this book is mine. (Which book?) I want that picture. (Which picture?)
Aj Aj

these answers are incorrect. (Which answers?) Throw those papers away. (Which papers?) notE: The words this, that, these, and those can also function as demonstrative pronouns as presented in Lesson 2.
Aj

Lesson 5 Adjectives

52

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES
POINT 5 A compound-word adjective consists of two or more words that function as a single unit and modify the same noun. (Some compound-word adjectives may require a hyphen.) The EGUMPP word-function code for a compound-word adjective is also Aj.
Examples:

The following sentences include compound-word adjectives modifying a noun: I enjoy data processing subjects. Tara is a high school student. The company is buying a 12-story building. The left-handed pitcher won. The following sentences include a series of one-word adjectives modifying a noun:
Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj

the large brown jug was broken. Tim bought two small antique lamps.
Aj Aj Aj

Aj

Aj

Lesson 5 Adjectives

LESSon 6
AdVERBS

54

LESSon 6: AdVERBS
IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying adverbs. overview: An adverb is a modifier. Adverbs describe or expand the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Words that function as adverbs answer the question When? Where? How? or to what extent? terms to Learn: adverb Word-function Code: AV

Lesson 6 Adverbs

55

LESSon 6: tERMS to LEARn

1. Adverb: A word(s) that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers the question When? Where? How? or To what extent?

Lesson 6 Terms to Learn

5
PoIntS to REMEMBER

58

LESSon 6: AdVERBS
POINT 1 An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. (The word modifies means to limit or to make more definite.) An adverb answers the question When? Where? How? or to what extent? The EGUMPP word-function code for an adverb is AV.

POINT 2 An adverb that modifies a verb may precede the verb, follow the verb, or interrupt the parts of a verb phrase. Adverbs that modify a verb will usually answer the question When? Where? How? or to what extent?
Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe verbs:

nS

Frank left immediately. (When?)

nS

MVI

AV

Bob fell down. (Where?)

nS

MVI AV

Lori sang softly. (How?)

PnS

MVI

AV

She rarely visits. (to what extent?)

PnS HV

AV

MVI

We could hardly hear the speaker. (to what extent?)

AV

MVt

Aj

do

Lesson 6 Adverbs

59

LESSon 6: AdVERBS
POINT 3 An adverb that modifies an adjective precedes the adjective and usually answers the question How? or to what extent? The words very and too as well as words ending in ly frequently function as adverbs that modify adjectives.
Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe adjectives:

Aj

A very large branch fell. (Very tells how large.) It costs too much money. (too tells how much.)
nS PnS MVt AV Aj do

AV

Aj

nS

MVI

Ruth gave an extremely concise presentation. (Extremely tells how concise.)

MVt

Aj

AV

Aj

do

POINT 4 An adverb that modifies another adverb precedes that adverb and usually answers the question How? or to what extent?
Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe other adverbs:
nS

Roy gave his answer almost immediately. (Immediately tells when; almost tells how soon.)
nS

MVt

Aj

do

AV

AV

Sally left very early. (Early tells when; very tells how early.)

MVI AV

AV

Lesson 6 Adverbs

60

LESSon 6: AdVERBS
POINT 5 When a word or words that can name something such as home, yesterday or last night answer the question When? or Where? in a sentence, consider all of these words as adverbs.
Examples:
nS MVI AV AV AV

Cory arrived home last night. (Home tells where; last night tells when.)
nS

George arrived yesterday. (Yesterday tells when.)

MVI

AV

Lesson 6 Adverbs

PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

LESSon 7

62

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying prepositions and prepositional phrases. overview: A preposition is a word such as at, during, of, on, through, or to that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. A compound-word preposition consists of two or more words that function as a single preposition. A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the preposition. The object of a preposition may be a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun. The object of a preposition usually answers the question Whom? or What? A phrase is a group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. A prepositional phrase is the combination of a preposition and its object plus any modifiers. A prepositional phrase can modify a noun, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun is called an adjective prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb is called an adverb prepositional phrase. terms to Learn: preposition, compound-word preposition, object of preposition, phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective prepositional phrase, adverb prepositional phrase Word-function Codes: PR, oP

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

63

LESSon 7: tERMS to LEARn

1. Preposition: A word such as at, during, of, on, through, or to that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. Compound-word preposition: Two or more words such as according to, by means of, in place of, or instead of that function as a single preposition. object of preposition: A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition and usually answers the question Whom? or What? Phrase: A group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. Prepositional phrase: A preposition plus its object and any modifiers. Adjective prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun and usually answers the question Which one? or What kind of? Adverb prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? or How?

2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

Lesson 7 Terms to Learn

7
PoIntS to REMEMBER

66

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

POINT 1 A preposition is a word that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. A preposition must be followed by a noun or a pronoun to form a prepositional phrase. This noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word preposition is PR, and the word-function code for a one-word noun object of preposition is oP.
Example:
Aj nS MVI PR Aj oP

The boy fell down the steps. (down the steps is a prepositional phrase. The word down is a preposition, and the word steps is the noun object of this preposition. The object of the preposition may have adjective modifiers. In this sentence the adjective the modifies the word steps.) POINT 2 Single words commonly used as prepositions (PR) include the following: aboard about above across after against along among around as at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but (except) by concerning considering down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto opposite out outside over past pending per regarding since through throughout to toward towards under underneath until up upon with within without

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

67

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

POINT 3 A compound-word preposition consists of two or more words that function as a single preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for a compound-word preposition is PR. Words used as compound-word prepositions include the following: according to as part of aside from because of
Example:
PnS MVI PR PR PR Aj oP

by means of due to in addition to in front of

in place of in spite of instead of next to

on account of out of owing to pertaining to

He parked in front of the bank. POINT 4 The object of a preposition may be a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun (oP).
Examples:
PnS MVI PR Aj oP

They walked to the mall. (one-word noun object of preposition)

Aj

The meal was prepared by Chef john. (Compound-word noun object of preposition)
MVt

nS

HV

MVI

PR

oP

oP

Give the keys to me. (Pronoun object of preposition)

Aj

do

PR oP

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

68

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

POINT 5 A prepositional phrase may function as an adjective and modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. This type of prepositional phrase is an adjective prepositional phrase. An adjective prepositional phrase usually answers the question Which one? or What kind of?
Examples:
Aj nS PR Aj oP MVI AV

The man with the cane fell down. (Which man?)

nS

Jerry enjoys books about dinosaurs. (What kind of books?)

MVt

do

PR

oP

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

69

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

POINT 6 A prepositional phrase may function as an adverb and modify or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. This type of prepositional phrase is an adverb prepositional phrase. An adverb prepositional phrase usually answers the question When? Where? Why? or How?
Examples:
nS MVI PR Aj oP

John jogs in the morning. (When?)

nS

Frank walked to the store. (Where?)

nS

MVI

PR Aj

oP

James fought for his rights. (Why?)

Aj

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

The man spoke with a vengeance. (How?)

nS

MVI

PR

Aj oP

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

70

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

POINT 7 An easy way to identify most prepositional phrases is by remembering this expression: Prepositional phrases often tell where a mouse can run or where a cloud can float.
Examples:

A mouse can run up the wall, under the table, or into the hole. A cloud can float over the mountain or through the air. Attempt to tell where a mouse can run or where a cloud can float using this partial list of prepositions: aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by down during opposite for from in inside into like near off on onto out outside over past through throughout to toward towards under underneath until up upon with within without

Lesson 7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

LInKInG VERBS

LESSon 8

72

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying linking verbs and subject complements (predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives). overview: A linking verb is a main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and is followed by a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that refers to the subject. This noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes the subject and the verb is called a subject complement. If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is called a predicate nominative. If the subject complement is an adjective, it is called a predicate adjective. A predicate nominative answers the question Who? or What? A predicate adjective usually answers the question What? What Kind? or How? State the subject and the verb and ask these questions to help determine if the main verb is a linking verb followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. The verb to be expresses a state of being. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. All eight forms of the verb to be may function as linking verbs. When these verbs are not expressing a state of being and functioning as linking verbs, they will be functioning as helping verbs or intransitive main verbs. Some verbs may express a condition or an action. All forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn are examples of such verbs. When these verbs do not express a condition and function as linking verbs, they express an action and function as transitive or intransitive verbs. terms to Learn: linking verb, subject complement, predicate nominative, predicate adjective Word-function Codes: MVL, SC

Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

73

LESSon 8: tERMS to LEARn

1. Linking verb: A main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and is always followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Subject complement: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject. Predicate nominative: A noun or pronoun subject complement that follows a linking verb and renames the subject. Predicate adjective: An adjective subject complement that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.

2. 3. 4.

Lesson 8 Terms to Learn

5
PoIntS to REMEMBER

76

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

POINT 1 A linking verb is a main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and links a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective to the subject. This noun, pronoun, or adjective completes the thought begun by the subject and verb. The EGUMPP word-function code for a main verb that is linking is MVL.
Examples:
nS MVL complement

Katie is my friend. (friend Katie) The main verb is expresses a state of being and links or refers the noun complement friend to the subject Katie. The flower is beautiful. (beautiful flower) POINT 2 The main verb is expresses a state of being and links or refers the adjective complement beautiful to the subject flower. This pillow feels soft. (soft pillow) The main verb feels expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective complement soft to the subject pillow.
nS MVL complement nS MVL complement

Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

77

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

POINT 2 The verb to be expresses a state of being. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. All eight forms of the verb to be may function as linking verbs. The verbs be, am, is, are, was, and were can also function as helping verbs.
Example of the verb am expressing a state of being and functioning as a linking verb:
PnS MVL complement

am happy.

Example of the verb am functioning as a helping verb:

PnS HV MVI AV

I am going home. Some verbs may express a condition or an action. All forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn are examples of such verbs. When these verbs do not express a condition and function as linking verbs, they express an action and function as transitive verbs.
Example of the verb tasted expressing a condition and functioning as a linking verb:
Aj nS MVL complement

The soup tasted delicious.

Example of the verb tasted expressing an action and functioning as a transitive verb:
PnS MVt Aj do

She tasted the soup.

Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

78

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

POINT 3 A noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject is a type of subject complement called a predicate nominative. A predicate nominative is identical in meaning to the subject. Always ask Who? or What? after identifying a subject and a state-of-being verb to help determine if there is a predicate nominative subject complement. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun predicate nominative subject complement is SC.
Example:
nS MVL SC

George is the president of the organization. (president George) The main verb is expresses a state POINT 2and links or of being refers the noun president to the subject George. The noun president renames the subject George. This makes the word president a predicate nominative subject complement. The predicate nominative president answers the question George is who or what?

Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

79

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

POINT 4 An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject is a second type of subject complement called a predicate adjective. A predicate adjective describes or explains the subject. Always ask What? What Kind? or How? after identifying a subject and a state-of-being verb to help determine if there is a predicate adjective subject complement. The EGUMPP word-function code for a predicate adjective subject complement is SC.
Examples:
nS MVL SC

The grapes were sour. (sour grapes) The main verb were expresses a state of being and links or refers the adjective sour to the subject grapes. The adjective sour describes the subject grapes. This makes the word sour a predicate adjective subject complement. The predicate adjective sour answers the question: Grapes are what? what kind? or how?
nS

Carol looked tired. (tired Carol) The main verb looked expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective tired to the subject Carol. The adjective tired describes the subject Carol. This makes the word tired a predicate adjective subject complement. The predicate adjective tired describes the subject Carol. Carol looked how? notE: The question How? in the example above provides the answer for a subject complement. Do not confuse the question How? used here with the question How? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below.
Example:
Aj Aj nS MVI AV PR Aj oP

MVL

SC

The young couple walked slowly through the park. (Walked how?)
Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

80

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS

POINT 5 Some linking verbs require helping verbs.
Example:
nS nS HV MVL SC

Mr. Smith has been my boss for ten years. The verb phrase has been expresses a state of being and links or refers the predicate nominative boss to the compound-word subject Mr. Smith. The weather has remained ideal for weeks. The verb phrase has remained expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective ideal to the subject weather.
nS HV MVL SC

Lesson 8 Linking Verbs

IndIRECt oBjECtS

LESSon 9

82

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying indirect objects. overview: An indirect object, like a direct object, is a type of verb complement. An indirect object is a noun or a pronoun that always precedes a direct object and usually answers the question to whom? For whom? to what? or For what? term to Learn: indirect object Word-function Codes: Io

Lesson 9 Indirect Objects

83

LESSon 9: tERMS to LEARn

1. Indirect object: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb, precedes a direct object, and usually answers the question To whom? For whom? To what? or For what?

Lesson 9 Terms to Learn

3
PoIntS to REMEMBER

86

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS

POINT 1 A transitive verb must have a direct object; it may also have an indirect object. An indirect object always precedes a direct object. Indirect objects can usually be identified by asking the question to whom? For whom? to what? or For what? after identifying the subject, the main verb, and the direct object. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word noun indirect object is Io.
Example:
Aj nS MVt Io Aj do

The instructor gave john the answer. Instructor is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Instructor answers the question Who is doing something? Gave is the main verb transitive that expresses an action. Answer is a noun that functions as the direct object of the verb gave and answers the question Instructor gave what? john is a noun that functions as the indirect object of the sentence. It precedes the direct object and answers the question Instructor gave the answer to whom?

Lesson 9 Indirect Objects

87

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS

POINT 2 The indirect object of a transitive verb may be a compoundword noun. Compound-word nouns are two or more words that may be joined as one word, written as two or more separate words, or hyphenated. The EGUMPP word-function code for a compound-word noun indirect object is also Io.
Example:
PnS MVt Aj Io Io Aj do

He offered his uncle john a job. uncle john is a compound-word noun that functions as the indirect object of the verb. It precedes the direct object job and answers the question He offered a job to whom?

POINT 3 An indirect object may be a personal pronoun, a reflexive pronoun, or an indefinite pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pronoun indirect objects is also Io.
Examples:
nS MVt Io Aj do

Gary sent him the instructions. (Gary sent instructions to whom?)

PnS

She gave herself a complement. (She gave a complement to whom?)

Aj

MVt

Io

Aj do

The boss gave everyone a raise. (Boss gave a raise to whom?)

nS

MVt

Io

Aj do

Lesson 9 Indirect Objects

APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES

LESSon 10

90

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying appositives and appositive phrases. overview: An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of further identifying, clarifying, or explaining the first noun or pronoun. An appositive may follow a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. Once you learn to identify appositives, you will have learned to identify six functions of nouns and pronouns. An easy way to remember all six functions is to memorize the acronym PAIdSo.

P A I d S o

= = = = = =

predicate nominative appositive indirect object direct object subject object of preposition

terms to Learn: appositive, appositive phrase, PAIDSO Word-function Code: AP

Lesson 10 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

91

LESSon 10: tERMS to LEARn

1. Appositive: A noun or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of further identifying, clarifying, or explaining the first noun or pronoun. Appositive phrase: An appositive and all of its modifiers. PAIdSo: Acronym for the six common uses of a noun. Predicate Nominative Appositive Indirect Object direct Object Subject object of Preposition

2. 3.

Lesson 10 Terms to Learn

3
PoIntS to REMEMBER

94

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES

POINT 1 An appositive is a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun. The purpose of the appositive is to further identify, clarify, or explain the preceding noun or pronoun. An appositive may follow the subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for an appositive is AP.
Examples:
Aj nS AP MVI AV AV

Your brother Edward called this morning.

Aj

Our school sponsors one club, the Community Service Club.

PnS MVt Io

nS

MVt

Aj

do

Aj

AP

AP

AP

I gave George, the painter, your keys.

Aj

Aj

AP

Aj

do

The winner is Mary Jones, our star athlete.

MVI

nS

MVL SC

SC

Aj

Aj

AP

Vote for me, the best candidate.

PR

oP

Aj

Aj

AP

Lesson 10 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

95

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES

POINT 2 An appositive phrase is a group of words that includes the appositive and all of its modifiers. An appositive phrase is always considered as a single unit when applying rules of punctuation.
Example:
(appositive phrase)

The special award was presented to Mr. Koser, our high school principal.

Aj

Aj

nS

HV

MVI

PR oP oP

Aj

Aj

Aj

AP

POINT 3 The six frequent functions of a noun and a pronoun form the acronym PAIDSO. P A I d S o = = = = = = predicate nominative appositive indirect object direct object subject object of preposition

Lesson 10 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

LESSon 11

98

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying participles and participial phrases. overview: A word that can function as a main verb in a sentence can also function as other parts of speech. When any form of a verb is functioning as another part of speech, it is called a verbal. A verbal is a verb form that is functioning as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. A verbal retains the qualities of a verb. This means that a verbal may have a complement and/or modifiers. A verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning. A verbal phrase is a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). One type of verbal is a participle. A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. Verb forms that function as participles usually answer the question Which one? or What kind of? A participle retains the qualities of a verb. A participle verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a participle and completes its meaning. A participial phrase is a group of words containing a participle with a complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms to Learn: verbal, verbal complement, verbal phrase, participle, participial phrase Word-function Codes: PAR, VC

Lesson 11 Participles and Participial Phrases

99

LESSon 11: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Verbal: A verb form that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. Verbal complement: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning. Verbal phrase: A group of words considered as a single unit that includes a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). Participle: A verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. Participial phrase: A participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).

Lesson 11 Terms to Learn

4
PoIntS to REMEMBER

102

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

POINT 1 A participle is a verbal (verb form) that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. A participle may preceed or follow the noun it modifies. The EGUMPP word-function code for a participle is PAR.
Examples of the same word functioning as a verb and as a participle:

(As a verb)
(action) Aj

(As a participle)
(describing)

The baby was screaming.

(action) PnS MVt

nS

HV

MVI

The screaming baby wanted his bottle.

(describing)

Aj

PAR

nS

MVt

Aj

do

He typed the document.

(action) PnS HV MVt Aj do

Aj

do

The typed document is on the table.

(describing) Aj PAR nS HV MVI

Aj

PAR

nS

MVI PR Aj

oP

She has written a contract. Her written contract was accepted.

Lesson 11 Participles and Participial Phrases

103

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

POINT 2 Since a participle is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that participles that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun verbal complement, and participles that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or an adjective verbal complement. Always ask What? Whom? or How? after identifying a participle to determine whether a participle verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for a participle verbal complement is VC.
Examples:
Aj nS PAR VC MVL Aj SC

The hostess seating people is my friend. (Seating whom?)

PAR

Feeling tired, Lewis took a nap. (Feeling how?) notE: The question How? in the example above provides the answer for a participle verbal complement. Do not confuse the question How? used here with the question How? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below.
Example:
Aj Aj nS MVI AV PR Aj oP

VC

nS

MVt

Aj do

The young couple walked slowly through the park. (Walked how?)

Lesson 11 Participles and Participial Phrases

104

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

POINT 3 A participial phrase is a group of words that contains a participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The participle introduces the participial phrase, and the entire phrase functions as an adjective modifying a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. A participial phrase is always considered as a single unit when applying rules of punctuation. A participial phrase may precede or follow the word it modifies.
Examples:
(participial phrase)

The man holding the sign asked for your name. This participial phrase includes the participle holding, the participle verbal complement sign, and the adjective the. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject man.
(participial phrase) PAR

Aj

nS

PAR

Aj

VC

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

destroyed by fire, the school was never rebuilt. The participial phrase includes the participle destroyed and the prepositional phrase by fire. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject school.

PR

oP

Aj

nS

HV

AV

MVI

Lesson 11 Participles and Participial Phrases

105

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

POINT 4 A participle, like a main verb, may include a helping verb(s). When this occurs, consider all words as the participle.
Example:
(participial phrase) PAR

Having completed a medley of his most popular songs,

Aj

PAR

Aj VC

PR Aj

AV

Aj

oP

the singer went backstage. The participial phrase includes the participle having completed, the participle verbal complement medley, the adjective a, and the prepositional phrase of his most popular songs. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject singer.

nS

MVI

AV

Lesson 11 Participles and Participial Phrases

GERundS And GERund PHRASES

LESSon 12

108

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying gerunds and gerund phrases. overview: A gerund is a verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. Like nouns, a gerund may function as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. A gerund may also follow another noun as an appositive to a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. A gerund retains the qualities of a verb. This means that, like a main verb in a sentence, a gerund may have a complement with adjective modifiers and/or adverb modifiers. This noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a gerund and completes its meaning is called a gerund verbal complement. A gerund phrase is a gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms to Learn: gerund, gerund phrase Word-function Codes: GS, Gdo, GIo, GSC, GoP, GAP

Lesson 12 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

109

LESSon 12: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Gerund: A verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. Gerund phrase: A gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).

Lesson 12 Terms to Learn

4
PoIntS to REMEMBER

112

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES

POINT 1 A gerund is a verbal (verb form) that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. Gerunds may function as a subject (GS), a direct object (Gdo), an indirect object (GIo), a subject complement (GSC), an object of a preposition (GoP), or an appositive (GAP).
Example of the word hiking functioning as a main verb:
PnS HV MVI PR Aj oP

He is hiking up the mountain. (Main verb)

Examples of the word hiking functioning as a gerund:
GS MVL Aj Aj SC

Hiking is his favorite sport. (Gerund subject)

PnS

He enjoys hiking. (Gerund direct object)

PnS MVt

MVt

Gdo

He gave hiking the credit for his stamina. (Gerund indirect object)
Aj

GIo

Aj

do

PR

Aj

oP

His favorite sport is hiking. (Gerund subject complement)

PnS MVL SC

Aj

nS

MVL GSC

He is addicted to hiking. (Gerund object of preposition)

Aj

PR GoP

His favorite sport, hiking, requires endurance. (Gerund appositive)

Aj

nS

GAP

MVt

do

Lesson 12 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

113

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES

POINT 2 Since a gerund is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that gerunds that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun gerund verbal complement, and gerunds that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or an adjective gerund verbal complement. Always ask What? Whom? or How? after identifying a gerund to determine whether a gerund verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of verbal complements including gerund verbal complements is VC.
Examples:
GS Aj VC HV AV MVL Aj SC

Requiring a membership will not be a problem. (Requiring what?)

Aj

The worst side effect is feeling exhausted. (Feeling how?) notE: The question How? in the second example above provides the answer for the gerund verbal complement. Do not confuse the question How? used here with the question How? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below.
Example:
Aj Aj nS MVI AV PR Aj oP

Aj

nS

nS

MVL GSC

VC

The young couple walked slowly through the park. (Walked how?)

Lesson 12 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

114

LESSON 12: GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES

POINT 3 A gerund phrase is a group of words that contains a gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The gerund introduces the gerund phrase; and the entire phrase functions as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object of a preposition, or an appositive.
Examples of a gerund phrase functioning as six different types of nouns:
(subject) GS

Riding a bike is an excellent form of exercise.

(direct object) PR OP

AJ VC

MVL AJ

AJ

SC

PR OP

At noon Jalisa started riding her bike.

(indirect object) NS

NS

MVT

GDO

AJ

VC

Max gave riding his bike each day the credit for his stamina.
(subject complement) AJ

MVT

GIO

AJ

VC

AV

AV

AJ

DO

PR

AJ

OP

An excellent form of exercise is riding a bike.

(object of preposition) NS

AJ

NS

PR OP

MVL GSC

AJ VC

Chris starts his morning routine by riding his bike.

(appositive) NS

MVT

AJ

AJ

DO

PR

GOP

AJ

VC

Bella enjoys her daily exercise, riding her bike.

MVT

AJ

AJ

DO

GAP

AJ

VC

Lesson 12 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

115

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES

POINT 4 A gerund or gerund phrase may function as an appositive to a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. Use the code GAP for all gerunds functioning as appositives.
Examples of gerund phrases functioning as appositives:
(gerund as an appositive to subject) Aj

His new hobby, collecting antique spoons, has been quite

SC

Aj

nS

GAP

Aj

VC

HV

MVL

AV

profitable.
(gerund as an appositive to direct object) AV

Please begin your new project, revising this handbook.

(gerund as an appositive to object of preposition)

MVt

Aj

Aj

do

GAP

Aj

VC

He was pleased with his new task, tutoring students.

PnS MVL

SC

PR

Aj

Aj

oP

GAP

VC

Lesson 12 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

LESSon 13

118

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying infinitives and infinitive phrases. overview: An infinitive is a verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. Infinitives retain the qualities of a verb. This means that, like a main verb in a sentence, an infinitive may have a complement with adjective modifiers and/or adverb modifiers. An infinitive verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows an infinitive and completes its meaning. An infinitive phrase is an infinitive plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms to Learn: infinitive, infinitive phrase Word-function Codes: IS, Ido, ISC, IAj, IAV

Lesson 13 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

119

LESSon 13: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Infinitive: A verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. Infinitive phrase: An infinitive plus its complement(s) and/ or modifier(s).

Lesson 13 Terms to Learn

4
PoIntS to REMEMBER

122

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

POINT 1 An infinitive is a verbal (verb form) that is usually introduced by the word to and can function as a nouna subject (IS), a direct object (Ido), or a subject complement (ISC). An infinitive can also function as an adjective (IAj) or as an adverb (IAV).
Examples of infinitives that function as nouns:
IS IS MVL Aj SC

to win is my goal. (Subject) (What is my goal?)

PnS MVt

I like to swim. (direct object) (I like what?)

Aj

Ido Ido

My goal is to win. (Subject Complement) (My goal is what?)

Examples of infinitives that function as adjectives:
PnS MVt do IAj IAj

nS

MVL ISC ISC

He has cars to sell. (Adjective) (What kind of cars?)

nS

Mike is the person to contact. (Adjective) (Which person?)

Examples of infinitives that function as adverbs:
Aj nS MVL AV SC IAV IAV

MVL Aj

SC

IAj IAj

The door was not easy to open. (Adverb) (How easy was it?)
PnS

She came to forgive. (Adverb) (Why did she come?)

MVL

IAV IAV

Lesson 13 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

123

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

POINT 2 Since an infinitive is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that infinitives that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun infinitive verbal complement, and infinitives that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or adjective infinitive verbal complement. Always ask What? Whom? or How? after identifying an infinitive to determine whether an infinitive verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of verbal complements including infinitive verbal complements is VC.
Examples:
PnS HV MVt Ido Ido VC

will need to borrow money. (to borrow what?)

PnS HV MVt Io Aj do

IAV IAV VC

to be fair, you should pay me five dollars. (to be how?) notE: The question How? in the example above provides the answer for an infinitive verbal complement. Do not confuse the question How? used here with the question How? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below.
Example:
Aj Aj nS MVI AV PR Aj oP

The young couple walked slowly through the park. (Walked how?)

Lesson 13 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

124

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

POINT 3 An infinitive phrase is a group of words that contains an infinitive plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The infinitive introduces the infinitive phrase, and the entire phrase functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.
Examples of infinitive phrases that function as nouns:
(subject) IS

to wait for the train is boring.

(direct object) PnS

IS

PR

Aj

oP

MVL SC

Nobody wanted to go to the fair.

(subject complement) Aj

MVt

Ido Ido PR

Aj

oP

Her goal was to win the trophy.

Example of an infinitive phrase that functions as an adjective:
(adjective) PnS AV

nS

MVL

ISC ISC

Aj

VC

He still has time to reconsider his position. (How much time?)

Example of an infinitive phrase that functions as an adverb:
(adverb) PnS MVI

MVt do

IAj IAj

Aj

VC

I came to collect the reward. (Why did I come?) notE: The sign of the infinitive to is sometimes omitted.
Example:
(direct object) Aj

IAV IAV

Aj

VC

Your generous contribution helped start the foundation.

Aj

nS

MVt

Ido

Aj

VC

Lesson 13 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

125

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

POINT 4 Do not confuse infinitives and infinitive phrases with prepositional phrases that begin with the word to. A verb follows the word to in an infinitive. There is no verb immediately following the word to in a prepositional phrase. Infinitives/infinitive phrases (Verb after to) to achieve to climb the mountain to invest to move soon to play to receive a bonus to talk to vote for him to walk Prepositional phrases (no verb at all) to Lancaster to the store to the movies to her automobile to the mall to his sister to our house to their friends to the company

Lesson 13 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

REVIEW oF VERBALS

LESSon 14

128

LESSon 14: REVIEW oF VERBALS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying all three types of verbal phrases. overview: this lesson has been included to provide additional practice in identifying participles, gerunds, and infinitives in sentences. Remember, a participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en; a gerund is a verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing; and an infinitive is a verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. The three Points to Remember of this lesson provide helpful information for remembering what a verbal is and how a verbal functions in a sentence. terms to Learn: no new terms Word-function Codes: no new codes

Lesson 14 Review of Verbals

3
PoIntS to REMEMBER

130

LESSon 14: REVIEW oF VERBALS

POINT 1 When you look at the word verbal, you see that it includes the word verb. This should remind you that a verbal is a verb form that functions as other parts of speecha noun, an adjective, or an adverb. POINT 2 An easy way to remember the three types of verbals is to memorize the acronym PIG with these thoughts in mind: Participle The letter a in the word participle is to remind you that a participle functions as an adjective. Infinitive The preposition in of the word infinitive is to remind you that an infinitive always begins with the word to. Gerund The letter n in the word gerund is to remind you that a gerund is a noun.

POINT 3 If an action verb ends in ing and is preceded by a helping verb, the verb is always a main verb and never a gerund or a participle.
Examples:
(main verb) Aj

Our neighbors, the Carsons, are moving to Denver.

(participle) Aj

nS

Aj

AP

HV

MVI

PR oP

The neighbors moving to Denver are the Carsons.

(gerund) GS

nS

PAR

PR oP

MVL Aj

SC

Moving to Denver will be an adventure for the Carsons.

PR oP

HV

MVL Aj

SC

PR

Aj

oP

Lesson 14 Review of Verbals

CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

LESSon 15

132

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions. overview: A conjunction is a word(s) in a sentence that joins other words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. The seven most frequently used coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. An easy way to remember these seven coordinating conjunctions is to memorize the acronym FANBOYSthe first letter of each of the seven coordinating conjunctions listed above. A correlative conjunction is one of four word pairs used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. The four word pairs are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, and not only/but also. A third type of conjunction is a subordinating conjunction. This type of conjunction will be presented in Lesson 16. terms to Learn: coordinating conjunction, FANBOYS, correlative conjunction Word-function Codes: CC, CoRC

Lesson 15 Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

133

LESSon 15: tERMS to LEARn

1. Coordinating conjunction: A word such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. FAnBoYS: An acronym for seven frequently used coordinating conjunctions. For And nor 3. But or Yet So

2.

Correlative conjunction: One of four word pairs (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also) used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status.

Lesson 15 Terms to Learn

3
PoIntS to REMEMBER

136

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

POINT 1 Coordinating conjunctions are words that connect words or groups of words of equal status such as two or more subjects, verbs, direct objects, predicate nominatives, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrases. The EGUMPP word-function code for a coordinating conjunction is CC.
Examples:
nS CC nS

John or Mary will win the race. (the word or connects two subjects.) The children clapped and danced to the music. (the word and connects two verbs.) I like salt and pepper on my baked potato. (the word and connects two direct objects.) He is honest and dependable. (the word and connects two predicate adjectives.) Mary practiced the piano in the morning and in the evening. (the word and connects two prepositional phrases.)
PR Aj oP CC PR Aj oP SC CC SC do CC do MVI CC MVI

Lesson 15 Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

137

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

POINT 2 There are seven words frequently used as coordinating conjunctions (CC). They are and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet. An easy way to remember these seven coordinating conjunctions is to memorize the acronym FAnBoYS. F A n B o Y S = = = = = = = for and nor but or yet so

Lesson 15 Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

138

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

POINT 3 Correlative conjunctions are word pairs that show a relationship of one thought to another. The four correlative conjunctions are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, and not only/but also. The EGUMPP word-function code for a correlative conjunction is CoRC.
Examples:
CoRC do CoRC do

You may use either a pencil or a pen for the test. (the words either and or connect two direct objects.)
CoRC

neither Bill nor nancy knew the answer. (the words neither and nor connect two subjects.) He wanted both his lawyer and his accountant. (the words both and and connect two direct objects.) She not only lifts weights but also does aerobics. (the words not only and but also connect two verbs.)
CoRC CoRC MVt CoRC CoRC MVt CoRC do CoRC do

nS

CoRC nS

Lesson 15 Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

AdVERB CLAuSES

LESSon 16

140

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying independent clauses and adverb clauses in complex sentences. overview: In Lessons 1-15 all sentences were simple sentences. A simple sentence has one independent clause. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. An independent clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. A second type of clause is called a dependent clausealso referred to as a subordinate clause. A dependent clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought because the dependent clause is introduced by a subordinatoran introductory word, either expressed or implied, that makes the clause dependent on other words in the sentence. A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. Since a dependent clause is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence, it functions as either an adverb, an adjective, or a noun. In this lesson, you will learn to identify dependent clauses that function as adverbswhich are called adverb clauses. An adverb clause begins with a subordinator called a subordinating conjunction and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? to what extent? or under what conditions? A subordinating conjunction is a word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought. All sentences in this lesson will be complex sentences that have one independent clause and one dependent clause that is functioning as an adverb. terms to Learn: simple sentence, clause, independent clause, dependent (subordinate) clause, subordinator, subordinating conjunction, compound-word subordinating conjunction, adverb clause, complex sentence Word-function Codes: SuBC Clause-identification Codes: IdC, AVC
Lesson 16 Adverb Clauses

141

LESSon 16: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Simple sentence: A sentence that has one independent clause. Clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. Independent clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. dependent (subordinate) clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. Subordinator: An introductory word(s) such as a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunction: A word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought. Compound-word subordinating conjunction: Two or more words such as as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, in order that, in which, provided that, or so that that function as a subordinating conjunction. Adverb clause: A dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? To what extent? or Under what condition? Complex sentence: A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Lesson 16 Terms to Learn

4
PoIntS to REMEMBER

144

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES

POINT 1 A clause is a group of related words that always includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. The two types of clauses are independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought. A dependent clause (also referred to as a subordinate clause) is a group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses an incomplete thought.
Examples:

Independent clauses (Complete thought) I am tired. Bill went home. He left the room.

dependent clauses (Incomplete thought) because I am tired when Bill went home after he left the room

notE: An independent clause is a complete thought and can stand alone as a simple sentence as expressed in the examples above. A dependent clause is an incomplete thought because the introductory wordthe subordinatorhas made the group of words dependent on more information. A dependent clause is never a sentence; it always functions as an adverb clause, an adjective clause, or a noun clause.

Lesson 16 Adverb Clauses

145

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES

POINT 2 An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? to what extent? or under what condition? The EGUMPP clause-identification code for each word of an adverb clause is AVC, and the clause-identification code for each word of an independent clause is IdC.
Examples of adverb clauses modifying a verb:
PnS MVt IdC IdC do SuBC PnS MVL SC

He entered college when he was sixteen.

IdC AVC AVC AVC AVC

(When did he enter college?)

PnS IdC

She jogs only where there is a track.

IdC IdC AVC AVC AVC AVC AVC

MVI

AV

SuBC

AV

MVI Aj nS

(Where does she jog?)

PnS IdC

We stopped because we were tired.

IdC AVC AVC AVC AVC

MVI

SuBC

PnS MVL

SC

(Why did we stop?)

nS

Paul looked as though he might faint.

IdC IdC AVC AVC AVC AVC AVC

MVI

SuBC SuBC

PnS HV

MVI

(How did Paul look?)

Example of an adverb clause modifying an adjective:
nS MVL SC SuBC AVC PnS HV MVI

Fran is positive that she will win.

IdC IdC IdC AVC AVC AVC

(the adverb clause modifies the predicate adjective positive and answers the question Positive to what extent?)
Example of an adverb clause modifying an adverb:
PnS IdC MVI AV SuBC PnS MVI

They played better than we played.

IdC IdC AVC AVC AVC

(the adverb clause modifies the adverb better and answers the question How much better?)
Lesson 16 Adverb Clauses

146

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES

POINT 3 An adverb clause always begins with a subordinator called a subordinating conjunction. A subordinator is an introductory word that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a subordinating conjunction is SuBC. Words that may function as a subordinating conjunction include the following: after although as because before
Example:
SuBC AVC nS MVI PR oP oP PnS MVI IdC IdC Ido Ido IdC IdC PR Aj oP

if once since than that

though unless until when whenever

where wherever whether while

After Bill graduates from high school, he plans to enlist in the navy.
AVC AVC AVC AVC AVC IdC IdC IdC

(the adverb clause answers when Bill plans to enlist.) POINT 4 A compound-word subordinating conjunction consists of two or more words that function as a single unit. The EGUMPP word-function code for a compound-word subordinating conjunction is also SuBC. Words that may function as a compound-word subordinating conjunction include the following: as if as long as as soon as
Example:
PnS HV MVt Aj Aj do SuBC SuBC SuBC PnS MVt AVC AVC AVC do

as though even after even if

even though in order that provided that even when in that so that for as much as in which

We will send your new order as soon as we receive payment.

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC AVC AVC AVC

(the adverb clause answers the question When will the order be sent?)

Lesson 16 Adverb Clauses

AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

LESSon 17

148

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying independent clauses and adjective clauses in complex sentences. overview: You have learned to identify one-word adjectives, compound-word adjectives, adjective prepositional phrases, and participles/participial phrases. In this lesson you will learn to identify dependent clauses that function as adjectives. these dependent clauses are called adjective clauses. Adjective clauses begin with a subordinator called a relative pronoun, but they may begin with a subordinating conjunction. A relative pronoun is a word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause. An adjective clause usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose?
Examples:
(Adjective)

Your catalog has arrived. (Whose catalog?) Your catalog from Home depot has arrived. (Which catalog?) Your catalog sent last month has arrived. (Which catalog?) Your catalog that was lost has arrived. (Which catalog?) terms to Learn: adjective clause, relative pronoun Word-function Codes: RPS, RPdo, RPAj Clause-identification Code: AjC
(Adjective clause) (Participial phrase) (Adjective prepositional phrase)

Lesson 17 Adjective Clauses

149

LESSon 17: tERMS to LEARn

1. Adjective clause: A dependent clause that usually begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pronoun, and usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose? Relative pronoun: A word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause.

2.

Lesson 17 Terms to Learn

6
PoIntS to REMEMBER

152

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

POINT 1 An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective clauses usually answer the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose? The EGUMPP clause-identification code for each word of an adjective clause is AjC.
Examples:
Aj nS RPS HV MVI PR Aj oP MVL SC

The report that was prepared by your staff is incorrect.

IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC AjC AjC AjC IdC IdC

(the adjective clause that was prepared by your staff answers the question Which report?)
nS

Podiatrists are doctors who examine your feet.

IdC IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC AjC

MVL

SC

RPS

MVt

Aj

do

(the adjective clause who examine your feet answers the question What kind of doctors?)

Lesson 17 Adjective Clauses

153

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

POINT 2 An adjective clause always begins with a subordinator called a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun performs three functions in the sentence: (1) it introduces the adjective clause, (2) it shows a relationship between the adjective clause and another noun or clause in the sentence, and (3) it usually functions as a subject, a direct object, or an adjective within the adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun include the following: that who which whose whom

notE: These words may also function as other parts of speech in a sentence. POINT 3 A relative pronoun may function as the subject of an adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun subject are that, which, and who. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relative pronoun subject is RPS.
Example:
Aj nS RPS AjC HV AV MVI HV HV MVI IdC PR oP

The computer that was not working has been sent for repair.
IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC IdC IdC IdC IdC

(the adjective clause that was not working modifies the noun computer and answers the question Which computer? the relative pronoun that introduces the adjective clause and functions as a relative pronoun subject within the adjective clause.)

Lesson 17 Adjective Clauses

154

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

POINT 4 A relative pronoun may function as the direct object of the verb in the adjective clause. When this occurs, the noun or pronoun that follows the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun direct object are that, which, and whom. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relative pronoun direct object is RPdo.
Examples:
Aj nS RPdo PnS MVt MVt Aj do

The document that you prepared has several mistakes.

IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC IdC IdC IdC

(the adjective clause that you prepared modifies the noun document and answers the question Which document? the relative pronoun that introduces the adjective clause and functions as the direct object of the verb within the adjective clause. the word that answers You prepared what?)
nS

Mr. Harding is an employee whom we can trust.

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC AjC

nS

MVL Aj

SC

RPdo

PnS

HV

MVt

(the adjective clause whom we can trust modifies the noun employee and answers the question What kind of employee? the relative pronoun whom introduces the adjective clause and functions as the direct object of the verb within the adjective clause. the word whom answers We can trust whom?)

Lesson 17 Adjective Clauses

155

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

POINT 5 The word whose may function as a relative pronoun. When this word functions as a relative pronoun, it introduces the adjective clause and functions as an adjective within the adjective clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relative pronoun adjective is RPAj.
Example:
Aj nS RPAj nS HV MVI MVI IdC PR Aj oP

The girl whose car was stolen lives on my street.

IdC IdC AjC AjC AjC AjC IdC IdC IdC

(the adjective clause whose car was stolen modifies the noun girl and answers the question Which girl? the relative pronoun whose introduces the adjective clause and functions as an adjective that modifies the word car within the adjective clause.) POINT 6 The word that may function as an introductory subordinator that does not appear in the sentence but is implied.
Example:
PnS MVL Aj IdC SC PnS MVt Ido Ido AjC AjC

This is the land I want to buy. (that I want to buy)

IdC IdC IdC AjC AjC

(the adjective clause I want to buy modifies the noun land and answers the question Which land? the introductory subordinator is the word that implied.)

Lesson 17 Adjective Clauses

noun CLAuSES

LESSon 18

158

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying independent clauses and noun clauses in complex sentences. overview: You have learned to identify subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions that were one-word nouns, compound-word nouns, pronouns, gerunds/ gerund phrases, and infinitives/infinitive phrases. now you will learn to identify subjects, predicative nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions that are dependent clauses. these dependent clauses are called noun clauses. A noun clause is a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun. A noun clause may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. In this lesson all sentences will be complex sentences that have one independent clause and one noun clause. term to Learn: noun clause Word-function Code: RPSC Clause-identification Codes: nCS, nCSC, nCdo, nCIo, nCoP

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

159

LESSon 18: tERMS to LEARn

1. noun clause: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun.

Lesson 18 Terms to Learn

9
PoIntS to REMEMBER

162

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 1 A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. A noun clause may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition in an independent clause. Since a noun clause functions as part of an independent clause, it is not only a dependent clause but also part of the independent clause.
Examples:
(noun clause subject) IdC nCS IdC nCS HV MVt IdC do

Whoever broke the window must repair it.

IdC nCS IdC nCS IdC

IdC

(the noun clause Whoever broke the window functions as the subject of the verb phrase must repair and is needed to complete the thought; therefore, it is also a part of the independent clause.)
Aj

The fire inspector explained why the smoke detector did not activate.
IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC nCdo IdC IdC IdC nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

Aj

nS

MVt

(noun clause direct object)

(the noun clause why the smoke detector did not activate functions as the direct object of the main verb explained and answers the question the inspector explained what? the noun clause is needed to complete the thought; therefore, it is also a part of the independent clause.)

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

163

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 2 A noun clause is always introduced by a subordinator. The subordinator may be a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun that introduces a noun clause will function as a subject (RPS), a direct object (RPdo), or a subject complement (RPSC) within the noun clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun for a noun clause include the following: what whatever who whoever whom whomever that

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a subject within the noun clause:

RPS IdC nCS MVt Aj Aj do HV MVt Aj do

Whoever donates the most money will receive special recognition.

IdC nCS IdC IdC nCS nCS IdC nCS IdC IdC IdC IdC

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a direct object within the noun clause:
RPdo IdC nCS PnS IdC nCS MVt IdC nCS HV MVL SC

Whomever you appoint should feel honored.

IdC IdC IdC

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a predicate nominative within the noun clause:
PnS HV AV IdC MVt IdC RPSC IdC Aj nS MVL

We do not know who the guest is.

IdC IdC IdC IdC nCdo nCdo nCdo

IdC nCdo

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

164

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 3 The subordinator for a noun clause may be a subordinating conjunction. Words such as how, that, where, whether, when, or why may function as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a noun clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a subordinating conjunction is SuBC.
Examples:
SuBC IdC nCS PnS HV IdC MVt Aj do HV HV MVI AV

Where we will hold the ceremony will be determined later.

IdC IdC nCS IdC nCS IdC nCS IdC IdC IdC IdC nCS nCS

(the noun clause Where we will hold the ceremony functions as the subject of the verb phrase will be determined. the single purpose of the subordinating conjunction where is to introduce the dependent clause.)
Aj

Our athletes know that they will not qualify for this event.
IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

nS

MVt

SuBC

PnS

HV

AV

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

(the noun clause that they will not qualify for this event functions as the direct object of the main verb know. the single purpose of the subordinating conjunction that is to introduce the dependent clause.)

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

165

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 4 A subordinator that begins a noun clause may not always be expressed. The word that is an example of a subordinator that may not be expressed but implied.
Example:
PnS MVt IdC IdC Aj nS MVL SC IdC

I believe your answer is wrong. (that your answer is wrong)

IdC nCdo IdC nCdo IdC nCdo nCdo

POINT 5 A noun clause may function as a subject. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a noun clause that functions as a subject is nCS.
Example of a noun clause subject:
RPS IdC nCS MVI IdC nCS AV MVL IdC Aj SC

What happened today was a surprise.

IdC nCS IdC IdC

(the noun clause what happened today functions as the subject of the main verb was.)

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

166

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 6 A noun clause may function as a subject complement. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a noun clause that functions as a subject complement is nCSC.
Example of a noun clause subject complement:
Aj nS HV MVL RPS IdC IdC nCSC MVt IdC nCSC Aj Aj do

The winner will be whoever places the most calls.

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC nCSC nCSC nCSC

(the noun clause whoever places the most calls functions as the subject complement following the verb phrase will be.)

POINT 7 A noun clause may function as a direct object. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a noun clause that functions as a direct object is nCdo.
Example of a noun clause direct object:
PnS MVt IdC IdC SuBC IdC Aj nS HV MVt IdC Aj do

I believe that my brother will win the election.

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

(the noun clause that my brother will win the election functions as the direct object of the main verb believe.)

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

167

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES

POINT 8 A noun clause may function as an indirect object. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a noun clause that functions as an indirect object is nCIo.
Example of a noun clause indirect object:
PnS IdC MVt IdC RPS IdC nCIo MVI IdC nCIo do

We give whoever calls directions.

IdC

(the noun clause whoever calls functions as the indirect object.) POINT 9 A noun clause may function as an object of a preposition. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a noun clause that functions as an object of preposition is nCoP.
Example of a noun clause object of a preposition:
Aj nS nS HV MVt IdC Aj do PR RPS MVL Aj Aj SC

The disc jockey will give the prize to whoever is the next caller.
IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC nCoP IdC IdC IdC IdC nCoP nCoP nCoP nCoP

(the noun clause whoever is the next caller functions as the object of the preposition to. the relative pronoun whoever introduces the dependent clause and functions as the subject of that clause.)

Lesson 18 Noun Clauses

REVIEW oF CLAuSES

LESSon 19

170

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying independent clauses and dependent clauses (adverb, adjective, and noun clauses) in complex sentences. overview: this lesson has been included to enhance your understanding of independent clauses and dependent clauses. The seven Points to Remember of this lesson provide a summary of the general information you need to understand. terms to Learn: no new terms Word-function Codes: no new codes

Lesson 19 Review of Clauses

7
PoIntS to REMEMBER

172

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES

POINT 1 A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. POINT 2 The two types of clauses are independent clauses and dependent clauses. POINT 3 An independent clause (IdC) is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause may stand alone as a simple sentence. POINT 4 A dependent clause (also referred to as a subordinate clause) is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause begins with a subordinatora relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction that makes the clause dependent on other words in the sentence. The subordinator is usually expressed but may be implied. POINT 5 An adverb clause (AVC) is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? to what extent? or under what conditions?

Lesson 19 Review of Clauses

173

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES

POINT 6 An adjective clause (AjC) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun that is usually expressed but may be implied and usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose? POINT 7 A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun within an independent clause and is needed to complete the meaning of the independent clause. A noun clause always begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction that is usually expressed but may be implied. A noun clause may be a subject (nCS), a subject complement (nCSC), a direct object (nCdo), an indirect object (nCIo), or an object of a preposition (nCoP).

Lesson 19 Review of Clauses

SEntEnCE tYPES

LESSon 20

176

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES

IntRoduCtIon Lesson objective: to become proficient in identifying the four different types of sentences. overview: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought and always begins with the first word capitalized and ends with a punctuation mark. To express a complete thought, a group of words must always include a subject and a verb. The structure of a sentence varies and may be any of the following: (1) a one-word verb command with the subject you understood, (2) one independent clause containing several words with or without phrases, (3) one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses with or without phrases, (4) two or more independent clauses with or without phrases, or (5) two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses with or without phrases. the four types of sentences are simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compoundcomplex sentences. A simple sentence has one independent clause; a compound sentence has two or more independent clauses; a complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses; and a compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. terms to Learn: sentence compound sentence, compound-complex

Clause-identification Code: IdC2 Sentence-identification Codes: S, Cd, CX, CdCX

Lesson 20 Types of Sentences

177

LESSon 20: tERMS to LEARn

1. 2. Compound sentence: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses. Compound-complex sentence: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Lesson 20 Terms to Learn

6
PoIntS to REMEMBER

180

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES

POINT 1 A sentence must have one or more independent clauses. The first word is always capitalized, and the sentence must end with a punctuation mark. A sentence may be a one-word verb command with the subject you understood or a large number of words that include several phrases and clauses. POINT 2 A sentence is classified according to the number and types of clauses it contains. There are four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. POINT 3 A simple sentence has one independent clause. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for an independent clause is IdC, and the sentence-identification code for a simple sentence is S.
Examples:
AV MVt do IdC

Please call us.

IdC IdC

Aj

The price of computers is decreasing steadily.

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC

nS

PR oP

HV MVI

AV

Lesson 20 Types of Sentences

181

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES

POINT 4 A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. A comma and a coordinating conjunction often join two independent clauses, but a semicolon in place of the comma and the coordinating conjunction may also join the two clauses. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for a second independent clause within a sentence is IdC2, and the sentence-identification code for a compound sentence is Cd.
Example of two independent clauses in a compound sentence joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction:
Aj nS PR oP HV MVI AV CC Aj nS

The price of computers is decreasing steadily, and more people

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC2 IdC2

are buying them.

IdC2 IdC2 IdC2

HV

MVt

do

Example of two independent clauses in a compound sentence joined by a semicolon:

Aj nS PR oP HV MVI AV Aj nS

The price of computers is decreasing steadily; more people

IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC IdC2 IdC2

are buying them.

IdC2 IdC2 IdC2

HV

MVt

do

notE: A coordinating conjunction that joins two independent clauses is not technically considered as a part of either independent clause within a compound sentence. Do NOT code a coordinating conjunction that joins two independent clauses.

Lesson 20 Types of Sentences

182

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES

POINT 5 A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The EGUMPP sentence-identification code for a complex sentence is CX.
Example of a complex sentence with an adverb clause:
AV MVt do SuBC IdC IdC PnS AVC MVI PR oP

Please call us when you arrive in town.

IdC AVC AVC AVC AVC

Example of a complex sentence with an adjective clause:

nS RPS HV MVI PR oP HV HV MVI

Computers, which are decreasing in price, are being purchased

IdC AjC AjC AjC AjC AjC IdC IdC IdC

PR

by everyone.
IdC IdC

oP

Example of a complex sentence with an adverb clause and a noun clause functioning as a direct object:
SuBC AVC PnS MVI PnS MVt SuBC IdC IdC IdC do PnS HV MVI IdC do

When he returns, I think that you should apologize.

AVC AVC IdC IdC do do

Lesson 20 Types of Sentences

183

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES

POINT 6 A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. The EGUMPP sentence-identification code for a compoundcomplex sentence is CdCX.
Example of a compound-complex sentence with two independent clauses and one adverb clause:
AV MVt do SuBC IdC IdC AVC PnS MVI CC HV AV MVt Ido Ido VC VC

Please call us when you arrive, and do not forget to call Uncle Rod.
IdC AVC AVC IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 IdC2

Example of a compound-complex sentence with two independent clauses and one noun clause functioning as a direct object:
PnS MVt IdC IdC SuBC PnS IdC IdC MVI IdC AV CC PnS MVt Aj do

I thought that you were away, so I cancelled our reservations.

IdC IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 IdC2 nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

Lesson 20 Types of Sentences

tERMS to LEARn

ModuLE I

186

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

1. Abstract noun: A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion.
(Lesson 1)

2.

Adjective: A word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun and answers the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose? (Lesson 5) Adjective clause: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pronoun, and usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose?
(Lesson 17)

3.

4.

Adjective prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun and usually answers the question Which one? or What kind of? (Lesson 7) Adverb: A word(s) that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers the question When? Where? How? or To what extent? (Lesson 6) Adverb clause: A dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? To what extent? or Under what condition? (Lesson 16) Adverb prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? or How? (Lesson 7) Appositive: A noun or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of further identifying, clarifying, or explaining the first noun or pronoun. (Lesson 10) Appositive phrase: An appositive and all of its modifiers.
(Lesson 10)

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Article or noun marker: Other names for the adjectives a, an, and the. (Lesson 5) 11. Clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. (Lesson 16) 12. Collective noun: A noun such as team, choir, or flock that names a group. (Lesson 1)

Module I Terms to Learn

187

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

13. Common noun: A noun such as woman, city, or automobile that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized. (Lesson 1) 14. Complex sentence: A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. (Lesson 16) 15. Compound sentence: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses. (Lesson 20) 16. Compound-complex sentence: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Lesson 20) 17. Compound-word adjective: Two or more words that function as a single unit and modify a noun. (Lesson 5) 18. Compound-word noun: Two or more nouns such as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones that are combined to form a single noun.
(Lesson 1)

19. Compound-word preposition: Two or more words such as according to, by means of, in place of, or instead of that function as a single preposition. (Lesson 7) 20. Compound-word subordinating conjunction: Two or more words such as as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, in order that, in which, provided that, or so that that function as a subordinating conjunction. (Lesson 16) 21. Concrete noun: A noun such as boy, town, or book that names an object that can be perceived by the senses. (Lesson 1) 22. Coordinating conjunction: A word such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. (Lesson 15) 23. Correlative conjunction: One of four word pairs (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also) used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. (Lesson 15) 24. demonstrative pronoun: The use of the word this, that, these, or those to point out a specific person or thing. (Lesson 2) 25. dependent (subordinate) clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. (Lesson 16)

Module I Terms to Learn

188

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

26. direct object: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb and answers the question What? or Whom? (Lesson 4) 27. FAnBoYS: An acronym for seven frequently used coordinating conjunctions. (Lesson 15) For And nor But or Yet So

28. Gerund: A verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. (Lesson 12) 29. Gerund phrase: A gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). (Lesson 12) 30. Helping verb: A verb that usually precedes the main verb and must be included with certain forms of a main verb. (Lesson 3) be being been am is are was were do does did have has had may can might could would should must shall will

31. Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun such as all, anything, everyone, neither, several, another, both, few, nobody, some, any, each, many, none, somebody, anybody, either, more, one, someone, anyone, everybody, most, others, or something that does not refer to a definite person or thing. (Lesson 2) 32. Independent clause: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. (Lesson 16) 33. Indirect object: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb, precedes a direct object, and usually answers the question To whom? For whom? To what? or For what? (Lesson 9) 34. Infinitive: A verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. (Lesson 13) 35. Infinitive phrase: An infinitive plus its complement(s) and/ or modifier(s). (Lesson 13) 36. Interrogative pronoun: A pronoun such as who, which, or what that begins a sentence and asks a question. (Lesson 2) 37. Intransitive verb: A main verb that never has a complement.
(Lesson 4)

Module I Terms to Learn

189

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

38. Linking verb: A main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and is always followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. (Lesson 8) 39. Main verb: A one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase that expresses an action, a state of being, or a condition. (Lesson 3) 40. Modifier: A word(s) that describes or expands the meaning of another word(s) in a sentence. (Lesson 5) 41. noun: A word that names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question. (Lesson 1) 42. noun clause: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun.
(Lesson 18)

43. object of preposition: A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition and usually answers the question Whom? or What?
(Lesson 7)

44. PAIdSo: Acronym for the six common uses of a noun. Predicate Nominative Appositive Indirect Object direct Object

(Lesson 10)

Subject object of Preposition

45. Participle: A verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. (Lesson 11) 46. Participial phrase: A participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). (Lesson 11) 47. Personal pronoun: A pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, them, and us that refers to one or more persons. (Lesson 2) 48. Phrase: A group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. (Lesson 7) 49. Possessive pronoun: The personal pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, and their) that function as adjectives. (Lesson 5) 50. Predicate adjective: An adjective subject complement that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. (Lesson 8) 51. Predicate nominative: A noun or pronoun subject complement that follows a linking verb and renames the subject. (Lesson 8)

Module I Terms to Learn

190

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

52. Preposition: A word such as at, during, of, on, through, or to that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. (Lesson 7) 53. Prepositional phrase: A preposition plus its object and any modifiers. (Lesson 7) 54. Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun.
(Lesson 2)

55. Pronoun understood: The pronoun you, I, or we implied rather than written as the subject. (Lesson 2) 56. Proper noun: A noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet that names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. (Lesson 1) 57. Reflexive pronoun: A pronoun formed by adding the suffix self or the suffix selves to the personal pronouns my, your, him, her, it, our, or them. (Lesson 4) 58. Relative pronoun: A word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause. (Lesson 17) 59. Simple sentence: A sentence that has one independent clause. (Lesson 16) 60. Subject: The part of a sentence about which something is being said and best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? (Lesson 1) 61. Subject complement: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.
(Lesson 8)

62. Subordinating conjunction: A word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought. (Lesson 16) 63. Subordinator: An introductory word(s) such as a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. (Lesson 16)

Module I Terms to Learn

191

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn

64. transitive verb: A main verb that usually expresses an action and always has a direct object. (Lesson 4) 65. Verb: A word(s) needed along with the subject to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command. (Lesson 3) 66. Verb complement: Another name for a direct object or an indirect object. (Lesson 4) 67. Verb phrase: A main verb and all of its helping verbs.
(Lesson 3)

68. Verbal: A verb form that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. (Lesson 11) 69. Verbal complement: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning. (Lesson 11) 70. Verbal phrase: A group of words considered as a single unit that includes a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).
(Lesson 11)

Module I Terms to Learn

EGUMPP CODES
WORD-FUNCTION CODES CLAUSE-IDENTIFICATION CODES

CODE NS PNS PNU GS IS RPS MV HV MVT MVI MVL DO GDO IDO RPDO AJ PAR IAJ RPAJ AV IAV PR OP GOP SC GSC ISC RPSC IO GIO AP GAP VC SUBC CC CORC

TRANSLATION Noun Subject Pronoun Subject Pronoun Subject Understood Gerund Subject Infinitive Subject Relative Pronoun Subject Main Verb Helping Verb Main Verb Transitive Main Verb Intransitive Main Verb Linking Direct Object Gerund Direct Object Infinitive Direct Object Relative Pronoun Direct Object Adjective Participle Infinitive Adjective Relative Pronoun Adjective Adverb Infinitive Adverb Preposition Object of Preposition Gerund Object of Preposition Subject Complement Gerund Subject Complement Infinitive Subject Complement Relative Pronoun Subject Complement Indirect Object Gerund Indirect Object Appositive Gerund Appositive Verbal Complement Subordinating Conjunction Coordinating Conjunction Correlative Conjunction

CODE IDC AVC AJC NCS NCSC NCDO NCIO NCOP IDC2

TRANSLATION Independent Clause Adverb Clause Adjective Clause Noun Clause Subject Noun Clause Subject Complement Noun Clause Direct Object Noun Clause Indirect Object Noun Clause Object of Preposition Independent Clause (second)

SENTENCE-IDENTIFICATION CODES S CD CX CDCX Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Compound-complex Sentence

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